BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17(b)
KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA
NAMA INSTITUT LATIHAN : ILKKM KOTA KINABALU
PELAN MENGAJAR
Nama Pengajar
Mohammad Nasir bin Abdul Kudus
Kumpulan
JUN 2022
Bilangan Pelatih
29 orang
Tahun
Semester
SEMESTER I (OBE)
Subjek
Topik
HUMAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION GCSF 2013
1. Musculoskeletal system
1.2 Structure of bones at macroscopic and microscopic
levels
2.3 Bone formation.
Kaedah Pelaksanaan
- e-learning
- bersemuka
BERSEMUKA
Tarikh dan Masa
22-JUN-2022
Pengetahuan
Terdahulu
(Pre- Requisite)
None
Hasil Pembelajaran
Learning Outcomes:
1. State the structure of bones at macroscopic and
microscopic levels
2. Understand the bone formation
(30 minutes lecture)
Rujukan
Seeleys, ( 2009) Anatomy and Physiology
(9th ed). New York: Mcgraw – Hill
Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011).
Principles of Anatomy and physiology(13th
ed.). New Jersey: Wiley Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011).
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (8th
ed.). Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross &
Wilson anatomy and physiology in health
and
illness
:
Elsevier
Health
Sciences.18.2.3
PELAN MENGAJAR
BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17 (b)
METODOLOGI
Masa
5 minutes
5 minutes
10 minutes
7 minutes
Isi kandungan/Sub
topik
Aktiviti pengajar
Aktiviti Pengajar
Bahan
Penilaian
mengajar & Alat
bantu Mengajar
Induction set:
Welcome students and
introduce the topics. Recall
with short question about
structure of the skeletal.
Display a diagram of
structure of the skeletal
LO1: State the structure of
bones at macroscopic and
microscopic levels
Attract student attention and interest to
listen the lecture
 Asking question to more alert the
student.
Students paid
attention and
answering the
question
Projector LCD,
Power Point
slides, P.A.
system, Video
Pointer
Explaining in detail with diagram
Listening with full
attention and
Writing notes
Power Point slide
P.A. system,
Pointer
LO2: Understand the
bone formation
Explaining, discussion and
brainstorming regarding the topic
Active participation
in discussion and
brainstorming
Power Point
slides, P.A.
system,
Pointer
Closing (Cognitive)
-To repeat and emphasize
an important point (take
home points)
- Q&A Session
Closing (social)
Provide motivation to
students
 To conclude and revise an important
point during last session
 To inquire student and asses their
understanding of the bone
formation
Congratulations and Thank You for
your cooperation for focusing
throughout today's learning activities as
well as announcing for upcoming
classes and topics
3 minutes
Active participation
in discussion and
answer the question.
Give a positive
response
Disediakan oleh:
Disemak dan diluluskan oleh:
...................................
Tarikh:
..........................................
Tarikh:
Soal jawab
secara verbal
Question the
student. -MCQ
MCQ & SEQ
( Rujuk Soalan )
BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17(a)
KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA
NAMA INSTITUT LATIHAN : ILKKM KOTA KINABALU
KONTEN PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN ( Pdp)
Nama Pengajar
Mohammad Nasir bin Abdul Kudus
Kumpulan
JUN/2022
Tahun pengajian
SEMESTER I (OBE)
Subjek
Topik
HUMAN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION GCSF 2013
1. Musculoskeletal system
1.2 Structure of bones at macroscopic and microscopic
levels
1.3 Bone formation.
Tarikh dan Masa
Rujukan
22-HB -Jun-2022
(30 Min)
Seeleys, ( 2009) Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed). New York: Mcgraw
– Hill Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and
physiology(13th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Essentials of Anatomy &
Physiology (8th ed.). Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson anatomy and
physiology in health and illness : Elsevier Health Sciences.18.2.3
BPL.KKM.PK (T) 08.1A/17(a)
BIL
1
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
LO 1: State the
structure of bones
at macroscopic and
microscopic levels:
KONTEN
STRUCTURE OF BONES
The 2 primary types of bone are: compact bone and
spongy bone.

