PRE-TEST
1.) Jay express complete disapproval in homosexuality. Despite Jay’s standpoint,
he unconsciously is part of LGBTQ that he hates. He attributes his sexuality to
others because he believe that homosexuals are sinners and shall be treated
inhumanely. This situation depicts __________.
a. Rationalization
b. Projection
c. Denial
d. Reaction Formation
2.) Jay expresses disapproval in homosexuality. Despite Jay’s standpoint he
unconsciously is part of LGBTQ that he hates.Later on he decided to go to gym
to embody masculinity and gain muscles to conceal his false heterosexuality. This
situation depicts ___________.
a. Reaction formation
b. Projection
c. Denial
d. Rationalization
3) Lily Cruz pokes fun at Kara and Mia because of their unusual features. Lily was
also reported several times on her school because of her insensitive and
degrading jokes and for causing humiliation to some of her classmates. What
concept under Psychoanalysis BEST explains Lily’s behavior?
a. Masochistic drives
c. Aggressive drives
b. Sexual drives
d. Sadistic drives
4.) _______ is the healthiest defense mechanism under psychoanalysis because
_________.
a. Regression; it allows us to look back and resolve our childhood conflicts.
b. Sublimation; it transforms our counterproductive and lustful behaviors into a
productive one.
c. Repression; it acknowledges our shadow, the first test of
courage.
d. All defense mechanisms are counterproductive. Thus, no
defense mechanisms could be considered as healthy.
5.) The following situations are the three typical anxiety dreams according to
Freud. Point the exception.
a. Jessa, who dreamed of embarrassment due to
nakedness.
b. Jessica, who dreamed of losing her husband.
c. Geoff, who dreamed of losing his job.
d. Taylor, who dreamed of failing her comprehensive exam.
6.) The Vienna Psycho-Analytic Society was originally called what?
a. The movarian-psychoanalytic theory
b. The after-dinner psychological club
c. The vienna freudian society
d. The wednesday psychological society
7.) Freud was born in a small town of Freiberg, Moravia in which year?
a. 1866
b. 1856
c. 1887
d. 1857
8.) Freud began to think seriously about hysteria after six months spent studying
in Paris with which man?
a. Jean Martin Charcot
b. Josef Breuer
c. Carl Jung
d. Wilhelm Fliess
9) The component of personality that operates according to the reality principle is
the _________.
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Super Ego
d. Ego ideal
10) The ID can be best described as having which of the following statements as
its motto?
a. Mom always liked you best
b. Do the right thing
c. We can work it out
d. If it feels good, do it
11) The ego always tries to mediate between the constantly conflicting ID and
Superego because:
a. It operates under the reality principle
b. Its instinctively reducing psychic tension
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
12) In psychoanalysis, dreams are condense, displace and affect inhibited
because:
a. It aims to showcase the unconscious in an acceptable way
b. It tries to protect the ego from aggressive aspects of the sexual impulses
c. Symbolisms make the deep seated wishes and desires fulfilled in a nonthreatening way
d. None of the above
13) Freud argued that people instinctively elicit pleasure and it is the best serve
by certain parts of the body called:
a. Id impulses
b. Organ dialect
c. Psychic apparatus
d. Erogenous zone
14) Ronel believes that, for the large part, his overall behavior is based on his
childhood conflicts. Therefore he subscribes to what specific dynamic of
personality.
a. teleology
b. causality
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b are correct
15) Joan was dumped for no reason by a man she really likes. She reframes the
situation in her mind with “I suspect he is not handsome at all & he’s a loser” What
defense mechanism is being described?
a. Repression
b. Internalization
c. Acting out
d. Rationalization
16) Like Carl Jung, Freud also believed that people collectively inherited
predisposition to action. He called this:
a. Genetic vulnerability
b. Archetypes
c. Phylogenetic endowment
d. unconscious
17) while working with your groupmates, you feel lazy in doing your assigned task
but you blame the outcome on the laziness of the other person. What is this
behavior called?
a. Displacement
b. Projection
c. Repression
d. Anxiety
18) Ralph joined various singing contests and impersonated different Hollywood
actresses. He feels relieved and accepted like when he shows his sexual urges
publicly. Which of the following defense mechanisms is employed?
