Name: Gonzales, Carl John Luis
Date:
Course & Year: BS-Biology 1st YR
Score:
Activity # 8
ALDEHYDES and KETONES
A. Identify and draw the line bond structure of of the following Aldehydes and Ketones
Molecule
Name (IUPAC)
Expanded structure
1.HCHO
2.CH3C( CH3)CH2CHO
3.CH3CH2CH2COCH2CH2CH3
4.CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)COCH3
5.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CHO
B. WRITE THE STRUCTURES OF THE FOLLOWING ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Name of compounds
Line bond structure
Molecular Structure
Arrangement
of
solubility
from
highest to lowest (use
number 1 highest)
1. Benzaldehyde
2. 1-1 diphenyl one
3. pentanone
4. 2-methylhexanal
5. 3-hexanone
C. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones :
Complete the reaction by writing the products
1.(C5H6)- CHO + KMnO4 →
2.CH3CH2CH2CHO + HCN →
3.CH3CH2COCH3 + HCN →
4.CH3CH2CH2CHO + CH3CH2OH→
D.Discussion
and Type
Involved
of
Reaction
1.Differentiate Aldehydes from Ketones based on their structure, physical and chemical properties
, uses and importance to biological system.
-Both aldehydes and ketones are organic substances that have a carbonyl group, which is an atom
of carbon double-bonded to an atom of oxygen. They differ, nevertheless, in terms of where the
carbonyl group is located in the molecule. The carbonyl group is found at the end of a carbon chain
in aldehydes, whereas it is found in the middle of a carbon chain in ketones. Aldehydes have a
carbonyl group (C=O) that is placed at the end of a carbon chain, whereas ketones have a carbonyl
group (C=O) that is located in the middle of a carbon chain.
Physical Characteristics:
Due to the carbonyl group's existence, aldehydes and ketones exhibit comparable physical
characteristics. Both of them are polar compounds because of the dipole moment created by the
electronegative oxygen atom.
Aldehydes and ketones with fewer than five carbon atoms are soluble in water due to their capacity
to create hydrogen bonds. But as the length of the carbon chain increases, solubility declines.
Due to the dipole-dipole interactions between molecules, aldehydes and ketones have higher
boiling temperatures than alkanes of comparable size. Due to the potential for hydrogen bonds to
form with water molecules, aldehydes often have lower boiling temperatures than ketones.
Chemical Properties:
Ketones and aldehydes both include a carbonyl group, which gives them comparable chemical
characteristics.
Aldehydes can be further oxidized to form carboxylic acids, but ketones are normally not subject
to oxidation.
Aldehydes and ketones can both be converted to alcohols by utilizing reducing substances like
LiAlH4 or NaBH4.
The creation of addition products is caused by nucleophilic addition, which can attack the carbon
atom of the carbonyl group.
Importance to Biological Systems:
Biochemical systems depend on aldehydes and ketones to function.
Producing ketone bodies, such as acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, which are used as
alternative energy sources, particularly during fasting or extended activity, is known as ketone
body oxidation (KCO).
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are examples of aldehydes that
are intermediates in the routes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, two processes that use
carbohydrates as fuel.
Some aldehydes and ketones, including acetylcholine and retinaldehyde (a vitamin A derivative),
serve as signaling molecules in a variety of biological processes.