SIGMUND FREUD – PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
LEVEL AND STRUCTURE OF THE MIND
1.
2.
3.
Conscious Level + Ego
- Conscious: awareness
- Ego: deals with the reality principle
Preconscious/Self-Conscious Level + Superego
- Preconscious/Self-Conscious: comes to awareness readily or with difficulty
- Superego: moralistic and idealistic principle
Unconscious Level + Id
- Unconscious: beyond awareness
- Id: pleasure principle
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
1.
Oral
Stage
(birth –
1.5 years)
2.
Anal
Stage (1.5
– 3 years)
Erogenous
Zone
mouth
Phases
Gratification
Fixations
Oral-receptive:
needy, sensitive
Oral-sadistic:
biting, cooing, etc.
Nurturing
anus
Early Anal Period:
destroy or
lose
objects
Late Anal Period:
friendly
interest
towards feces
Toilet Training
and
Urge
Control
OralDependent
: too much
stimulation
;
dependent,
submissive
OralAggressive
: too little
gratificatio
n;
aggressive
Analexpulsive:
neglected;
sloppy,
reckless
Analretentive:
excessive
pressure;
anxiety,
excessive
cleanliness
3.
Phallic
Stage (4 –
5 years)
genital
4.
Latency
Period (5
years –
puberty)
none
Oedipus Complex:
boy wants to be his
father, have sexual
desire towards the
mother, gives up
identification with
father, sees father as
his rival
- Castra
tion
anxiet
y:
cutting
off
one’s
penis
Female
Oedipus
Complex:
identification with
mother,
hostility
towards the mother,
libido for her father
- Penis
envy:
desire
to have
a penis
(to
have a
baby)
Develop same-sex
friendships
Play
with
genitals,
Sexual
Identification
Success:
control
envy and
hostility;
identify
with same
sex parent
Failure:
Mama’s
boy; flirty
girl
with
commitme
nt issues
Sublimation
Successful
: children
will repress
their sexual
drive and
direct their
psychic
energy
toward
school,
friendships
, hobbies,
and other
nonsexual
activities
5.
Genital
Period
(Puberty
+)
genital
Masturbation,
Heterosexual
Relationships
Psychological Maturity: stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier
developmental periods in an ideal manner
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1.
2.
Sigmund
Freud
Repression – mother of all
defense mechanisms, forces the
threatening feelings into one’s
unconscious
Denial – refusing to accept
painful realities
3.
Reaction Formation – repressed
impulse comes to consciousness
through adopting a disguise that is
directly opposite its original form
4.
Projection – transferring other
thoughts to others
fishing
Regression – going back to
childhood
Displacement – reducing your
emotions to someone weaker
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sublimation – societal acceptable
ways
Compensation – an act of doing
or achieving something while
sacrificing the failure of another
Tinatago sakasuluksulukan ng
utak
Pag may sinabi sa’yo,
sasabihin mo na “Hindi ako
ganyan, hindi ako ganto”
“Disguising impulses”
Kunyari galit ka sa kapatid
mo, pero yung act mo sa
kanya is parang sweet and
loving”
“ganda mo” … “ikaw din”
“curling, tantrums” like
fixations
Galit ka sa boss mo kasi
napagalitan ka, magbubuntong
ka sa asawa mo
ginagamit sa mga useful na
bagay
kunyari sa jeep, nag-123 ka,
para makabawi doble
ibabayad sa susunod
9.
Rationalization – making
excuses by giving logical reasons
to justify a behavior
sour graping – negative
justification
sweet lemoning – creating the
brighter side
Kunyari na-busted, sasabihin
na “di naman siya
kagandahan”
“Okay lang na bagsak ngayon,
may susunod pa naman.”
intellectualization – logic over
emotion
Kapag inaway, iisipin na lang
na baka may problema ka or
may fault ako na nagawa o
nasabi. O kaya “Lahat naman
nagkakamali.”
philosophizing – using
philosophy in justifying one’s
action
isolation – separate act from
emotion
“Promises are meant to be
broken.”
fake humility – not accepting
compliments/humble
Pag sinabihan ka na maganda
ka, ang ire-reply mo ay “baka
dahil sa damit ko”
ctrl+z of actions, cancel bad
act by doing good
10. Undoing – cancelling out
unacceptable thoughts and do a
contrary behavior
11. Identification – associating with
others
Avoiding showing emotions
or suppressing emotions
like introjection. Kinukuha mo
‘yung ugali ng iba. “If you
can’t beat them, join them.”
