Lipede 1 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes 7.5 Objectives: Learn how monarchs gained power over nobles and the Christian Church, and how English kings strengthened their power. Describe how traditions of government evolved under King John and later English monarchs. Explain how strong monarchs unified France. Describe the formation of the Holy Roman Empire and how some emperors struggled with the papacy to control specific religious and secular issues. Analyze how the Church reached the height of its power under Pope Innocent III. Key Terms: William the Conqueror: became the Duke of Normandy at age 7 and was knighted at age 15. common law: a legal system based on custom and court rulings King John: was a son of King Henry II who seized control of the English throne when his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, was captured while on crusade. Lipede 2 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes Magna Carta: The Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen due process of law habeas corpus Parliament Louis IX Holy Roman Empire Gregory VII Henry IV lay investiture Frederick Barbarossa Pope Innocent III Notes ➢ During the early Middle Ages, feudal nobles had their own courts, armies, and collected taxes, while most of them acknowledged a king or overlord, who had little power. ➢ The Church also held considerable power with its own laws, justice system, and methods of raising money. Lipede 3 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ From 1000 to 1300, called the High Middle Ages, feudal monarchs began to exert more authority over their nobles and the Church, which led to the centralization of power and the building of nation-states such as Britain and France. ➢ Monarchs extended royal law and justice over their kingdoms, which required them to eliminate the power of rival courts of justice run by feudal nobles and the Church. ➢ They also set up bureaucracies that administered justice and taxation, which led to more efficient government and a steady source of income. ➢ With a larger income, monarchs could afford to support a standing army, rather than relying on the military service of their nobles. ➢ The growth of towns and the money economy also strengthened royal rulers, as the middle class often turned to them for peace, which was necessary for successful commerce. The Norman Conquest of England ➢ During the early Middle Ages, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England. ➢ In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward, died without an heir. ➢ His death triggered a power struggle that changed the course of English history. Lipede 4 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ A council of nobles chose his brother-in-law Harold to rule → William, Duke of Normandy, also claimed the throne which led to warfare ➢ William raised an army to get the support of the pope and sailed across the English Channel to England, and won the war. ➢ He became king of England on Christmas Day 1066. William Exerts Firm Control ➢ Like other feudal monarchs, he granted fiefs to the Church and to his Norman lords, or barons, but he also kept a large amount of land for himself. ➢ He required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him rather than to any other feudal lord. ➢ Norman nobles dominated England → Anglo-Saxon population and culture blended over the next 300 years. Extending Royal Power ➢ William's successors created the royal exchequer, or treasury, to collect taxes, fees, fines, and other dues. ➢ In 1154, Henry II, inherited the English throne →sent out traveling justices to enforce royal laws. Lipede 5 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ The decisions of the royal courts became the basis for common law, or a legal system based on custom and court rulings→applied to all people ➢ In time, people brought their disputes to royal courts rather than to those of nobles or the Church→costed a fee ➢ The Early Jury System ➢ Under Henry II, England also developed an early jury system → traveling justices visited an area and a group of men swore to speak the truth. A Tragic Conflict with the Church ➢ Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts → was opposed by Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury. ➢ In 1170, Archbishop Thomas Becket was murdered in his own cathedral→Becket was honored as a martyr and declared a saint. ➢ King John Battles Powerful Enemies ➢ King John→ faced King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his own English nobles and lost each struggle. ➢ In 1205, John suffered his first setback when he lost a war with Philip II and had to give up lands in Anjou and Normandy. Lipede 6 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ John then argued with Innocent III over selecting a new archbishop of Canterbury and he rejected the pope’s nominee → the pope excommunicated him (prevented him from participating in the sacraments and services of the Church). ➢ To save himself and his crown, John had to accept England as a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fee to Rome. The Magna Carta ➢ In 