a. Regression
b. Sublimation
c. Acting out
d. Denial
19) when asked about the details of the trauma she had been through, Josephine
said that she can’t remember it anymore. You understand that this is an example
of:
a. Repression
b. Denial
c. Sublimation
d. Regression
20) Alyssa is overwhelmed with fear, anger and growing sexual impulses that
make her become clingy and start exhibiting earlier childhood behaviors he has
long since overcome (like bed-wetting). What defense mechanism is being
described?
a. Regression
b. Sublimation
c. Repression
d. Displacement
21) It is a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning
of certain parts of the body.
a. Conversion disorder
b. Somatic symptom disorder
c. Paranoia
d. Hysteria
22) He is a French neurologist who Freud learned the hypnosis technique for
treating hysteria.
a. Josef Breuer
b. Jean Martin Charcot
c. Ernest Jones
d. Carl Jung
23) It emphasized that it is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a
physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger
a. Depression
b. Anxiety
c. Moral Anxiety
d. Realistic Anxiety
24) It is often expressed as a wish to be a boy or desire to have a penis.
a. Penis envy
b. Oedipus complex
c. Electra complex
d. Female oedipus complex
25) It is a stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier
developmental periods in an ideal manner.
a. Maturity
b. Psychological Maturity
c. Genital Stage
d. Phallic Stage
Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud
BIOGRAPHY
● Born either on March 6 or May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, which is now part
of the Czech Republic.
● Parents: Jacob & Amalie Nathanson Freud
● Siblings: Emmanuel & Philipp ( Jacob Sons in his first wife)
● Jacob and Amalie had seven children within 10 years.
● Despite having 10 children all in all. Sigmund Freud became her mom’s favorite
because he was an intelligent child.
● This mother-child relationship caused Freud to have a long term confidence
and to observe that this is the most perfect relationship in all forms of human
relationship also known as the Oedipus Complex.
● When Sigmund is a year and a half old, he had a baby brother named Julius
and he unconsciously wished death for her brother because of hostility.
● Julius died at 6 months old, which led Freud to develop feelings of guilt due to
his death wish for his brother.
● At the age of 3, their family migrated from Leipzig to Vienna and considered it as
his hometown for 80 years. Until 1938 when the Nazi Invasion forced him to
emigrate to London, where he died on September 23, 1939.
EDUCATION
● Freud did not practice medicine because he enjoyed it, but because he was
fascinated by human nature.
● Freud enrolled in the University of Vienna to teach and conduct research in
physiology, not to study medicine.
● After graduating from the university's physiological institute, he proceeded to do
research.
● He turned his laboratory into a medical practice. He spent three years at
Vienna's General Hospital, where he learned about several disciplines of
medicine, including psychiatry and nervous illnesses.
● He earned a traveling grant from the University of Vienna in 1885 and decided
to study in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot.
● Freud learned the hypnosis technique for treating hysteria from Jean Martin
Charcot, a French neurologist.
● Hysteria is a mental illness that is marked by paralysis or malfunctioning of
particular body components.
● Josef Breuer, a well-known Viennese physician 14 years older than Freud and
a man of substantial scientific distinction, forged a strong professional and
personal friendship with Freud.
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Breuer taught Freud about catharsis, which is the process of "talking out"
hysterical symptoms. While using catharsis, Freud gradually and painstakingly
discovered the free association technique, which eventually replaced
hypnosis as his primary therapeutic technique.
He experiments with cocaine because he believed it has a anesthetic effect in
treating anxiety and depression disorder
male hysteria (from charcot)
Studies on Hysteria (w/ breuer): psychical analysis � psychoanalysis
seduction theory (seduction by a parent)
association with:
○ Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane, Rudolf Reitler
(Wednesday Psychological Society)
○ Carl Jung (International Psychoanalytic Association)
■ crown prince; the man of the future
Freud completed his greatest work, Interpretation of Dreams (1900/1953),
during this period. This book, finished in 1899, was an outgrowth of his selfanalysis, much of which he had revealed to his friend Wilhelm Fliess.
➢ The book contained many of Freud’s own dreams, some disguised
behind fictitious names.
Ernest Jones, Freud's official biographer, felt that he suffered from acute
psychoneurosis in the late 1890s, but Max Schur, Freud's personal physician
during the latter decade of his life, said that his disease was caused by a heart
lesion exacerbated by nicotine addiction.
LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
To Freud, mental life is divided into two levels, the unconscious and the conscious.
Unconscious
●
It contains drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness but
nevertheless motivate our words, feelings and actions.
● It explains the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue and certain kinds of
forgetting or repression.
● Dreams serve as a particularly rich source of unconscious material.
❖ Two Sources of Dreams: Repression and Phylogenetic Endowment
● Unconscious processes often enter into consciousness but only after being
disguised or distorted enough to elude censorship.
● Punishment and suppression often create feelings of anxiety, and the anxiety
in turn stimulates repression, that is, the forcing of unwanted, anxiety-ridden
experiences into the unconscious as a defense against the pain of that anxiety
● Freud believed that a portion of our unconscious originates from the
experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through
hundreds of generations of repetition.
●
●
●
●
➔ He called these inherited unconscious images our phylogenetic
endowment.
➔ Same as Jung’s Collective Unconscious.
Freud would turn to the idea of collectively inherited experiences to fill in the
gaps left by individual experiences.
Freud used the concept of phylogenetic endowment to explain several important
concepts, such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety.
Unconscious drives may appear in consciousness, but only after undergoing
certain transformations.
The original drive (sex or aggression) is thus disguised and hidden from the
conscious minds of both persons.
➔ the unconscious mind of one person can communicate with the
unconscious of another without either person being aware of the
process.
Preconscious
● contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious
either quite readily or with some difficulty.
❖ 2 Sources:
● Conscious Perception
➔ What a person perceives is conscious for only a transitory period; it
quickly passes into the preconscious when the focus of attention shifts to
another idea
➔ largely free from anxiety
● Unconscious:
➔ Freud believed that ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the
preconscious in a disguised form.
➔ Some of these images never become conscious because if we recognized them
as derivatives of the unconscious, we would experience increased levels of
anxiety, which would activate the final censor to repress these anxiety-loaded
images, forcing them back into the unconscious.
Conscious
● Plays a relatively MINOR role in psychoanalysis mental elements in awareness
at any given point in time.
● the only level that is DIRECTLY available to us.
❖ Ideas can reach consciousness from two different directions:
● Perceptual conscious system
➔ what we perceive through our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into
consciousness.
● Nonthreatening ideas from the PRECONSCIOUS
➔ well-disguised images from the unconscious
➔ These latter images escaped into the preconscious by cloaking themselves as
harmless elements and evading the primary censor.
➔ Once in the preconscious, they avoid a final censor and come under the eye of
consciousness.
PROVINCE OF THE MIND
THE ID
● core of personality and completely unconscious is the psychical region called
the id
➔ a term derived from the impersonal pronoun meaning “the it,” or the not-yetowned component of personality
● the id is primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to consciousness, unchangeable,
amoral, illogical, unorganized, and filled with energy received from basic drives
and discharged for the satisfaction of the pleasure principle
● No contact with reality
➔ yet, strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires
● Completely Unconscious serves as the pleasure principle
● The only component of personality that is present at birth.
● It contains our basic instincts and operates through our primary process.
➔ Because it blindly seeks to satisfy the pleasure principle, its survival is
dependent on the development of a secondary process to bring it into contact
with the external world. This secondary process functions through the ego.
● The id is illogical and can simultaneously entertain incompatible ideas.
THE EGO
● The ego, or I, is the only region of the mind in contact with reality.
➔ Reality Principle
● It grows out of the id during infancy and becomes a person’s sole
● According to Freud, The ego develops from the id and ensures that the
impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
● The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
● The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with
reality
● the ego becomes the decision-making or executive branch of personality
● According to Freud, the ego becomes differentiated from the id when infants
learn to distinguish themselves from the outer world.
●
●
●
the ego continues to develop strategies for handling the id’s unrealistic and
unrelenting demands for pleasure.
The ego has no strength of its own but borrows energy from the id.
As children reach the age of 5 or 6, they identify with their parents and begin to
learn what they should and should not do. This is the origin of the superego
THE SUPEREGO
●
The superego, or above-I, represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality
and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the
pleasure principle of the id and the realistic principle of the ego.
● Develop during 5-6 years old.
● It grows out of the ego, and like the ego, it has no energy of its own.