ALFRED ADLER – INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
STRIVING FOR SUCCESS OR SUPERIORITY
Striving for Success: describe actions of people who are motivated by highly developed
social interest
Striving for Superiority: people who strive for personal superiority over others
A. Stages of developing superiority
1. To be aggressive: actively seeking opportunities
2. To be powerful (positive): applying skills
3. To be superior: mastery of skills
B. Nature of Superiority
1. Fundamental Motive – basic motive (makatulog ng ayos)
2. Universal – kahit ano ka pa, mage-excel ka
3. Direction – good or bad path
4. Negative – taking advantage of other people (superiority complex)
5. Positive – using superiority to help others succeed
6. Needs Effort – work for it (success)
7. Occurs in personal and societal level
Creative Self/Creative Power
-
Being in control
You are the captain of your life
Inferiorities
-
Superiority Complex: exaggerating skills
-
Inferiority Complex: justifying failures; self-perception that you are
incompetent
Sources of Inferiority
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Physical
Parental Overindulgence
Parental Neglect
Socioeconomic
Psychological
SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS
Fictionalism
-
Guided principle
Views of motivation:
o Teleology: future
o Causality: past
Organ Dialect
-
The body speaks
SOCIAL INTEREST
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
-
Oneness with humanity
STYLE OF LIFE
3 Sources of Problems/3 Main Problem
1.
2.
3.
Work/School - Occupation
Relationship with Others – Neighborly love
To love and be loved – Sexual Love
Styles of Life
1.
2.
3.
Ruling Type
- aggressive and dominant
Getting Type
- Parasitic
Avoiding Type
4.
- Hiding, run away, in-denial
Socially Useful Type
- Healthy
BIRTH ORDER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
First Born
- Powerful
- Third parent
Second Born
- Competitive
- Challenges the first born
Middle child
- Black sheep
- Insecure
Youngest
- Baby of the family
- Protected
Only Child
- Spoiled, pampered
Positive Traits
Oldest Child
Nurturing and Protective of others
Good Organizer
Second Child
Highly Motivated
Cooperative
Moderately competitive
Youngest Child
Realistically ambitious
Only Child
Negative Traits
Highly anxious
Exaggerated feelings of power
Unconscious hostility
Fights for acceptance
Must always be “right” whereas others are
always “wrong”
Highly critical of others
Uncooperative
Highly competitive
Easily discouraged
Pampered style of life
Dependent on others
Wants to excel in everything
Unrealistically ambitious
Socially mature
Exaggerated feelings of superiority
Low feelings of cooperation
Inflated sense of self
Pampered style of life
CARL GUSTAV JUNG – ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
LEVELS OF PSYCHE
1.
2.
3.
Conscious
- Center of consciousness but not the center of personality
- Awareness
Personal Unconscious
- Same as Freud’s unconscious/preconscious
- Complexes: theme of life
Collective Unconscious
- Storehouse of latent memory traces of your ancestor
- Archetypes:
o Anima: femininity of man
o Animus: masculinity of woman
o Persona: mark; public face
o Shadow: dark side of humanity; darkness and repression
o Self: move toward growth, perfection, and completion
▪ Mandala: representation of unity, balance, and wholeness
o Great Mother: power and destruction
o
o
o
Wise Old Man: wisdom and meaning
God: final realization
Hero: powerful person
FUNCTIONS OF PERSONALITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Thinking: produces chain of ideas
o Extraverted: rely heavily on concrete thoughts
o Introverted: react to external stimuli; internal meaning over objective
facts
Feeling: evaluating an idea or event
o Extraverted: use objective data to make evaluations
o Introverted: subjective perceptions rather than objective facts
Sensing: rely on physical stimuli
o Extraverted: perceive external stimuli objectively
o Introverted: subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, etc.
Intuiting: perception beyond the workings of consciousness
o Extraverted: facts in the external world
o Introverted: unconscious perception of facts; subjective
Functions
Thinking
Feeling
Sensation
Intuition
Attitude
Introversion
Philosophers,
theoretical
scientists, inventors
Subjective movie critics, art
appraisers
Artists, classical musicians
Prophets, mystics, religious
fanatics
Extraversion
Research
scientists,
accountants,
mathematicians
Real estate appraisers,
objective movie critics
Wine tasters, proofreaders,
popular musicians, house
painters
Some inventors, religious
reformers
MELANIE KLEIN – EXTENDED PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
KEY CONCEPTS
Phantasies
-
Experience that develops your intellectual and emotional characteristics
Internal/Introjected Object
-
Inner mental and emotional image of an external figure
o good breast, bad breast
POSITIONS
1.
Paranoid-Schizoid Position (3-4 months)
- Splitting image of good and bad
- Good and bad breast contact
2.
Depressive Position (5-6 months)
- Loosing and destroying mother
- Infant gain physical and emotional maturity
o They were able to integrate that the person they love, and hate are the
same person
- Guilt -> reparation: repair/restore image
o Empathy
KAREN HORNEY – PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY
KEY CONCEPTS
Basic Hostility: parents do not satisfy the child’s needs for safety and satisfaction
Basic Anxiety: repressed hostility that leads to profound feelings of insecurity and a vague
sense of apprehension
Childhood Experiences: primarily responsible for personality
Neurotic Search for Glory – Idealized Self (artificial pride system/false self)
1.
Perfection – tyranny of should
2.
3.
Neurotic Ambition: superiority (iniiwasan ‘yung mga bagay na hindi sila magssucceed)
Drive Toward a Vindictive Triumph: succeeded when others feel humiliated
Self-Hatred
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Relentless demands on the self – tyranny of should
Merciless self-accusation – blaming self (“kaya bumagyo dahil kasalanan ko”)
Self-contempt – self-doubt
Self-frustration – self-discipline (sobra sobra)
Self-torment – self-torture
Self-destructive actions and impulses – sometimes unconscious
NEUROTIC NEEDS
For Affection and Approval: please others; live up to others’ expectations
For a Powerful Partner: attach themselves to powerful partners
To Restrict One’s Life Within Narrow Boundaries: content with very little;
downgrade their own abilities
4. For Power: control others to avoid feelings of weakness or stupidity
5. To Exploit Others: how others can be used; fear of being used
6. For Social Recognition of Prestige: trying to be first, important, or to attract
attention to themselves
7. For Personal Admiration: what they have rather than what they possess
8. For Ambition and Personal Achievement: strong drive to be the best; defeat others
to confirm superiority
9. For Self-sufficiency and Independence: move away from other people; can get
along without others
10. For Perfection and Unassailability: dread making mistakes and having personal
flaws; desperately attempt to hide their weakness from others
1.
2.
3.
NEUROTIC TRENDS
Trend
Neurotic Needs
protect
self
against feelings
of helplessness
1, 2, 3
Normal Defenses
Spontaneous
Movement
Toward People
friendly,
loving
personality
Against People
Neurotic Defenses
Compulsive
Movement
compliant personality
take for granted
that everyone is
hostile
4, 5, 6, 7, 8
alleviating
feelings
isolation
9, 10
of
a
survivor
in
competitive society
a
Away From People
autonomous,
serene
personality
aggressive personality
detached personality
ERIK ERIKSON – POST-FREUDIAN THEORY (IDENTITY THEORY)
KEY CONCEPTS
3 Aspects of Ego
1.
2.
Body Ego: physical self
Ego Ideal: image of ourselves
3.
