Chapter 1
Communication process principles and
ethics
Communication- is derived from the
Latin word con (with), munus (a
business) communis (common), and
communico (to confer or relate with
one another).
in our society, and become a
virtuous citizen.
2. Communication meets needs
o help us achieve certain physical
and instrumental needs, and
feeds into our identities and
-is the process of
relationships.
accomplishing a goal, “with a
❖ Physical needs- affect wellbusiness to confirm or relate with one
being
another.”
❖ Relational needs- maintain
social bonds and
- is the transfer of information,
interpersonal relationships
thoughts, or ideas to create a shared
❖ Instrumental needs- help us
understanding between a sender
achieve long-term and shortand a receiver.
term goals
Aspects of Communication
❖ Identity needs- allow us to
present ourselves in a distinct
➢ the importance of
manner
communication is related to
3. Communication is guided by
various aspects
culture and context
1. Communication is integrated in
o culture and context also
all parts of our lives
influence how we perceive and
o is valued in the real world and is
define communication
integrated in all episodes of our
o Cultures vary in terms of having
lives
a more individualistic (thinking
Our lives consist of four
more about self than others) or
domains:
more collectivistic (thinking
a. Academics- communication
more about others than self)
skills are tied to academic
cultural orientation.
success
❖ Culture- is a full range of
b. Professional- communication
learned human behavioral
skills are essential to all
patterns which includes
careers
knowledge, belief, art, law,
c. Personal- communication is
morals, customs, capabilities,
crucial for a person's success
and habits, acquired by man
d. Civic- engaged with the
world around us, participate
as a member of the society
2. Nonverbal communication
(O’Neil, 2006)
o a form of communication which
❖ Context- is the circumstance
refers to the sending of
that form the setting for an
messages to another person
event, statement, or idea
using methods or means other
and in terms of which it can
than the spoken language.
be fully understood (Oxford
o Non-verbal cues may both the
Dictionary, 2018)
intentional and unintentional
4. Communication is learned
and is categorized into two:
o humans are born with the
a. Non-verbal cues produced by
capacity to learn a language
the body
and the ability to
b. Non-verbal messages
communicate.
produced by the broad
o It is learned rather than innate
setting such as time, space
5. Communication has ethical
(distance), and silence
implications
(means thinking or not sure)
o is more concerned with the
o Non-verbal communication
decisions people make about
includes-- but is not limited to:
what is right and wrong.
Touch
Volume
o deals with the process of
Gestures
Intonation
negotiating and reflecting on
Smell
Glance
our actions and communication
Facial expression
Dress
regarding what we believed to
Context
Proximity
be right and wrong.
Eye contact (gaze) Posture
Pause (silence)
Formality
Types of Communication
1. Verbal communication
o a form of transmitting messages
using words and word symbols
representing ideas and objects.
o it comes into form: oral and
written.
o Some of the factors that affect
verbal communication:
Tone of voice
Use of descriptive words
Emphasis on certain phrases
Volume of voice
o Words symbols can be pictures,
signages, symbols, images,
illustrations.
Elements of Communication
o
o
o
o
Sender- a person, group, or
organization who initiates the
communication
Message- an element
transmitted in communication;
consists of the idea, opinion,
information, feeling, or attitude
of the sender
Channel- a pathway or medium
through which the message
travels to reach its destination
Receiver- a person who
receives, analyzes, understand
and interpret the message.
o
o
o
Feedback- the receiver’s
response that provides
information to the sender
Adjustment- done if the
message is distorted or is not
clearly understood by the
receiver
Noise- a form of distortion,
barrier, or obstacle that occurs
in any of the phases of oral
communication process
The Communication Process
Five Steps to the Communication Process in the
Workplace
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Creation
Transmission
Reception
Translation
Response
Issues in Communication
o
o
o
Content- refers to the information
and experiences that are
provided to the receiver of the
communication process. Tailor it
to the understanding of the
receiver.
Process- refers to the way a
message is presented or
delivered.
Context- is the situation or
environment in which your
message is delivered.
Principles of Communication
will help you to make your
communication more
informative and will a true to
clean positive effects
1. PRINCIPLE OF CLARITY
❖ The information or message
should be coded or worded
clearly.
2. PRINCIPLE OF ATTENTION
❖ The receiver’s attention should
be drawn to the message to
make the communication
effective.
3. PRINCIPLE OF FEEDBACK
❖ There should be feedback
information from the receiver
to know whether s/he
understood the message in
the same sense in which the
sender has meant it.
4. PRINCIPLE OF INFORMALITY
❖ Informal communication may
prove effective in situations
when formal communication
may not achieve its desired
results.
5. PRINCIPLE OF CONSISTENCY
❖ Consistency avoids conflict.
❖ Inconsistency leads to
confusion.
6. PRINCIPLE OF TIMELINESS
❖ Communication should be
done in real-time so that it
helps, and it is relevant in
implementing plans.
❖ Delayed communication may
not serve any purpose.
7. PRINCIPLE OF ADEQUACY
❖ Information should be
complete. It is essential to take
o
proper decisions and make
action plans.
❖ Inadequate information may
delay action and create
confusion.
Communication Ethics
o
o
Ethics in communication deal
with the behavior of an
individual or a group which is
governed by their morals and in
turn affects communication.
Unethical communication may
be intrusive, secretive,
manipulative etc.
THE NATIONAL COMMUNICATION
ASSOCIATION (NCA)
o
o
developed the Credo for Ethical
Communication which reminds
that communication ethics is
relevant across contexts and
applies to every channel of
communication.
Non-profit organization in
communication
CREDO FOR ETHICAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Advocate truthfulness,
accuracy, honesty, and
reason as essential to the
integrity of communication.
2. Endorse freedom of
expression, diversity of
perspective, and tolerance of
dissent to achieve the
informed and responsible
decision-making fundamental
to a civil society.
3. Strive to understand and
respect other communicators
before evaluating and
responding to their messages.
4. Promote access to
communication resources and
opportunities as necessary to
fulfill human potential and
contribute to the well-being of
families, communities, and
society.
5. Promote communication
climates of caring and mutual
understanding that respect
the unique needs and
characteristics of individual
communicators.
6. Condemn communication
that degrades individuals and
humanity through distortion,
intimidation, coercion, and
violence, and through the
expression of intolerance and
hatred.
7. Commit to the courageous
expression of personal
convictions in pursuit of
fairness and justice.
8. Advocate sharing information,
opinions, and feelings when
facing significant choices
while also respecting privacy
and confidentiality.
9. Accept responsibility for the
short-term and long-term
consequences of our own
communication and expect
the same of others.