➔ A superego differs from the ego in one important respect—it has no
contact with the outside world and therefore is unrealistic in its demands
for perfection.
❖ The superego has two subsystems:
● Conscience
➔ the conscience results from experiences with punishments for improper
behavior and tells us what we should not do
● Ego ideal.
➔ The ego-ideal develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and
tells us what we should do.
● A primitive conscience comes into existence when a child conforms to parental
standards out of fear of loss of love or approval
● A well-developed superego acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses
through the process of repression
● Guilt is the result when the ego acts—or even intends to act—contrary to the
moral standards of the superego
● Feelings of inferiority arise when the ego is unable to meet the superego’s
standards of perfection.
●
●
●
Guilt, then, is a function of the conscience, whereas inferiority feelings stem
from the ego-ideal
The superego is not concerned with the happiness of the ego.
It strives blindly and unrealistically toward perfection. It is unrealistic in the
sense that it does not take into consideration the difficulties or impossibilities
faced by the ego in carrying out its orders
DYNAMIC OF PERSONALITY
●
Freud postulated a dynamic, or motivational, principle to explain the driving
forces behind people’s actions
●
To Freud, people are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension and
anxiety.
➔ This motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from
their basic drives
2 TYPES OF DRIVES
Sex
●
●
●
The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to
genital satisfaction
● Freud believed that the entire body is invested with libido
● Erogenous Zone: Mouth, Anus, Genitals
● Ultimate Goal: to reduce sexual tension
➔ But it cannot be changed, but the path by which the aim is
reached can be varied.
● It can take either an active or a passive form, or it can be temporarily or
permanently inhibited.
➔ Because the path is flexible and as sexual pleasure stems from
organs other than the genitals, much behavior originally
motivated by Eros is difficult to be recognized as sexual behavior.
Libido can be withdrawn from one person and placed in a state of free-floating
tension, or it can be reinvested in another person, including the self
Sex can take many forms, including narcissism, love, sadism, and
masochism. The latter two also possess generous components of the
aggressive drive.
❖ Primary Narcissism:
➔ As the ego develops, children usually give up much of their
primary narcissism and develop a greater interest in other
people.
➔
➔ UNIVERSAL
➔ Ex: Self-Centered infants
❖ Secondary Narcissism:
➔ a moderate degree of self-love is common to nearly everyone
➔ NOT UNIVERSAL
➔ Ex: Self love during puberty
❖
●
Aim Inhibited Love
➔ Repressed all kinds of love towards family and/or other family
members.
Love and narcissism are closely interrelated.
➔ Narcissism involves love of self, whereas love is often accompanied by
narcissistic tendencies, as when people love someone who serves as an
ideal or model of what they would like to be.
❖ Sadism
➔ Sexual pleasure form inflicting pain on others
➔ sadism is a common need and exists to some extent in all sexual
relationships.
Masochism
➔ Sexual pleasure for inflicting pain from self or others.
➔ masochists can provide self-inflicted pain, they do not depend on
another person for the satisfaction of masochistic needs
AGGRESSION
●
●
●
●
●
Goal: Self-destruction or returning to inorganic state ( death)
It can take many forms: teasing, gossiping, sarcasm, humiliation, humor and
enjoyment of other people suffering.
Aggressive tendency is present in EVERYONE
It serves as the explanation for wars, atrocities and religious persecution.
The aggressive drive also explains the need for the barriers that people have
erected to check aggression
Concept of Anxiety
ANXIETY
➢ emphasized that it is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a
physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger.
● The ego’s dependence on the id results in neurotic anxiety; its dependence on
the superego produces moral anxiety; and its dependence on the outer world
leads to realistic anxiety.
Neurotic anxiety
➢ is defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. The feeling itself exists in
the ego, but it originates from id impulses.
● During childhood, these feelings of hostility are often accompanied by fear of
punishment, and this fear becomes generalized into unconscious neurotic
anxiety.
Moral anxiety
● stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego.
●
After children establish a superego—usually by the age of 5 or 6—they may
experience anxiety as an outgrowth of the conflict between realistic needs and
the dictates of their superego.
Realistic anxiety
● is closely related to fear. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling
involving a possible danger.
● It is different from fear in that it does not involve a specific fearful object. We
would experience fear.
●
●
●
Anxiety serves as an ego-preserving mechanism because it signals us that
some danger is at hand.
Anxiety allows the constantly vigilant ego to be alert for signs of threat and
danger. The signal of impending danger stimulates us to mobilize for either flight
or defense
Anxiety is also self-regulating because it precipitates repression, which in turn
reduces the pain of anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
●
●
●
●
Freud first elaborated on the idea of defense mechanisms in 1926, and his
daughter Anna further refined and organized the concept
defense mechanisms are normal and universally used, when carried to an
extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior
➔ we must expend psychic energy to establish and maintain defense
mechanisms, the more defensive we are, the less psychic energy we
have left to satisfy id impulses
used by normal individuals
high usage leads to pathological behaviors
AIM: to reduce anxiety
Repression
●
●
●
●
The most basic defense mechanism, because it is involved in each of the
others, is repression.
➔ unconscious forgetting
Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by
repressing those impulses; that is, it forces threatening feelings into the
unconscious
Repressed drives may be disguised as physical symptoms, for example, sexual
impotency in a man troubled by sexual guilt.
Repressed drives may also find an outlet in dreams, slips of the tongue, or one
of the other defense mechanisms.
Reaction Formation
●
One of the ways in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is
through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form.
●
Reactive behavior can be identified by its exaggerated character and by its
obsessive and compulsive form
the fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a
feared unconscious impulse.
reaction formations are limited to a single object
●
●
Displacement
●
redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the
original impulse is disguised or concealed
● Displacement also is involved in dream formation, as when the dreamer’s
destructive urges toward a parent are placed onto a dog or wolf.
➔ In this event, a dream about a dog being hit by a car might reflect the
dreamer’s unconscious wish to see the parent destroyed.
Fixation
● Fixation is the PERMANENT attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more
primitive stage of development
● Like other defense mechanisms, fixations are universal. People who continually
derive pleasure from eating, smoking, or talking may have an oral fixation,
whereas those who are obsessed with neatness and orderliness may possess
an anal fixation
Regression
● Regression is the TEMPORARY reverting back to earlier stage of life during
times of stress and anxiety
● Regressions are quite common and are readily visible in children
● Regressions are also frequent in older children and in adults
● A common way for adults to react to anxiety-producing situations is to revert to
earlier, safer, more secure patterns of behavior and to invest their libido onto
more primitive and familiar objects.
● Regressive behavior is similar to fixated behavior in that it is rigid and infantile.
Projection
● attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person.
● defined as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually
reside in one’s own unconscious
● An extreme type of projection is paranoia, a mental disorder characterized by
powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution.
➔ Paranoia is not an inevitable outcome of projection but simply a severe variety
of it.
●
According to Freud a crucial distinction between projection and paranoia is that
paranoia is always characterized by repressed homosexual feelings toward the
persecutor.
Introjection
● defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another
person into their own ego.
● introjection gives the adolescent an inflated sense of self-worth and keeps
feelings of inferiority to a minimum
● People introduce characteristics that they see as valuable and that will permit
them to feel better about themselves.
● Freud (1926/1959a) saw the resolution of the Oedipus complex as the prototype
of introjection.
● During the Oedipal period, the young child introjects the authority and values of
one or both parents—an introjection that sets into motion the beginning of the
superego
● When children introject what they perceive to be their parents’ values, they are
relieved from the work of evaluating and choosing their own beliefs and
standards of conduct
Sublimation
● the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim.
● The sublimated aim is expressed most obviously in creative cultural
accomplishments such as art, music, and literature, but more subtly, it is part of
all human relationships and all social pursuits.
● Freud (1914/1953) believed that the art of Michelangelo, who found an indirect
outlet for his libido in painting and sculpting, was an excellent example of
sublimation
● In most people, sublimations combine with direct expression of Eros and result
in a kind of balance between social accomplishments and personal pleasures
● Most of us are capable of sublimating a part of our libido in the service of higher
cultural values, while at the same time retaining sufficient amount of sexual
drive to pursue individual erotic pleasure
Stages of development
●
Freud had little firsthand experience with children (including his own), his
developmental theory is almost exclusively a discussion of early childhood.
