Introduction to Materials Science
& Engineering
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science & Engineering
You will learn about:
• material structures
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials
Chapter 1 - 1
OFFICE HOUR
Professor: Doo-Man Chun
Professor’s room: Building 2, Room 421
Office hour: for 1 hour after every class**
**Contact professor for special arrangements
Activities:
• Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
• Discuss lectures, book
• Pick up missed handouts
Chapter 1 - 2
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COURSE MATERIALS (with text)
Required text:
• Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering,
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 5th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2016).
Optional Material:
• Materials Science and Engineering (9th edition),
William D. Callister, Jr., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014
• Engineering Materials 1 : An Introduction to properties,
applications and design (4th edition), Michael F. Ashby,
Elsevier Ltd, 2012
Chapter 1 - 3
WEBSITES
Course Website: http://ulms.ulsan.ac.kr
• Syllabus
• Lecture notes
• Grades
Chapter 1 - 4
2
GRADING
Attendance 20%
Including report and quiz
Midterm 40%
Material covered: Ch. 1~5, 7~9
Final 40%
Material covered: Ch.10~11, 13~16
Chapter 1 - 5
TENTATIVE READING SCHEDULE
Week 1 : Introduction
Week 2 : atomic structure and interatomic bonding
Week 3 : Structures of metals
Week 4 : Imperfections in solids
Week 5 : Mechanical properties and measurement methods
Week 6 : Deformation and strengthening mechanisms
Week 7 : Failure
Week 8 : Mid-term exam
Week 9 : Phase diagrams
Week 10-11 : Phase transformations
Week 12-13 : Synthesis, fabrication, and processing of materials
Week 14 : Types and applications of materials (ferrous alloys,
nonferrous alloys)
Week 15 : Types and applications of materials (ceramic materials,
polymers, composites), Corrosion
Week 16 : Final exam
Chapter 1 - 6
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?
• Materials drive our society
–
–
–
–
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?
Chapter 1 - 7
Material Science
• Materials science is an interdisciplinary
field applying the properties of matter to
various areas of science and engineering.
This scientific field investigates the
relationship between the structure of
materials at atomic or molecular scales
and their macroscopic properties. It
incorporates elements of applied physics
and chemistry.
Reference - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science
Chapter 1 - 8
4
Materials Science & Engineering
Chapter 1 - 9
Forging (단조)
Chapter 1 -
5
Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness(경도) vs structure of steel
(d)
Hardness (BHN)
600
500
400
(a)
(b)
4 mm
300
200
30 mm
(c)
30 mm
100
0.01 0.1
30 mm
Data obtained from Figs. 11.31(a)
and 11.33 with 4 wt% C composition,
and from Fig. 14.8 and associated
discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
11.19; (b) Fig. 10.34;(c) Fig. 11.34;
and (d) Fig. 11.22, Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 11
Importance of Materials
• Material Selection - Carbonated Beverage
(탄산음료) Container
– Be strong and capable of surviving a drop
from a height of several feet
– Provide a barrier to the passage of carbon
dioxide
– Be nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage
– Retain the optical clarity (Transparency)
– Be capable of being produced in different
colors
– Be inexpensive
Chapter 1 - 12
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Example
Metal (Al)
Ceramic (Glass)
Polymer (PET)
Chapter 1 -
History of Materials
Chapter 1 Source - M. Ashby, “Materials Selection in Mechanical Design”, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005
7
Types of Materials
• Metals: Metallic bonding
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.
• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding à sharing of e’s
– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.
• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic
& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)
Chapter 1 - 15
Types of Materials
Chapter 1 Source – W. Callister et al., “Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010
8
Physical properties
Chapter 1 Source – W. Callister et al., “Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010
Mechanical properties
Chapter 1 Source – W. Callister et al., “Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010
9
Mechanical properties
Chapter 1 Source – W. Callister et al., “Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010
Mechanical properties
Chapter 1 Source – W. Callister et al., “Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010
10
ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6
Adapted from Fig. 12.8, Callister &
Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 12.8 adapted
from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd
edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New
York, 1970.)
(10-8 Ohm-m)
Resistivity, r
5
4
3
2
1
0
-200
-100
0
T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 21
THERMAL
-- Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction.
Adapted from chapteropening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
100 mm
• Thermal Conductivity
of Copper:
-- It decreases when
you add zinc!
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m-K)
• Space Shuttle Tiles:
Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister
6e. (Courtesy of
Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
is on CD-ROM.)
400
300
200
100
0
0
10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Fig. 17.4, Callister & Rethwisch
4e. (Fig. 17.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
1979, p. 315.)
Chapter 1 - 22
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MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage:
• Magnetic Permeability
vs. Composition:
-- Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Magnetization
-- Recording medium
is magnetized by
recording head.
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Fig. 18.23, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Chapter 1 - 23
OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material’s structure (i.e.,
single crystal vs. polycrystal, and degree of porosity).
single crystal
polycrystal:
no porosity
polycrystal:
some porosity
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)
Chapter 1 - 24
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DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater...
• Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks!
crack speed in salt water!
Adapted from Fig. 16.21, Callister & Rethwisch
4e. (from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
crack speed (m/s)
10 -8
“as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10 -10
Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC
increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Boveri Co.)
Chapter 1 - 25
Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
Chapter 1 - 26
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Material information
• Automation Creation (www.matweb.com)
• Korean material DB (www.matbank.org)
• National Institute for Material Science
(NIMS, mits.nims.go.jp)
• Granta Design (www.grantadesign.com)
Chapter 1 -
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.
Chapter 1 - 28
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