Compact bone:
o
Hard, dense outer layer of bones
o
Arranged in functional units known as osteons: a
central canal containing nerves and vessels
surrounded by concentric rings of
calcified bone matrix and osteocytes

Spongy bone:
o
Inner layer consisting of a lattice of thin pieces
of osseous tissue called trabeculae
o
Found at the ends of long bones and in the
middle of flat, short, and irregular bones
CATATAN
Image 1: Structure of a compact bone, here the femur, which is the primary bone in the thigh.
BIL
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
KONTEN
Image 2: Microscopic structure of compact bone
CATATAN

Image 3: Microscopic structure of Spongy bone
BIL
2.
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
LO2:
Understand
the bone
formation
KONTEN
Bone formation
-
The terms osteogenesis and ossification are often used synonymously to indicate the process
of bone formation. Parts of the skeleton form during the first few weeks after conception. By
the end of the eighth week after conception, the skeletal pattern is formed in cartilage and
connective tissue membranes and ossification begins.
-
Bone development continues throughout adulthood. Even after adult stature is attained, bone
development continues for repair of fractures and for remodeling to meet changing lifestyles.
Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts are the three cell types involved in the development,
growth and remodeling of bones. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteocytes are mature
bone cells and osteoclasts break down and reabsorb bone.
-
There are two types of ossification: endochondral and intramembranous
CATATAN
Image 4 : Cells involved in Bone Formation
BIL
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
KONTEN
Image 5: two types of ossification: intramembranous and endochondral.
CATATAN
BIL
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
KONTEN
Endochondral Ossification
Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the
mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification,
which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral
ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation
of long bones,the growth of the length of long boneand the natural healing of bone fractures.
Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue. Most of the
bones of the skeleton are formed in this manner. These bones are called endochondral bones. In
this process, the future bones are first formed as hyaline cartilage models. During the third month
after conception, the perichondrium that surrounds the hyaline cartilage "models" becomes infiltrated
with blood vessels and osteoblasts and changes into a periosteum. The osteoblasts form a collar of
compact bone around the diaphysis. At the same time, the cartilage in the center of the diaphysis
begins to disintegrate. Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it with spongy
bone. This forms a primary ossification center. Ossification continues from this center toward the
ends of the bones. After spongy bone is formed in the diaphysis, osteoclasts break down the newly
formed bone to open up the medullary cavity.
The cartilage in the epiphyses continues to grow so the developing bone increases in length. Later,
usually after birth, secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. Ossification in the
epiphyses is similar to that in the diaphysis except that the spongy bone is retained instead of being
broken down to form a medullary cavity. When secondary ossification is complete, the hyaline
cartilage is totally replaced by bone except in two areas. A region of hyaline cartilage remains over
the surface of the epiphysis as the articular cartilage and another area of cartilage remains between
the epiphysis and diaphysis. This is the epiphyseal plate or growth region.
CATATAN
Image 6: Endochondral Ossification
Intramembranous
Intramembranous ossification involves the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes
with bony tissue. Bones formed in this manner are called intramembranous bones. They include
certain flat bones of the skull and some of the irregular bones. The future bones are first formed as
connective tissue membranes. Osteoblasts migrate to the membranes and deposit bony matrix
around themselves. When the osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix they are called osteocytes.
Image 7: Intramembranous Ossification
Take home points

The ossification of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles begins with
mesenchymal cells, which then differentiate into calcium-secreting and bone matrix-secreting
osteoblasts.

Osteoids form spongy bone around blood vessels, which is later remodeled into a thin layer of
compact bone.

During enchondral ossification, the cartilage template in long bones is calcified; dying
chondrocytes provide space for the development of spongy bone and the bone marrow cavity
in the interior of the long bones.

The periosteum, an irregular connective tissue around bones, aids in the attachment of
tissues, tendons, and ligaments to the bone.

Until adolescence, lengthwise long bone growth occurs in secondary ossification centers at the
epiphyseal plates (growth plates) near the ends of the bones.
Key Terms

osteoid: an organic matrix of protein and polysaccharides, secreted by osteoblasts, that
becomes bone after mineralization

endochondral: within cartilage

chondrocyte: a cell that makes up the tissue of cartilage

diaphysis: the central shaft of any long bone
BIL
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
KONTEN
CATATAN
BIL
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
KONTEN
CATATAN
BIL
HASIL
PEMBELAJARAN
KONTEN
CATATAN
REFERENCE
Seeleys, ( 2009) Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed). New York: Mcgraw
– Hill Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and
physiology(13th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley Publication.
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Essentials of Anatomy &
Physiology (8th ed.). Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness
: Elsevier Health Sciences.18.2.3
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Disahkan oleh:
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Tarikh:
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