1215, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta → protected the barons as well as townspeople and the Church ➢ It asserted that the nobles had certain rights which were eventually extended to all English citizens. ➢ Clauses in the Magna Carta that would have lasting impact included those that protected freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions, except “by legal judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.” ➢ Over the centuries, the English would rely on the Magna Carta to develop other political and legal ideas and traditions. Lipede 7 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ In the 1600s, the idea of protecting people from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment would evolve into the right of habeas corpus. Parliament Develops ➢ During the 1200s, English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice and eventually, it evolved into Parliament, which later became England’s legislature. ➢ In 1295, King Edward I summoned Parliament to approve money for his wars in France. ➢ He declared that “What touches all should be approved by all.” and he had representatives of the “common people” join with the lords and clergy (included two knights from each county and representatives of the towns). ➢ This assembly became known as the Model Parliament because it set up the framework for England’s legislature. ➢ Parliament developed into a two-house body: the House of Lords with nobles and high clergy and the House of Commons with knights and middle-class citizens. ➢ Over the centuries, Parliament gained the crucial “power of the purse”: the right to approve any new taxes→limited the power of the monarch France Under the Capetians Lipede 8 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom → had little power ➢ In 987, feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet, the count of Paris→may have chosen him because they thought he was too weak to pose a threat. ➢ Hugh and his heirs slowly increased royal power → The throne was made hereditary, added to their lands by playing rival nobles against each other, built an effective bureaucracy, and gained the support of the Church. ➢ The Capetian dynasty lasted for 300 years Philip Augustus Increases Power and Prosperity ➢ IIn 1179, Philip II became king of France→ strengthened the royal government by using paid middle-class officials, granting charters to towns, introducing national tax, and quadrupling royal land holdings. ➢ He gained control of English-ruled lands in Normandy, Anjou, etc. → began to take over France ➢ He sent knights to suppress a heresy among the Albigensians ➢ Had become the most powerful ruler in Europe before his death in 1223 Louis IX: A Model Monarch ➢ Louis was generous, noble, and devoted to justice and the rules of chivalry, and pursued religious goals that Christians admired. Lipede 9 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ He persecuted non-Christians and led French knights in two wars against Muslims. ➢ Was declared a saint within 30 years of his death. ➢ Sent out traveling officials to check on local administrators, expanded the royal courts, outlawed private wars, heard cases, and ended serfdom in his personal domain. ➢ By the time of his death in 1270, France was emerging as an efficient centralized monarchy. Conflicts with the Pope ➢ Philip IV: ruthlessly extended royal power. ➢ Always pressed for money, and tried to collect new taxes from the clergy → led to a clash with Pope Boniface VIII. ➢ The pope forbade Philip to tax the clergy without papal consent, but Philip threatened to arrest any clergy who did not pay. ➢ Philip sent troops to capture Boniface, who escaped, but died soon afterward. ➢ In 1305, a Frenchman was elected pope → Four years later, the pope moved the papal court to Avignon (allowed French rulers to exercise more control over the Church.) ➢ The move to Avignon later sparked a crisis in the Church when a rival pope was elected in Rome. and they each claimed to be the true leader of the Church. The King Sets Up the Estates General Lipede 10 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ Philip rallied French support by setting up the Estates General in 1302→ had representatives from the clergy, nobles, and townspeople. The Holy Roman Empire ➢ In the early Middle Ages, Charlemagne had brought much of what is today the nation of Germany under his rule. ➢ After his death, these German lands dissolved into separate states ruled by counts and dukes → dukes of Saxony began to extend their power over neighboring German lands. ➢ In 936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title King of Germany. Otto I Becomes Emperor ➢ Like Charlemagne, Otto I worked closely with the Church by appointing bishops to top government jobs. ➢ He also took an army into Italy to help the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles. ➢ In 962, he was crowned emperor of the German states of Central Europe. ➢ Successors took the title Holy Roman emperor because they were crowned by the pope, and they believed they were the heirs to the emperors of Rome. German Emperors Face a Challenge ➢ German emperors claimed authority