Ego Identity: Social roles
Basic Points in Psychosocial Development
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epigenetic Principle: sequence of development
Syntonic: harmonious; Dystonic: disruptive
Basic Strength: ego quality or ego strength produced by syntonic and dystonic
Core Pathology: too little basic strength
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stage
Psycho-Social
Crisis
Infancy
Trust
Mistrust
Early
Childhood (2-3
years)
Autonomy vs
Shame
and
Doubt
BS: Will
CP:
Compulsion
Play Age (3-5
years)
Initiative
Guilt
BS: Purpose
CP: Inhibition
vs
vs
Basic Strength
and
Core
Pathology
BS: Hope
CP: Withdrawal
School
Age/Elementary
(6-13 years)
Industry
Inferiority
vs
BS:
Competence
CP: Inertia
Adolescence
(13-18 years)
Identity
vs
Identity/Role
Confusion
BS: Fidelity
Positive
Outcome
Negative
Outcome
Needs are met
by responsive
parents
->
secure
attachment and
trust
Encouraging
initiative
->
develop
confidence to
cope
Mistrust
towards
people
Encouraging
involved
parents
->
children learn to
follow rules
Discipline
without guilt
Have pleasure
in intellectual
activities
productive ->
develop sense
of competence
Develop strong
identity, have
Disapproving
parents
->
child
feel
ashamed and
doubt
abilities
Develop
a
sense of guilt
when trying
to
be
independent
Develop
a
sense
of
inferiority
Fall
into
confusion
indecisive
Young
Adulthood (1930 years)
Intimacy
Isolation
vs
CP:
Role
Denial/Role
Repudiation
Diffidence: lack
of self-trust
Defiance:
rebelling
BS: Love
CP: Exclusivity
Middle
Adulthood (3160 years)
Generativity vs
Stagnation
BS: Care
CP: Rejectivity
Late Adulthood
(60 years-death)
Integrity
Despair
BS: Wisdom
CP: Disdain
vs
plans and goals
for the future
“identity
crisis”
Able to form
close
relationships
Fear
commitment,
feel isolated
“quarter life
crisis”
Achieve a sense
of identity
Have
and
nurtured
children
->
contribute
to
next generation
Sense
of
fulfillment ->
accept
death
with a sense of
integrity
Remain selfcentered and
experience
stagnation
Individual
despairs and
fear death
ERICH FROMM – HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS
EXISTENTIAL NEEDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Relatedness: union with another person or other people (being with others)
a. Submission
b. Power
c. Love
i. Care, Responsibility, Respect, Knowledge
Transcendence: to rise above a passive and accidental existence and into the realm
of purposefulness and freedom (having purpose)
a. Creating life
b. Destroying life
i. Malignant aggression: kill to survive
Rootedness: establish roots and feel at home again (kung saan ka nagmula)
a. Weaning from the orbit of their mother and become fully born
b. Fixation
Sense of Identity : aware of ourselves as separate entity
a. Adjustment to the group
b. Individuality
Frame of Orientation and Object of Devotion: map to make their way in the world
(motto in life/principle in life)
a. Rational
b. Irrational
KEY CONCEPTS
Mechanism of Escape
1.
2.
3.
Authoritarianism: giving up identity and fusing with another
a. Masochism – individuality
b. Sadism
i. Make others dependent on oneself
ii. Exploit others
iii. See others suffer
Destructive: destroying/do away with other people (push them away)
Conformity: giving up their identity and becoming what other people want them to
be (conforming with the group)
Positive Freedom
-
Solution of human dilemma and going back to the animalistic instinct
Character Orientation
1.
2.
Non-Productive
a. Receptive – masochistic (receiving than giving) neg. lack of confidence,
pos: loyal, trustful
b. Exploitative – sadistic; neg: arrogant; pos: pride, self-confident
c. Hoarding – destructive (materialistic; doesn’t allow for relationship to
grow) neg: lack of creativity, pos. cleanliness
d. Marketing – indifferent (what you give is what you get; relationship is a
transaction) neg: opportunistic, aimless; pos. open-minded, adaptive
e. Necrophilous – murderous (ready to battle, always disregard other people)
ne: unfair, harmful; pos: competitive
Productive
a. Work
b. Love
i. Biophilia: passionate love of life
c. Thinking/Though/Reasoning
HARRY SULLIVAN – INTERPERSONAL THEORY
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stage
Infancy (0-2
years)
Childhood
(2-6 years)
Significant
Others
Mother/Caregiver
Parents
of
Interpersonal
Process
Tenderness
Important
Learnings
Dual
Personifications
of Mother
Protect
security
through
imaginary
playmates
Learning what
is “proper” and
use language as
a tool in social
world
Orientation
toward living
in the world of
peers
Learn
to
compete,
compromise,
cooperate with
other children
Learn
the
importance of
affection and
respect
from
others
Learn
to
balance trust,
intimacy, and
security
operations
Juvenile Era