Infantile Period
● Age: birth – 5 years old
● the most crucial for personality formation
● infants possess a sexual life and go through a period of pregenital sexual
development during the first 4 or 5 years after birth
●
childhood sexuality differs from adult sexuality in that it’s not capable of
reproduction and is exclusively autoerotic satisfied through organs other than
genitals
1. Oral Stage
● Age: birth – 1.5 years old
● Focus: mouth
● Object choice: nipple
● Sexual aim: incorporate/receive into one’s nipple
● Phases:
❖ Oral-receptive phase
● no ambivalence towards object, satisfaction is achieved with minimum
frustration and anxiety
● but as they grow older, frustration and anxiety increases because of
scheduled feedings, increased time lapses between feedings and
eventual weaning
● feelings of ambivalence toward their love object (mother)
● increased ability of their budding ego to defend (through teeth) itself
against the environment and against anxiety leading to:
❖ Oral-sadistic period
● infants respond through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling and
crying
●
●
●
●
●
first autoerotic experience: thumbsucking (defense against anxiety that
satisfies their sexual but not nutritional needs)
Gratifying activities: nursing � responsive nurturing is key / sucking
Oral-Dependent Personality: too much stimulation = child may become
very dependent, submissive
Oral-Aggressive Personality: too little gratification= child will be very
aggressive and will get what he wants through force
Symptoms of Oral Fixation: Smoking, Nail biting, Sarcasm and Verbal
hostility
Anal Stage
● Age: 1.5 – 3 years old
● Focus: Anus
● Gratifying Activities: toilet training and urge control
● characterized by satisfaction through aggressive behavior and through
excretory function
● Phases:
❖ Early anal period
● receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects
● behave aggressively toward their parents for frustrating them with toilet
training
❖ Late anal period
● take a friendly interest towards their feces, an interest that stem from the
erotic pleasure of defecating
● child will present the feces to their parents
● if praised � generous and magnanimous adult
● if punished � withholding the feces until pressure becomes both painful
and erotically stimulating
❖ Anal character: people who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping
and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessive neat and orderly
fashion
❖ Anal eroticism (eg. penis envy) � anal triad (orderliness, stinginess, obstinacy);
penis, baby and feces are same symbol in dreams
● orientation:
❖ active: masculine qualities of dominance and sadism
❖ passive: feminine qualities of voyeurism and masochism
● Anal-Expulsive Personality: excessive pressure = take pleasure in being
able to withhold (obsessively clean and orderly)
Phallic Stage
● Age: 4-5 years old
● Focus: Genital
● difference among the gender was established
● dichotomy between male and female development is due to anatomical
differences between the sexes
● masturbation was repressed (suppression of masturbation)
● Gratifying Activities: Play with genitals, Sexuality Identification
o Feeling of attraction toward the parent of the opposite sex � envy and fear
of the same-sex parent
❖ Oedipus Complex (castration anxiety)
● from Oedipus (King of Thebes)
● identification with his father (he wants to be his father)
● develops sexual desire for his mother (wants to have his mother)
● gives up identification with father and retains stronger desire for mother
● sees father as rival for mother llov
● (Bisexual) feminine nature � masculine tendency
● castration complex � castration anxiety (fear of losing penis)
❖ Electra Complex (penis envy)
● girls assume that all other children have genitals similar to their own
●
●
soon they discover that boys do not only possess different genital
equipment but apparently something extra
girls then become envious, feel cheated, and desire to have penis
❖ Penis envy: often expressed as a wish to be a boy or desire to have a penis �
to have a baby (find expression in the act of giving birth to a baby)
● identification with mother (fantasized being seduced by her mother)
● hostility on mother for bringing her into the world without penis
●
●
●
●
libido for her father
simple female oedipus complex (electra complex): desire for sexual
intercourse with the father and accompanying feelings of hostility for the
mother
Success: control envy and hostility � identify with same-sex parent
Failure: Mama’s boy; flirty girl with commitment issues
Latency Period
● Age: 5 – puberty
● Time of learning, adjusting to the social environment, form beliefs and values
● ‘sublimation stage’
● Developing same-sex friendships
● parents attempt to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children
if successful � children will repress their sexual drive and direct their psychic
energy toward school, friendships, hobbies and other nonsexual activities
● reinforced through constant suppression by parents and teacher and by internal
feelings of shame, guild and morality
Genital Period
● Age: Puberty +
● Focus: Genital
● Gratifying Activities: masturbation and heterosexual relationships