over much of central and eastern Europe as well as parts of France and Italy and the real rulers of these lands were the emperor’s vassals. The Conflict with the Church Begins Lipede 11 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ Holy Roman emperors saw themselves as protectors of Italy and the pope and repeatedly intervened in Italian affairs → tempted by the growing rich cities of northern Italy. ➢ A key conflict between emperors and popes involved who would control appointments to high Church office. ➢ As popes sought to reform the Church, they tried to end outside interference by secular rulers. A Pope and an Emperor Feud ➢ Gregory was one of the greatest medieval popes but was also one of the most controversial. ➢ Pope Gregory ruled at the same time as the German emperor Henry IV which led to clashing over competing claims to power. Gregory Undertakes Reforms ➢ Gregory was determined to make the Church independent of secular rulers →banned the practice of lay investiture. ➢ Only the pope, said Gregory, had the right to appoint and install bishops in office. The Emperor Responds ➢ Pope Gregory’s ban brought an angry response from the Holy Roman emperor, Henry IV→ he argued that bishops held their lands as royal fiefs. Lipede 12 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ Henry felt entitled to give them the symbols of office →The feud heated up and they exchanged insulting letters. ➢ Rebellious German princes undermined Henry by supporting the pope. ➢ In 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry which freed Henry's subjects from their allegiance →The pope then headed north to crown a new emperor. ➢ Henry was forced to make peace Henry Repents ➢ In January 1077, he presented himself to the pope as a repentant sinner. ➢ Gregory knew that Henry was just trying to save his throne, but according to Church law, the pope had to forgive a confessed sinner. ➢ Gregory then lifted the order of excommunication, and Henry returned to Germany to subdue his rebellious noble →he took revenge on Gregory when he led an army to Rome and forced him into exile. The Concordat of Worms ➢ The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years but in 1122, both sides accepted a treaty known as the Concordat of Worms→declared that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority. ➢ The emperor, however, still invested them with fiefs → ended the investiture struggle, but new battles began. Lipede 13 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes The Battle for Italy ➢ During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious German emperors sought to control Italy→came into conflict with the pope as well as with the wealthy cities of northern Italy. German Emperors In Italy ➢ The Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa, dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. ➢ For years, he fought to bring the wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control but they resisted. ➢ By joining forces with the pope in the Lombard League, they finally managed to defeat Barbarossa’s armies. ➢ However he arranged a marriage between his son Henry and Constance, the heiress to Sicily and southern Italy → entangled German emperors even more deeply in Italian affairs. Frederick II ➢ Barbarossa’s grandson, Frederick II, was raised in Sicily, a rich island kingdom in the Mediterranean. ➢ Frederick spent little time in Germany, and pursued his ambitions in Italy, clashing repeatedly and unsuccessfully with several popes → failed to subdue the cities of northern Italy. Lipede 14 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes Effects of the Struggle ➢ While Frederick II was occupied in Italy, German nobles grew more independent →remained a patchwork of feudal states. ➢ Germany would not become a nation-state for another 600 years. ➢ A local uprising against French rule in Sicily led to 200 years of chaos as French and Spanish rivals battled for power. ➢ Church Power Reaches Its Peak ➢ In the 1200s, the Roman Catholic Church reached the height of its political power and reforming popes like Gregory VII claimed the right to depose kings and emperors → a more powerful Church was able to spread its influence to new areas, increasing religious unity in Europe. Popes Assert Their Power ➢ As head of the Church, Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other rulers→clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day, and he usually won. ➢ In 1209, Innocent, aided by Philip II, launched a brutal crusade against the Albigensians in southern France. ➢ Tens of thousands of people were slaughtered in the Albigensian Crusade. Lipede 15 Oyebade Lipede Period 4 Mr. Golde World History 1 Section 7 Notes ➢ Innocent strengthened papal power within the Church→ extended the Papal States, reformed the Church courts, changed the way that Church officials were chosen, and called a council that justified his power. Papal Power Begins to Decline ➢ In 1296, Philip IV of France successfully challenged Pope Boniface VIII on the issue of taxing the clergy → Philip engineered the election of a French pope, which led the papacy to decline.
