2/17(and 2/15 recap)
-everything is behavior
-all behavior is learned and lawful
-classical conditioning (PAIRING): when something happens outside of us, we pair it lawfully with
something happening inside of us.
-operant conditioning = As we operate in our environment, something happenedwhat happens after I
do something determine the likelihood that I will do that thing again.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
-for operant conditioning, we will use the word CONSEQUENCES
-in operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate a behavior with its consequence.
-in classical conditioning the stimulus occurs immediately before the response where in operant
conditioning the stimulus occurs soon after the response
B.F. Skinner
-proposes that new behaviors come through the consequences we receive for those behaviors
------------------------------TEST QUESTIONS ON THIS---------------------------------Positive means adding something, negative means taking away
Positive/negative reinforcement and punishment
Reinforcement increases a behavior
-positive reinforcement: a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior
Negative reinforcement: an undesirable stimulus that is removed to increase a behavior
Punishment decreases a behavior
Positive punishment: an undesirable stimulus is added to decrease a behavior
Negative punishment: a stimulus is removed to decrease a behavior
SHAPING
The shaping process:
-reinforce any response that resembles desired behavior
-reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behvior. You no longer reinforce the
previously reinforced behavior.
-next, begin to reinforce the response that ever more closely resembles the desired behavior.
-continue to reinforce the closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
-finally, only reinforce the desired behavior
Observational learning-learn by watching others and then imitating or modeling after what they do or
say
-research indicates this may involve mirror neurons
Steps in the modeling process
-attention: you must be paying attention
-retention: you must be able to retain or remember what you observed
-Reproduction: you must be able to perform the behavior
-motivation: you need to want to copy the behavior