Good Afternoon!!!
Attendan
ce
Cell as the Basic Unit
MODULE 4: Lesson 1
–
Cell membrane - the thin layer of protein that
surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is
semipermeable, allowing some substances to
pass into the cell and blocking others.
Cytoplasm - the jellylike material inside the cell in which the
organelles are located. It is considered the environment and
support the metabolic functions of the cell.
Nucleus
• It is the control center of the cell.
• The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by
controlling protein synthesis) .
• It contains the chromosomes that have the DNA
Ribosome
• It consists of two subunits (small and large) that are
made up of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
• are structures that assemble proteins.
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum-ER is the transport
system of the cell. It transports molecules that
need certain changes and also molecules to
their destination.
•
The rough ER aids in the synthesis and
folding of secretory and other proteins
from bound ribosomes. It is also coats the
protein into vesicles and is transported to
the Golgi apparatus.
•
The smooth ER functions for synthesis of
lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates,
calcium, storage, detoxification of drugs,
and poisons.
Golgi body
• - (also called the Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex)
a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like
a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus.
• The Golgi body packages proteins and
carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for
"export" from the cell.
Lysosomes - They are referred to as the suicide
bags of the cell. They have digestive enzymes and
are involved in clearing the unwanted waste
materials from the cell.
Vacuole
• It function for digestion,
storage, waste disposal,
water balance, cell growth,
and protection
Chloroplast
• It has typically two membranes that surround the fluid stroma in
which contains thylakoids stacked into grana.
• It contains chlorophyll that absorb all wavelengths of light except
green for the photosynthesis of autotrophs.
Cell wall – It is a rigid structure that provides a cell shape.
It provides rigidity, strength, and protection against
mechanical stress It also provides cell limited plasticity to
prevent from bursting.
Peroxisomes– It is responsible for the oxidation of very
long chain fatty acids that cannot be degraded and
oxidized by mitochondria.
Mitochondrion
• Spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner
membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections
(called cristae).
• It is the powerhouse of the cell.
• It is responsible for generating ATP during cellular respiration
• It also initiates a series of reactions for programmed cell death, also
known as apoptosis.
Centrioles– It is composed mainly of proteins called
tubulin that has a 9+0 pattern of microtubule triplets.
It helps cell division and formation of centrosome, cilia,
and flagella in the animal cell.
Flagella
• It is composed of filamentous protein that is powered
by a molecular motor.
• It is used by some cells and organism for locomotion.
Photosynthesis
MODULE 4: Lesson 2
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
means "putting together with light."
– Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms
make their energy (glucose) from sunlight.
– Stored as carbohydrate in their bodies.
– 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Why is Photosynthesis
important?
Photosynthesis-starts to ecological food webs!
Plant leaves have many parts!
Plant Cells
“The process of
photosynthesis”
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
– 2 Phases
– Light-dependent reaction
– Light-independent reaction
– Light-dependent: converts light energy into
chemical energy; produces ATP and NADPH
molecules to be used to fuel light-independent
reaction
– Light-independent: uses ATP and NADPH
produced to make simple sugars.
Stage 1
Light-dependent reaction
(LIGHT Reaction)
– Requires light
– Occurs in chloroplast (in thylakoids)
– Chlorophyll (thylakoid) traps energy from
light
– Light excites electron (e-)
- Kicks e- out of chlorophyll to an electron transport
chain
Stage 1
Light-dependent reaction
(LIGHT Reaction)
– Energy lost along electron transport chain
– Lost energy used to recharge ATP from ADP
– NADPH produced from e- transport chain
– Stores energy until transfer to stroma
– Plays important role in light-independent reaction
– Total byproducts: ATP, NADP, O2
Move electrons to NADP+ to form
NADPH and ADP to form ATP
Stage 2
Light-independent reaction
(Dark Reaction)
– Does not require light
– Inorganic molecule CO2 is used to make a
complex organic molecules (glucose)
– Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
– Requires CO2
– Uses ATP and NADPH as fuel to run
– Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen
SUMMARY:
Photosynthesis
Light Reaction
Water
NADPH
Carbon
Dioxide
ATP
Calvin Cycle
Glucose
Oxygen