● Renewed sexual interest desire
● Pursuit of relationships
● No fixations
● adolescent give up autoeroticism and direct their sexual energy toward another
person instead of toward themselves
● reproduction is now possible
● although penis envy may continue, vagina finally obtains the same status for them
that the penis had for them during infancy; boys see female organ as sought-after
object
● entire sexual drive takes on a more complete organization
● mouth, anus and other pleasure producing areas take an auxiliary position to the
genitals, which now attain supremacy as an erogenous zone
● Eros: life instinct; Thanatos: death instinct
Maturity
●
●
●
●
Psychological Maturity: stage attained after a person has passed through the
earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner
Psychologically mature people would come through the experiences of childhood
and adolescence tin control of their psychic energy and with their ego functioning
in the center of an ever-expanding world of consciousness
id impulses: expressed honestly and consciously with no traces of shame and
guilt
superego: would move beyond parental identification and control with no
remnants of antagonism or incest
repression � sublimations
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Early Therapeutic Technique
● Free Association
● Dream Interpretation
● Hypnosis
Later Therapeutic Technique
● Free Association: patients are required to verbalize every thought that comes to
their mind, no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear
● Dream Analysis
● Transference: refers to the strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or
negative, that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment
➔ Negative Transference: should be recognized to overcome resistance to
treatment
● Resistance: variety of unconscious responses used by patients to block their
own progress in therapy
Dream Analysis
● used to transform the manifest content of dreams ti the more important latent
content
● Manifest Content: surface meaning or the conscious description given by the
dreamer
● Latent Content: unconscious material
● Condensation: manifest dream content is not as extensive as the latent level,
indicating that the unconscious material has been abbreviated or condensed
before appearing on the manifests level
● Displacement: dream image is replaced by some other idea only remotely
related to it
❖ 2 method of interpreting dreams:
● Ask patients to relate their dream and all their associations to it no matter
how unrelated or illogical these associations seemed
● Dream Symbols – to discover the unconscious elements underlying the
manifest content
❖ 3 Typical Anxiety Dreams:
● the embarrassment dream of nakedness: fulfills the wish to exhibit
oneself
● dreams of the death of a beloved person: wish for the destruction of a
younger brother or sister who was a hated rival during the infantile period
● failing an examination in school: anticipating a difficult task
Freudian Slips (parapraxes)
● slips of the tongue (or pen)
● misreading
● incorrect hearing
● misplacing objects
● temporarily forgetting names or intentions
CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
The first of these is determinism versus free choice. In this dimension Freud's views on
human nature would easily fall toward determinism. Freud believed that most of our
behavior is determined by past events rather than molded by present goals. Humans
have little control over their present actions because many of their behaviors are rooted
in unconscious strivings that lie beyond present awareness. Although people usually
believe that they are in control of their own lives, Freud insisted that such beliefs are
illusions.
POST-TEST
1.) Jay express complete disapproval in homosexuality. Despite Jay’s standpoint,
he unconsciously is part of LGBTQ that he hates. He attributes his sexuality to
others because he believe that homosexuals are sinners and shall be treated
inhumanely. This situation depicts __________.
a. Rationalization
b. Projection
c. Denial
d. Reaction Formation
2.) Jay expresses disapproval in homosexuality. Despite Jay’s standpoint he
unconsciously is part of LGBTQ that he hates.Later on he decided to go to gym
to embody masculinity and gain muscles to conceal his false heterosexuality. This
situation depicts ___________.
a. Reaction formation
b. Projection
c. Denial
d. Rationalization
3) Lily Cruz pokes fun at Kara and Mia because of their unusual features. Lily was
also reported several times on her school because of her insensitive and
degrading jokes and for causing humiliation to some of her classmates. What
concept under Psychoanalysis BEST explains Lily’s behavior?
a. Masochistic drives
c. Aggressive drives
b. Sexual drives
d. Sadistic drives
4.) _______ is the healthiest defense mechanism under psychoanalysis because
_________.
a. Regression; it allows us to look back and resolve our childhood conflicts.
b. Sublimation; it transforms our counterproductive and lustful behaviors into a
productive one.
c. Repression; it acknowledges our shadow, the first test of
courage.
d. All defense mechanisms are counterproductive. Thus, no
defense mechanisms could be considered as healthy.
5.) The following situations are the three typical anxiety dreams according to
Freud. Point the exception.
a. Jessa, who dreamed of embarrassment due to
nakedness.
b. Jessica, who dreamed of losing her husband.
c. Geoff, who dreamed of losing his job.
d. Taylor, who dreamed of failing her comprehensive exam.
6.) The Vienna Psycho-Analytic Society was originally called what?
a. The movarian-psychoanalytic theory
b. The after-dinner psychological club
c. The vienna freudian society
d. The wednesday psychological society
7.) Freud was born in a small town of Freiberg, Moravia in which year?
a. 1866
b. 1856
c. 1887
d. 1857
8.) Freud began to think seriously about hysteria after six months spent studying
in Paris with which man?
a. Jean Martin Charcot
b. Josef Breuer
c. Carl Jung
d. Wilhelm Fliess
9) The component of personality that operates according to the reality principle is
the _________.
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Super Ego
d. Ego ideal
10) The ID can be best described as having which of the following statements as
its motto?
a. Mom always liked you best
b. Do the right thing
c. We can work it out
d. If it feels good, do it
11) The ego always tries to mediate between the constantly conflicting ID and
Superego because:
a. It operates under the reality principle
b. Its instinctively reducing psychic tension
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
12) In psychoanalysis, dreams are condense, displace and affect inhibited
because:
a. It aims to showcase the unconscious in an acceptable way
b. It tries to protect the ego from aggressive aspects of the sexual impulses
c. Symbolisms make the deep seated wishes and desires fulfilled in a nonthreatening way
d. None of the above
13) Freud argued that people instinctively elicit pleasure and it is the best serve
by certain parts of the body called:
a. Id impulses
b. Organ dialect
c. Psychic apparatus
d. Erogenous zone
14) Ronel believes that, for the large part, his overall behavior is based on his
childhood conflicts. Therefore he subscribes to what specific dynamic of
personality.
a. teleology
b. causality
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b are correct
15) Joan was dumped for no reason by a man she really likes. She reframes the
situation in her mind with “I suspect he is not handsome at all & he’s a loser” What
defense mechanism is being described?
a. Repression
b. Internalization
c. Acting out
d. Rationalization
16) Like Carl Jung, Freud also believed that people collectively inherited
predisposition to action. He called this:
a. Genetic vulnerability
b. Archetypes
c. Phylogenetic endowment
d. unconscious
17) while working with your groupmates, you feel lazy in doing your assigned task
but you blame the outcome on the laziness of the other person. What is this
behavior called?
a. Displacement
b. Projection
c. Repression
d. Anxiety
18) Ralph joined various singing contests and impersonated different Hollywood
actresses. He feels relieved and accepted like when he shows his sexual urges
publicly. Which of the following defense mechanisms is employed?
a. Regression
b. Sublimation
c. Acting out
d. Denial
19) when asked about the details of the trauma she had been through, Josephine
said that she can’t remember it anymore. You understand that this is an example
of:
a. Repression
b. Denial
c. Sublimation
d. Regression
20) Alyssa is overwhelmed with fear, anger and growing sexual impulses that
make her become clingy and start exhibiting earlier childhood behaviors he has
long since overcome (like bed-wetting). What defense mechanism is being
described?
a. Regression
b. Sublimation
c. Repression
d. Displacement
21) It is a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning
of certain parts of the body.
a. Conversion disorder
b. Somatic symptom disorder
c. Paranoia
d. Hysteria
22) He is a French neurologist who Freud learned the hypnosis technique for
treating hysteria.
a. Josef Breuer
b. Jean Martin Charcot
c. Ernest Jones
d. Carl Jung
23) It emphasized that it is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a
physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger
a. Depression
b. Anxiety
c. Moral Anxiety
d. Realistic Anxiety
24) It is often expressed as a wish to be a boy or desire to have a penis.
a. Penis envy
b. Oedipus complex
c. Electra complex
d. Female oedipus complex
25) It is a stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier
developmental periods in an ideal manner.
a. Maturity
b. Psychological Maturity
c. Genital Stage
d. Phallic Stage