(5-8.5 years)
Playmates
equal status
Preadolescence
(8.5-13
years)
Single/Best
friend
Intimacy with
a person of
same age and
gender
Early
Adolescence
(13-15
years)
Several partners
Intimacy and
lust
toward
different
persons
“Good”
and
“bad” caregivers
Autistic
Language:
makes little to no
sense
Learning
applicable
to
social habits
Dramatizations:
actor sound like
authority figures
Preoccupations:
remaining
occupied with an
activity
Finding
playmates and
questioning
parents
Collaborating
with a friend
Experiencing
lust toward a
sexual partner
Late
Adolescence
(15-18
years)
Lover
Fusion
of
intimacy and
lust
Adulthood
Lover/Life
Partner
Maturity/High
Intimacy
Establishes
a
mature
repertory
of
interpersonal
relationships
Perceptive of
other’s anxiety,
needs,
and
security
Completion of
the personality
ABRAHAM MASLOW – HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Biological/Physiological Needs (approx. 85%): physical requirements for human
survival
Safety Needs (approx. 75%): when unsuccessful, it leads to Basic Anxiety
Love and Belongingness Needs (approx. 50 %): friendship, mate and children,
neighborhood, family, sex and human contact
Esteem Needs (approx. 40%): self-respect, confidence, competence
a. Reputation: prestige, recognition, fame
b. Self-Esteem: desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, mastery and
competence, confidence, independence
Self-Actualization (approx. 10%): self-fulfillment
Aesthetic Needs: need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences
Cognitive Needs: desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand and to be curious
a. when cognitive needs are blocked, all needs on Maslow’s hierarchy is
threatened
Neurotic Needs: lead only to stagnation and pathology
CARL ROGERS – PERSON-CENTERED THEORY
KEY CONCEPTS
Basic Assumptions
-
-
Formative Tendency: drive towards self-improvement, growth, and selfactualization
o simple to complex aspect
Actualizing Tendency: to actualize, maintain to become the better person of
themselves
o Maintenance Needs: food, air, food, etc
o Enhancement Needs: need to become more, to develop and to achieve
growth
▪ Psychological growth
• Congruence
o Self-concept: how one looks at self
o Ideal Self: what one wishes to be
• Unconditional Positive Regard: no ifs, no buts (kunyari
cheater, mahal mo pa rin kahit ganun siya)
• Empathy
The Self and Self-Actualization
-
Actualizing Tendency: organismic experiences of an individual
Self-Actualization: actualize the self as perceived in awareness
Barriers to Psychological Health
-
Conditions of Worth: only accepted when met with others’ expectations or approval
o To love you kung ikaw ay mabait or you are who I expect you to be
Incongruence: disequilibrium between organismic experiences and self-concept
o Hindi nagma-match ang self-concept with ideal self and experience
Defensiveness: protection of self by denial or distortion of experiences
-
o Gusto na may magandang experience
Disorganization: the incongruence between perceived self and organismic
experience is too obvious and occurs suddenly to get denied or distorted, the behavior
becomes disorganized
o Defensiveness
ROLLO MAY – EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY
KEY CONCEPTS
Existentialism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Precedence over essence
Existentialism opposes the split between subject and object
People search for meaning in their lives
We are responsible for who we are and what we become
Antitheoretical
Basic Concepts
-
-
Being-in-the-World (Dasein)
o Dasein: to exist
o Alienation: isolation that brings anxiety and despair
▪ Separation from nature
▪ Lack of meaningful interpersonal relations
▪ Alienation from one’s authentic self
o 3 Modes:
▪ Umwelt: environment around us
▪ Mitwelt: relationship with other people
▪ Eigenwelt: relationship with ourselves
Non-being: nothingness
Anxiety
Guilt
Normal Anxiety: proportionate to the threat (taking an examination)
Neurotic Anxiety: disproportionate to the threat (out of this world)
-
Umwelt: separation guilt; alienation form nature
Mitwelt: people’s inability to perceive accurately the world of others
Eigenwelt: denial of own potentialities or with our failure to fulfill them
Intentionality
-
Intention and Action: bridge to the subject; be with the world again
Care, Love, Will
-
Care: source of love and will
Love: to love means to care
Will: capacity to organize oneself to move towards the goal
Forms of Love:
o Sex: sexual
o Eros: sex and philia, procreation
o Philia: nonsexual, romantic
o Agape: neighborly love
Freedom and Destiny
-
Existential Freedom: freedom of action (to live, to travel, etc.)
Essential Freedom: freedom of being (sino ka)
Destiny: design of humans