BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17(b) KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA NAMA INSTITUT LATIHAN : ILKKM KOTA KINABALU PELAN MENGAJAR Nama Pengajar Mohammad Nasir bin Abdul Kudus Kumpulan JUN 2022 Bilangan Pelatih 29 orang Tahun Semester SEMESTER I (OBE) Subjek Topik HUMAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION GCSF 2013 1. Musculoskeletal system 1.2 Structure of bones at macroscopic and microscopic levels 2.3 Bone formation. Kaedah Pelaksanaan - e-learning - bersemuka BERSEMUKA Tarikh dan Masa 22-JUN-2022 Pengetahuan Terdahulu (Pre- Requisite) None Hasil Pembelajaran Learning Outcomes: 1. State the structure of bones at macroscopic and microscopic levels 2. Understand the bone formation (30 minutes lecture) Rujukan Seeleys, ( 2009) Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed). New York: Mcgraw – Hill Publication. Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and physiology(13th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley Publication. Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (8th ed.). Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness : Elsevier Health Sciences.18.2.3 PELAN MENGAJAR BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17 (b) METODOLOGI Masa 5 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes 7 minutes Isi kandungan/Sub topik Aktiviti pengajar Aktiviti Pengajar Bahan Penilaian mengajar & Alat bantu Mengajar Induction set: Welcome students and introduce the topics. Recall with short question about structure of the skeletal. Display a diagram of structure of the skeletal LO1: State the structure of bones at macroscopic and microscopic levels Attract student attention and interest to listen the lecture Asking question to more alert the student. Students paid attention and answering the question Projector LCD, Power Point slides, P.A. system, Video Pointer Explaining in detail with diagram Listening with full attention and Writing notes Power Point slide P.A. system, Pointer LO2: Understand the bone formation Explaining, discussion and brainstorming regarding the topic Active participation in discussion and brainstorming Power Point slides, P.A. system, Pointer Closing (Cognitive) -To repeat and emphasize an important point (take home points) - Q&A Session Closing (social) Provide motivation to students To conclude and revise an important point during last session To inquire student and asses their understanding of the bone formation Congratulations and Thank You for your cooperation for focusing throughout today's learning activities as well as announcing for upcoming classes and topics 3 minutes Active participation in discussion and answer the question. Give a positive response Disediakan oleh: Disemak dan diluluskan oleh: ................................... Tarikh: .......................................... Tarikh: Soal jawab secara verbal Question the student. -MCQ MCQ & SEQ ( Rujuk Soalan ) BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17(a) KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA NAMA INSTITUT LATIHAN : ILKKM KOTA KINABALU KONTEN PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN ( Pdp) Nama Pengajar Mohammad Nasir bin Abdul Kudus Kumpulan JUN/2022 Tahun pengajian SEMESTER I (OBE) Subjek Topik HUMAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION GCSF 2013 1. Musculoskeletal system 1.2 Structure of bones at macroscopic and microscopic levels 1.3 Bone formation. Tarikh dan Masa Rujukan 22-HB -Jun-2022 (30 Min) Seeleys, ( 2009) Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed). New York: Mcgraw – Hill Publication. Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and physiology(13th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley Publication. Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (8th ed.). Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness : Elsevier Health Sciences.18.2.3 BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17(a) BIL 1 HASIL PEMBELAJARAN LO 1: State the structure of bones at macroscopic and microscopic levels: KONTEN STRUCTURE OF BONES The 2 primary types of bone are: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone: o Hard, dense outer layer of bones o Arranged in functional units known as osteons: a central canal containing nerves and vessels surrounded by concentric rings of calcified bone matrix and osteocytes Spongy bone: o Inner layer consisting of a lattice of thin pieces of osseous tissue called trabeculae o Found at the ends of long bones and in the middle of flat, short, and irregular bones CATATAN Image 1: Structure of a compact bone, here the femur, which is the primary bone in the thigh. BIL HASIL PEMBELAJARAN KONTEN Image 2: Microscopic structure of compact bone CATATAN Image 3: Microscopic structure of Spongy bone BIL 2. HASIL PEMBELAJARAN LO2: Understand the bone formation KONTEN Bone formation - The terms osteogenesis and ossification are often used synonymously to indicate the process of bone formation. Parts of the skeleton form during the first few weeks after conception. By the end of the eighth week after conception, the skeletal pattern is formed in cartilage and connective tissue membranes and ossification begins. - Bone development continues throughout adulthood. Even after adult stature is attained, bone development continues for repair of fractures and for remodeling to meet changing lifestyles. Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts are the three cell types involved in the development, growth and remodeling of bones. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteocytes are mature bone cells and osteoclasts break down and reabsorb bone. - There are two types of ossification: endochondral and intramembranous CATATAN Image 4 : Cells involved in Bone Formation BIL HASIL PEMBELAJARAN KONTEN Image 5: two types of ossification: intramembranous and endochondral. CATATAN BIL HASIL PEMBELAJARAN KONTEN Endochondral Ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones,the growth of the length of long boneand the natural healing of bone fractures. Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue. Most of the bones of the skeleton are formed in this manner. These bones are called endochondral bones. In this process, the future bones are first formed as hyaline cartilage models. During the third month after conception, the perichondrium that surrounds the hyaline cartilage "models" becomes infiltrated with blood vessels and osteoblasts and changes into a periosteum. The osteoblasts form a collar of compact bone around the diaphysis. At the same time, the cartilage in the center of the diaphysis begins to disintegrate. Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it with spongy bone. This forms a primary ossification center. Ossification continues from this center toward the ends of the bones. After spongy bone is formed in the diaphysis, osteoclasts break down the newly formed bone to open up the medullary cavity. The cartilage in the epiphyses continues to grow so the developing bone increases in length. Later, usually after birth, secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. Ossification in the epiphyses is similar to that in the diaphysis except that the spongy bone is retained instead of being broken down to form a medullary cavity. When secondary ossification is complete, the hyaline cartilage is totally replaced by bone except in two areas. A region of hyaline cartilage remains over the surface of the epiphysis as the articular cartilage and another area of cartilage remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. This is the epiphyseal plate or growth region. CATATAN Image 6: Endochondral Ossification Intramembranous Intramembranous ossification involves the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue. Bones formed in this manner are called intramembranous bones. They include certain flat bones of the skull and some of the irregular bones. The future bones are first formed as connective tissue membranes. Osteoblasts migrate to the membranes and deposit bony matrix around themselves. When the osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix they are called osteocytes. Image 7: Intramembranous Ossification Take home points The ossification of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles begins with mesenchymal cells, which then differentiate into calcium-secreting and bone matrix-secreting osteoblasts. Osteoids form spongy bone around blood vessels, which is later remodeled into a thin layer of compact bone. During enchondral ossification, the cartilage template in long bones is calcified; dying chondrocytes provide space for the development of spongy bone and the bone marrow cavity in the interior of the long bones. The periosteum, an irregular connective tissue around bones, aids in the attachment of tissues, tendons, and ligaments to the bone. Until adolescence, lengthwise long bone growth occurs in secondary ossification centers at the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) near the ends of the bones. Key Terms osteoid: an organic matrix of protein and polysaccharides, secreted by osteoblasts, that becomes bone after mineralization endochondral: within cartilage chondrocyte: a cell that makes up the tissue of cartilage diaphysis: the central shaft of any long bone BIL HASIL PEMBELAJARAN KONTEN CATATAN BIL HASIL PEMBELAJARAN KONTEN CATATAN BIL HASIL PEMBELAJARAN KONTEN CATATAN REFERENCE Seeleys, ( 2009) Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed). New York: Mcgraw – Hill Publication. Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and physiology(13th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley Publication. Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (8th ed.). Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness : Elsevier Health Sciences.18.2.3 Disediakan oleh: Disahkan oleh: ………………. ……………… Tarikh: Tarikh: