PPG Architectural Coatings
PPG PRIMER REFERENCE GUIDE
PPG
 PPG August 2019
All rights reserved. Any reproduction in whole or in part by any process whatsoever is strictly
prohibited under the copyright law.
PPG
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5
Welcome to PPG ............................................................................................................................... 6
We are ONE PPG .............................................................................................................................. 7
PPG and safety.................................................................................................................................. 8
PPG and the environment ................................................................................................................. 9
4X3 CUSTOMER CARE PROMISE ........................................................................................... 11
4x3 Dulux Customer Care Promise ................................................................................................. 13
PTM Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 15
Upselling or cross-selling ................................................................................................................ 17
Operations based sales ........................................................................................................ 19
Evaluation criteria ......................................................................................................................... 21
Environment ................................................................................................................................... 24
The two major product categories .................................................................................................. 25
The composition of the products .................................................................................................... 27
CALCULATION OF THE QUANTITIES ...................................................................................... 37
Calculation of the surface areas ...................................................................................................... 38
Calculation of the quantities ........................................................................................................... 40
PREPARATION OF MIXES ...................................................................................................... 41
Tinting machines ............................................................................................................................ 42
Shakers ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Tinting procedure ........................................................................................................................... 44
Colour system ................................................................................................................................ 46
PAINTING EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................... 47
Brushes............ ............................................................................................................................... 49
Rollers............................................................................................................................................. 50
SURFACE PREPARATION ..................................................................................................... 53
Surface cleaning ............................................................................................................................. 55
Surface stripping ........................................................................................................................... 57
Surface sanding .............................................................................................................................. 58
Surface repair ................................................................................................................................. 60
Sealing the knots ............................................................................................................................ 60
PRIMER APPLICATION……………………………………………………………………………………………... 61
FINISHING OF THE SURFACES ............................................................................................... 63
Application and maintenance of the finish coatings ....................................................................... 64
Exterior paints and stains ................................................................................................................ 67
Maintenance of the exterior surfaces ............................................................................................ 69
Interior varnish .............................................................................................................................. 70
Equipment cleaning ........................................................................................................................ 71
Paint residue disposal ..................................................................................................................... 72
GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................... 73
INTRODUCTION
PPG
WELCOME TO PPG
PPG Architectural Coatings Canada welcomes you! This paint reference guide will be your main
reading tool through your entire training program as well as being helpful for all store
employees in their daily work.
PPG
Manufacturer of paint, chemical products, and specialty materials , PPG is a company founded in
1883 whose headquarters are located in Cranberry, Pennsylvania.
PPG divides its activities between two principal segments subdivided into several business units.
High performance coatings
• Aerospace
• Architectural coatings
• Automotive refinish
• Protective and marine coatings
•
Industrial coatings
• Automotive OEM coatings
• Packaging coatings
• Specialty coatings
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PPG
WE ARE ONE PPG
Every single day at PPG:
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We partner with customers to create mutual value. We are insightful, dedicated and
proactive. We have intimate knowledge of the market and our customers. We focus on
practical solutions that make a difference.
We are “One PPG" to the world. We are better and stronger together. We leverage our
scale to reach new markets and introduce innovative technologies as we differentiate
and disrupt our markets.
We trust our people every day, in every way. We enable and empower our people to make
the right decisions. We are inclusive, transparent and respectful with clear and actionable
feedback.
We make it happen. We have a passion for winning. We achieve. We deliver with discipline
and integrity. We bring our best energy to our work. We decide and act intelligently and
quickly.
We run it like we own it. We respect one another by being responsible and accountable.
We act in the best interest of our company, customers, shareholders and communities.
We do better today than yesterday – everyday. We continuously learn. We develop our
people to grow our businesses.
Our mission
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Act with integrity at all times and be true to our values and ethics
Deliver consistent sales and earnings growth
Develop innovative products to meet future needs
Work safely, protect the environment and support the communities where we operate
Achieve superior shareholders returns
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PPG
PPG AND SAFETY
At PPG, workplace safety is a priority. This is why the company has developed a series of
corporate objectives, policies and procedures aimed at the establishment of the safest possible
working environment. Safe behavior is ensured by proper training
about the risks involved. The objective of all the HSE training is risk
awareness and the adoption of work methods that reduce the
emergence of risks.
All of the employees are obligated to attend the HSE training
sessions at different times during an annual cycle. Certain training
sessions are one-time sessions only while others require periodic
review.
During his or her orientation program, a new employee must complete the following training
modules:
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Canadian Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS 2015 with
GHS)
Transportation of Dangerous Goods
Fire Prevention procedures
Material Handling
Personal Protective Equipment
Fire Safety and Fire Extinguishers use
Slips, Trips and Falls
Incident Reporting
Safe Lifting and Stretching
SAFETY IS NOT OPTIONAL
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PPG
PPG AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Because of the chemical components used in their manufacture, our coatings are subject to
strict environmental protection standards applying to the manufacture, transport and
distribution of the products. Environmental protection also dictates the methods for managing
the residues.
All of the architectural paints manufactured by PPG meet the Canadian environmental
standards in terms of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The VOC include the hydrocarbons
and any other chemical product released when the paint dries and that contribute to the
formation of smog. VOC are responsible for the odor associated with paint products.
Canadian standards
The labels of our products display the
variable content of volatile organic
compounds depending on the product
category.
Canadian regulations regarding the maximum VOC level by coatings category (g/L)
Flat: 100
Non-flat: 150
Gloss: 250
General industrial maintenance: 340
High temperature industrial maintenance: 420
Primer: 200
Anti-rust: 400
Stain: 250
Varnish: 350
Specialty primer: 350
Fast drying enamel: 250
Floor: 250
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4x3 CUSTOMER CARE DULUX PROMISE
4x3 Customer Care Dulux Promise
Selling paint is a task that is both simple and complex. To have a better understanding of what
it means to be a paint consultant, one needs to consider the following items:
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The retails sales sector is a competitive world and there are
small and large hardware stores and paint offering consumers
a wide selection of products.
Selling requires that one interact with the customer, and this
interaction take places through a series of steps.
A customer does not always come to your store with a product
in mind but rather with a project to complete. This project
constitutes the basis of his needs.
Each customer has his own specific tastes. These preferences
are also part of the needs.
No product can meet all of the needs, although the same
product might meet several needs.
By recognizing the importance of these statements, one can understand the necessity of
combining personalized customer service with effective sales techniques that ensure customer
satisfaction. To accomplish this, we rely on the 4x3 Customer Care Dulux Promise.
PPG Customer Care Dulux Promise
1.
2.
3.
4.
Welcome the Customer
Discover their Needs
Offer a Complete Solution
Close the Sale
1- PREPARE
2-PRIME
3-FINISH
Welcome the Customer
Acknowledge and welcome every customer in a friendly manner with a smile,
offering a clean, organized and inspiring store.
Discover their Needs
Get to know the customer, their project and preferences by asking the right
questions and listening attentively.
Offer a Complete Solution x3
Suggest all products, tools and methods to Prepare, Prime and Finish.
Close the Sale
Review selected items and colors, explain promotions and discounts, carry the products to the
customer’s vehicle and sincerely thank them for their business.
Offer a Complete Solution x3
Offering a complete solution is the x3 of the 4x3 Customer Care Promise with the purpose
of providing advice on the Project Selling System to answer customer’s needs and ensure
customer’s satisfaction with clear explanations and appropriate selling aids.
Step 1. PREPARE: Suggest all products, tools and methods to safely to Clean, Strip, Sand,
Repair and Seal Knots.
Step 2. PRIME: Suggest all products, tools and methods to seal surfaces, ensure adhesion
and paint uniformity.
Step 3. FINISH: Suggest all products, tools and methods to protect and beautify surfaces.
The following pages will cover more in depth the needs discovery and complete solution
offering in order to efficiently assess the customer’s needs and provide detailed
recommendations.
PPG
PTM RECOMMENDATION (PRODUCTS / TOOLS / METHODS)
Although the role of sales associates is primarily to sell the paint products and other types of
coatings, his tasks, however, do not stop there. Since paints are applied with the aid of tools,
the sales associate is responsible for recommending the most suitable tools and providing the
explanations about how to use them. He must also take into account the different steps for
preparing the surfaces prior to the application of the finish coatings.
The recommendation must cover the following three items:
Product – Tool – Method
To offer the most appropriate recommendation for the work to be done, the sales associate
must evaluate the needs of the customer. This evaluation must cover the project as well as the
customer’s preferences regarding the products offered.
The project is defined by three main criteria:
Use – Surface – Environment
For example, a customer wants to varnish a French door (use) made of pine (surface) in a
bedroom (environment). The project is the non-negotiable factor in the process and only the
customer can furnish the details. It is necessary for you to collect sufficient information about
the project, as if you were on-site to see everything.
The products
Four criteria make it possible to differentiate the products:
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The technology
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The quality level
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The colour
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The finish
A customer may prefer a no VOC paint (technology), low gloss (finish) but washable (quality)
in tones of green (colour). Contrary to the characteristics of the project, these criteria are
negotiable. Although the customer has his preferences, your role as sales associate will be to
focus on products that fit the requirements of the project. It may be, for example, that you do
not have any paint in a flat finish for floors, even if that is what your customer wishes. Your
knowledge will then be very important for finding a satisfactory alternative solution.
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PPG
The PTM recommendation process determines the evaluation criteria that make it possible to
carry out a complete analysis of the customer’s needs during a paint project.
Use
Environment
Surface
Project
Products
Technology
Quality
Colour
Finish
Recommendation
Products
Tools
Methods
TIP
Use this process to serve all of your customers and develop a mastery of the
art of providing consultation in a professional manner!
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PPG
UP SELLING OR CROSS SELLING
OFTEN SEEN AS THE SAME SALE TECHNIQUE, THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO.
While upselling is selling a more expensive version of the same product, cross selling is selling products
that are different but related to the product being purchased. If you recommend the Diamond paint
to a customer looking for Dulux X-pert, that is up selling but if you are suggesting tools you know will
be useful to the customer you do cross selling.
Both are good techniques and have essentially the same objective: help the customer get more value
from your business and help your business get more revenues from the customer.
To make it easy for your customers to perform their work, make sure they use the right product and
have all the useful tools at their disposal. Do not assume that the customer knows what he needs; be
sure he does!
By describing the characteristics of a product, the customers will recognize the advantages, but it is by
showing them the benefits that they will be able to see for themselves.
Here are the advantages of upselling and cross selling:
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Increased sales
Maximized inventory management
Enhanced customer loyalty
Reduced product complaints number
Increased sales: Gap filler is a typical example of a very
useful tool during painting work. However, one needs to
know that gap filler is applied with the aid of a caulking gun,
a tool that is also used when it comes time to proceed with
the caulking work. Better to invest in a good tool!
Maximized inventory management: The act of selling
tool products to each customer allows you to determine
the most popular accessories and maintain sufficient
inventory.
Enhanced customer loyalty: Once the work has begun, the
customer will understand that he has been well advised. If you
recommended a good product for his project, be assured that
he will be grateful. Here is an excellent way to create customer
loyalty!
Reduced product complaints number: By selling high-quality
accessories, one can minimize the number of products
complaints.
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COMPLAINTS
PPG
OPERATIONAL BASED SALES (OBS)
Operations based sales is a program for which the global objective is sales growth. The
program looks into a number of various tools offering potential for sales increase. How can
you actively contribute to sales growth? You might think you cannot reach for more
customers by yourself; consider the resources listed below to promote your store.
There are several resources
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Sales representatives and store group managers
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Special events (pro show, community project, in-store demo, etc.)
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Phone
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Pro Values flyer – Marketing Programs
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Dulux Club
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Training Team
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Recycling paint program available in some locations
Make these initiatives a part of your objectives!
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Plan a number of days in a week to do calls
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Plan a number of calls to do per week/day for new business
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Reach out to customers who did not purchase for the last month, 2 and 3 months etc.
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Establish a % sales increase for your 5 top items
Sales representatives and store group managers
Sales representatives and operations managers are precious resources when it comes to
elaborate any operations initiatives plans. Sales representatives are proactive in their market
and many of their customers are visiting your store. They rely on you to serve them in the best
way possible and are ready to join your efforts in order to increase customer’s loyalty.
Special events (pro shows, community projects, in-store demos etc.)
It is well known that organizing special events will attract a certain types of customer. DIY
customers are sensitive to that approach as it allows them to be aware of newest technology.
Pro painters will enjoy watching demo or testing products.
Phone
Reaching out to potential customers by phone is one the favourite tools as it establishes an
instant and personalized contact. To start your research, use a list of paint companies near
your store. Create contact with retailers offering services and products that are a complement
to paint products such as carpet and wooden floors, wallpapers and tiles, decoration and
design boutique, residential maintenance etc.
Pro Values flyer – Marketing Programs
Talking with your customers about great deals they can have on various number of sundries is
an easy way to upsell while building relationship with the customer.
Dulux Club
The Dulux Club is a great opportunity to develop business with retail customers. For a minimal
one-time adhesion fee, Dulux members get all year round, a rebate on all manufactured PPG
products. No need to wait for paint sale when you want to change the color of your living
room!
Training department
Training department people are available to support activities such as in-store demos, product
capsule or product presentation during a meeting with a group of customers etc.
Recycling paint program in some locations
For some customers, the recycling paint program is perceived as an additional value to their
local paint store. Take advantage of your recycling bin to increase existing customer’s loyalty
and get new ones
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EVALUATION CRITERIA
Here are some examples of questions that will allow you to identify the needs of your
customer. Determining the precise needs of the customer will greatly simplify the selection of
the appropriate product. The order in which the questions are asked is of little importance.
However, following a logical sequence will help you not to forget any.
The seven evaluation criteria
Use
• Parts, walls, floors, ceilings, doors, fences,
furniture, windows, decks, etc.
Surface
• Type: gypsum, masonry, metal, wood or
•
synthetic
Condition: surface new or already treated,
presence of contaminants or knots, repairs,
etc.
Environment
• Interior or exterior
Technology
• Water based, solvent based, 100% acrylic,
alkyd emulsion, no VOC, etc.
Finish
• Gloss level: high gloss, gloss, semi-gloss,
•
pearl, melamine, platinum, velvet, satin,
eggshell, flat, etc.
Transparency: translucent, transparent,
semi-transparent, opaque, etc.
Colour
Quality
Examples of questions to ask
What is the project? What room is to be
painted? Which specific surfaces of the room?
What is the type of surface to be painted? What
is the condition of the surface? Is it already
painted, worn, dirty, flaking, new?
Where will the paint be applied? Is the bathroom
well ventilated? Is the deck constantly exposed
to the sun?
Do the odours need to be minimized? Is the
adhesion difficult? Is there internal moisture in
the substrate? Does the surface need protection
against impacts and abrasion?
Does the paint have to be very washable? Does it
have to be capable of camouflaging the wall
imperfections? How many people use the
bathroom?
What colour have you chosen? Do you need
advice to coordinate the colours?
Paint endowed with great flexibility. Excellent
hiding power? Anti-splattering feature?
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PPG
USE
Classify the coatings according to use represents a simple and logical method. Each type of
surface is subject to various uses in different degrees of intensity. Several coatings are designed
specifically to respond to these precise usages.
Interior use
The kitchen is the place that consumers paint the most. The kitchen and the bathrooms alone
represent 27% of the use of interior paint, which explains the growing offering of paints for a
specific use, in particular paints identified as Kitchen&Bath.
Kitchen
16%
Living room
Adult's room
14%
Child's room
Bathroom
11%
Hallway/Entranc…
Dining room
9%
Basement
5%
Office
2%
Garage
1%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Exterior use
On the exterior, paint is used primarily on the facades, doors and windows, balconies and
decks. Among the products designed specifically for the exterior, we mention stains for
wooden decks and anti-rust paint for metal.
Walls
Doors & Windows
Balcony
Deck
Garden Accessories
Garage Door
Fence
Gables
Shed
18%
15%
9%
6%
5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
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20%
PPG
SURFACE
Surface means the substrate to which the paint is applied. It plays a leading role in the choice
of a product. To select the most suitable coating for the project, the type of surface and its
condition must be considered. The surfaces may be grouped into five categories: gypsum,
wood, masonry, metal and synthetic materials.
Gypsum
Gypsum is a material currently used in the construction of interior surfaces. It is composed of
plasterboard covered with a layer of paper. It may be ordinary, recycled, waterproof (waterresistant) or fireproof (fire-resistant) paper. Porous and slightly impact-resistant, gypsum is
easily perforated. It is sensitive to expansion and contraction movements due to changes in
temperature and structural movements.
Wood
Wood is used in the construction of several interior and exterior surfaces: walls, trim, doors,
windows, floors, stairs, rails, kitchen cabinets, furniture, etc. To maintain it in good condition,
it must be protected with the aid of a coating.
There are two principal categories of wood: the softwoods belonging to the class of conifers
and the hardwoods that belong to the class of deciduous trees. Softwoods are used for the
most part on the exterior, while the hardwoods are used in the interior. The most popular
softwoods currently are cedar, pine, fir, redwood and spruce while the most frequently used
hardwoods are oak, ash, walnut, beech, elm, cherry, mahogany, maple, rosewood, yellow
birch, linden and teak.
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PPG
Table of the wood species used currently
Softwoods (exterior)
Birch
Cedar
Spruce
Poplar
Pine
Fir
Redwood
Hardwoods (interior)
Mahogany
Cherry
Oak
Maple
Ash
Beech
Yellow birch
Walnut
Elm
Rosewood
Teak
Linden
Aspen
Open pores
Closed pores
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Plywood and veneer are manufactured from solid wood. Plywood is assembled from sheets of
wood glued together to form a panel. Veneer is a thin sheet of wood used to cover the plywood
or mask the imperfections of solid wood.
Some features of wood
•
•
•
•
Wood has a tendency to rot, split and warp.
Because the knots of several softwoods exude resin under the heat or sun there is a risk of resin
seeping through the paint and giving it a yellowish coloration.
Certain species, like redwood and red cedar, contain natural colorants that dissolve in water and
may give light-colored water-based coatings a brownish coloration.
Water and solvent-based varnish can change the colour of the wood.
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PPG
Masonry
Masonry includes concrete, brick, plaster, stucco and stone.
•
•
•
•
Concrete is made of a mixture of sand, coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed stone) and cement.
Brick is made from kiln-fire clay.
Stucco is a mixture of cement, sand and water.
Stone is a solid, durable and aesthetic construction
material. Its surface may be rough and irregular or
smooth and flat. Stone is used for both interior and
exterior in the manufacture of walls, floor coverings,
chimneys, counters, roofs and sidewalks. The best
known stones are slate, granite, sandstone and marble.
The principal forms of deterioration of masonry are cracking and efflorescence. Efflorescence
is caused by excess moisture in the substrate and is manifested in the form of an accumulation
of white powder on the surface. The moisture dissolves the
mineral salts contained in the masonry and transports them
to the surface, where they accumulate after the evaporation
of the water.
Metal
Metal is a solid material that is resistant to heat. Metals can be classified into four categories:
ferrous metals (cast iron, forged iron and steel), non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminum, nickel
and zinc), precious metals (gold, silver and platinum) and alloys, metallic products obtained by
incorporating one or more metallic elements (brass and bronze).
The principal form of the deterioration of metal is corrosion. With the exception of stainless
steel, ferrous metals oxidize readily in the presence of moisture, which causes rust. Nonferrous metals, precious metals and alloys are quite resistant to rust, with the exception of
aluminum, which oxidizes easily.
Synthetic materials
There are two major types of synthetic materials: the mineral materials, such as glass and
ceramic, and the petroleum derivatives, such as plastics. Glass is essentially made of melted
silica (sand), while ceramic is produced from kiln-fired clay. Plastics resist corrosion and absorb
impacts, vibrations and noise.
There is a great variety on the
market: PVC, vinyl, polyester,
polyethylene, urethane, silicon,
fiberglass, etc. Coatings in general
adhere poorly to synthetic
surfaces.
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PPG
ENVIRONMENT
THE PRODUCTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY ARE USED:
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR
Interior environment
The main factor to be considered in interior environment is moisture, particularly in the kitchen
and bathroom, where moisture released by the shower can cause the appearance of black
spots in the pores of the water-based coatings.
Exterior environment
The exterior products must be capable of withstanding harsh meteorological conditions. The
principal challenge to which the exterior products are subject is prolonged exposure to sun,
moisture and variations in temperature.
U.V. rays deteriorate the resin of the coatings. This deterioration causes chalking, that is, the
release of the pigments in the form of powder. The colour and gloss of the coating lose their
shine and protection is reduced.
Moisture can also cause softening of the coatings, which leads
to swelling, cracking and flaking of the surface. The moisture
evaporation rate greatly affects the development of mildew
and mold. Therefore, surfaces not exposed to the sun
represent ideal targets.
The variations in temperature lead to expansion and
contraction of the exterior surfaces. If the coating is not flexible
enough, there is risk of cracking and flaking.
Application temperature
The ideal application temperature ranges between 15°C and 25°C. This range applies to the
ambient temperature but also to that of the product and the surface. Application on a surface
that is too hot leads to the evaporation of the diluent before the resin has adhered to the
substrate. However, application on a surface that is too cold will slow evaporation, which
affects the coalescence and consequently the integrity of the film in the majority of the waterbased coatings.
The three principal challenges of exterior coatings
U.V. rays
Moisture
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Temperature variations
PPG
THE THREE PRODUCT CATEGORIES
THERE ARE THREE PRODUCTS CATEGORIES: THE PREPARATION PRODUCTS, THE PRIMING PRODUCTS
AND THE FINISHING PRODUCTS. THE TABLES BELOW PRESENT THE PRODUCT TYPES AND PROVIDE A
DESCRIPTION OF THEIR ACTIONS.
The preparation products
Product
Description
Cleaner
Eliminates contaminants to improve the adhesion of coatings. Certain products
remove rust stains from wood, masonry and metal. They can also be used to
clean brushes and rollers.
Stripper
Removes the old layers of paint, stain, varnish or lacquer. The strippers can be
applied to wood, metal, concrete and plaster.
Restorer
Restores the natural beauty of exterior wood exposed to weather by renewing
its original appearance and preparing it for the stain or paint.
Preservative
Penetrating liquid that protects wood against rotting, mildew and mold, insects,
swelling and warping. Recommended in areas where water and moisture have
a tendency to infiltrate: windows, decks, fences, woodwork, beams, etc.
Repair
compound
Used to repair cracks and holes. This product category includes gap fillers and
patching compounds: plaster of Paris, putty, mortar, etc.
Shellac
Transparent or pigmented coating to prevent bleeding at the knots and veins of
resinous softwoods such as pine, spruce and fir.
The priming products
Primers
Coating applied to new or already painted surfaces to ensure uniformity and
adhesion or to provide opacity. The primers encompass the sealers, stain killers,
undercoats, metal primers and block filler.
 Sealer: reduces the absorption of the subsequent paint coats on porous
surfaces.
 Stain killer: seals the stains.
 Undercoat: masks existing colours on painted surfaces.
 Metal primer: prepares the bare metal surfaces.
 Block filler: fills cracks in concrete surfaces.
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The finishing products
Product
Description
Paint
Colored and opaque coating. There are two types of paint: the ready-to-use
paints and the tint bases that need to be tinted. The ready-to-use paints are
already colored, while the bases require the addition of colorants to reproduce
a specific colour.
Stain
Colored, opaque coating with different transparency degree that changes the
natural colour of the wood and enhances the texture. In the interior, they must
be coated with a varnish to protect the wood and facilitate maintenance. There
are pre-mixed stains and tint bases for tinting.
Varnish
Transparent coating that emphasizes the natural colour of the wood.
Glaze
Interior transparent, water-based coating used to create decorative finishes and
special effects.
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THE COMPOSITION OF THE PRODUCTS
Basic ingredients
The coatings are composed of solid and liquid ingredients. The pigments and resin make up
the solid, non-volatile portion of the coatings; they form the film of the paint and adhere to
the surfaces.
The liquid ingredients are added to adjust the viscosity of the coatings and facilitate their
application. The diluents form the liquid and volatile portion of the coatings that evaporates
during drying. Without the liquid ingredients, the coatings would resemble a paste that would
be impossible to apply on the surfaces. The coatings also contain additives, volatile or nonvolatile, that improve certain properties.
55% volatile ingredients
Water and other diluents (55%)
Resin
(30%)
Résine
(30%)
45% solid ingredients
Prime and extender pigments (13%)
Additives (2%)
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The pigments
The pigments are very fine particles whose size is about one micron (1/1000 mm or
1/25,000 inch). Of natural or synthetic origin, pigments confer several properties on coatings,
mainly their colour and their opacity. These properties depend on the type and quantity of the
pigments used.
Two types of pigments enter into the composition of the coatings:
• Prime pigments
• Extender pigments
The prime pigments
The principal pigments used in coatings. The prime pigments are responsible for the colour and
opacity of the product. Titanium dioxide, iron oxide, lead silicate and zinc oxide are examples of
prime pigments. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most used prime pigment and offers the best
hiding power.
Higher titanium dioxide level
provides
more hiding power
The colour
The colour depends on the type of pigment used. Most of the coatings contain white pigments
such as titanium dioxide. Simply add colorants to obtain other colours.
VIVID PIGMENTS
MUTED PIGMENTS
Certain colours are more opaque than others, and this is explained by the use of muted or subtle
pigments (black, red oxide, yellow ochre) which cover better than the vivid or vibrant pigments
such as hansa yellow, magenta and red.
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In addition to colour and opacity, the pigments supply the following properties to the coatings:
•
•
•
•
Gloss level
Durability
Resistance to mildew and mold
Resistance to U.V. rays
Extender pigments
Extender pigments improve certain properties of the coatings by contributing to the reduction
of the costs of formulation. They are transparent and make it possible to control certain
properties, particularly the gloss level of the coatings. Calcium carbonate, silica and talc are
some examples of extender pigments.
Gloss level
The gloss level depends on the type, quantity and size of the pigments used. The flat coatings
contain more pigments than the gloss coatings. The pigments contained in the flat coatings
absorb light by breaking the continuity of the film, while the gloss coatings reflect the light.
Durability
The durability of a coating depends in part on the hardness of the pigments. As a rule, we can say
that muted pigments will provide better colour retention and weatherability than vibrant
pigments.
- 29 -
PPG
Resins (binders)
Resin ensures the binding of the pigments to form an even film that adheres to the surface.
Resin can be compared to glue. After its application, the liquid components evaporate, the
resin dries, hardens and welds the film to the surface.
Of natural or synthetic origin, resins determine several properties of the coatings:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Adhesion
Flexibility
Washability
Resistance to stains
Durability
Gloss level
Colour retention
There are different types of resins: acrylic, vinyl acrylic, alkyd, epoxy, urethane, etc.
Resins
Properties
Acrylic
Resists yellowing, U.V rays and weather. Dries rapidly and has
excellent adhesion. Provides water resistance to interior and
exterior coating.
Vinyl acrylic
Interior resin easy to apply, with good adhesion and nonyellowing properties.
Urethane
(polyurethane)
Provides excellent resistance to abrasion and is often used in
floor coatings.
Epoxy
Very hard resin that provides excellent abrasion resistance.
Mostly used in high performance coatings, some formulas
require the use of a catalyzer to dry and harden.
Epoxy ester
Blend of alkyd and epoxy resins used in the preparation of
resistant paints that dry by solvent evaporation.
Silicon
Very resistant to heat and chemical products, silicon preserves
its luster when exposed to weather. Currently used in the
coatings for silencers, automotive and other engines, it is also
used as a water repellent to waterproof masonry.
Alkyd
Rarer in the architectural coatings, alkyd is used in certain
coatings for wood and metal.
Nitrocellulose
This resin is used in the finishing of furniture (lacquer).
Shellac
Natural resin diluted in alcohol used to seal the knots of
softwoods such as pine, spruce and fir.
- 30 -
PPG
The diluents
The diluents constitute the volatile portion of the coatings and affect the viscosity while
facilitating the application.
It is possible to classify the coatings into two categories depending on the diluent used: the
solvent-based and the water-based coatings. The solvents are substances capable of dissolving
other substances. For example, mineral spirits is a solvent because it can dissolve alkyd resin.
In the water-based coatings, the water constitutes the diluent. The water is not a solvent
because it does not dissolve the resins. Certain water-based coatings, however, contain a very
small quantity of solvent that contributes to the fusion of the resins. They are called
“coalescing agents”.
Technology
Diluent
Subcategory
Solvent
Latex
Hybrid
Alkyd emulsion
Acrylic
Acrylic and
linseed oil
Alkyd
VOC level
No VOC to low
Low
Low
Toxic odors/vapors
Very low to low
Low
Low
Short
Short to
medium
Short
Long
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Poor
Good to
very good
Good
Very good
Very good
to excellent
Good
Very good
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Very good
Poor
Poor to excellent
Very good
Excellent
Excellent
Resin
Drying time
Properties
Water
Flexibility
Abrasion
Resistance
Water Resistance
Micro porosity
Leveling
- 31 -
Alkyd
Shellac
High to
very high
Medium to
very high
PPG
The additives
Presented in solid or liquid form, a very small quantity of the additives is added to the coatings
to improve certain properties. Here are some of the additives used in the coatings.
Dispersion agents
Facilitate the dispersion of the pigments in the resin.
Drying agents
Accelerate the drying of the coatings.
Rheological agents
Regulate the viscosity of the coatings and prevent them from running
when applied to a surface. Minimize splattering.
Biocides
Prevent the formation of microorganisms in the containers.
Fungicides
Protect the water-based coatings against mildew and mold.
Coalescing agents
Ensure the fusion of the resin particles to permit the formation of the film
of water-based paints.
Plasticizers
Supplies more elasticity and flexibility to the film. The plasticizers allow
materials to contract without damaging the film.
There are other additives that improve the adhesion, durability and flame resistance, reduce
the brush marks and overlaps during the application, etc.
Leveling agents
Rheological agents
- 32 -
PPG
The finish
The finish represents the percentage of light reflected by the film of the coating. There are
several types of finishes: gloss, semi-gloss, pearl, melamine, platinum, satin, velvet, eggshell
and flat.
The gloss level depends on the pigment/resin ratio. The flat finishes contain more pigments,
while the gloss products contain fewer pigments and more resin. The gloss level also depends
on the size of the pigments. The larger the pigments, the coarser the texture of the film. This
texture diffuses the light to produce a flat finish. Similarly, the smaller the pigments, the
smoother the texture, which reflects the light, and the higher the gloss level.
Semi-gloss 45% to 55%
Flat 0% to 5%
The finish determines not only the percentage of light reflected but also the resistance of the
coatings. Thus, gloss products are more durable with better resistance to exterior moisture
because of their greater resin ratio. They clean easier, have better resistance to abrasion and
repeated washings.
Because they are more porous, flat products retain more dirt and are less resistant to moisture.
The retention of moisture in turn stimulates the development of microorganisms. On the other
hand, they conceal surface imperfections very well.
Flat
Eggshell
Pearl/Melamine
- 33 -
Gloss
PPG
The colour
The choice of colour is an important criteria relating to the selection of a product. A pleasing
colour scheme contains a maximum of four colours. The more popular blends contain three
colours: a dominant colour, an intermediate colour and an accent colour.
The dominant colour should take up about 60%
of the room. For example, it can be applied to
three complete walls.
The intermediate colour should take up
about 30% of the room, one of the four
walls, for example.
The accent colour allows highlighting of the
details. It takes up about 10% of the room.
Besides the moldings, the frames and the
doors, the accent colour could also appear on
a piece of furniture, a lamp or an accessory,
such as a cushion.
TO facilitate the exercise of choosing the colours and consulting adequately with your customer,
refer to the brochures offered in the store.
- 34 -
The quality
In certain cases, it is possible that more than one product is suitable for the work to be done.
That is why the question of the quality of the product needs to be raised and discussed with
the customer.
The ratio of the solid components of a coating varies between 25% and 45%. However, the
solid material content is not the only criteria that influence the quality of the coatings; several
other factors, particularly the ratio of the other product components, will have an impact on
the quality level. As no coating can address all of the needs, different ratios and combinations
of ingredients are used to create a variety of products.
Ratio of the ingredients and quality of the paint
Resins
Pigments
Water and other diluents
GOOD
Resins
Resins
Pigments
Pigments
Water and other diluents
Water and other diluents
BETTER
BEST
A large quantity of titanium pigments gives the product a greater opacity than the coatings
containing a higher proportion of extender pigments.
A paint containing more volatile materials takes more time to dry and leaves fewer solid
materials on the surface.
Although the quantity of the components plays a role in the quality of the coatings, the quality
of the raw materials and the use of certain additives also need to be considered, particularly
the fungicide, which are not present in all the paints.
A high-quality coating offers several advantages to the user: it covers better, yields more
square feet per gallon, flows better and lasts much longer.
The product selector is a tool that will guide you in the choice of the product depending on
the project.
- 35 -
CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES
PPG
Calculation of the surface areas
After recommending a product to the customer, you should evaluate the quantity of paint
necessary for the project. The calculation methods presented below make it possible to
determine the surface area to be painted in a rapid and precise manner.
Basic geometric shapes
S = surface b = base h = height π = 3.1416 R = radius
Square or rectangle
Triangle
h
h
b
b
S=bxh
2
S=bxh
Conversion table
Length
1 inch
1 foot
1 meter
= 2.54 centimeters
= 12 inches = 0.305 meters
= 1.094 yards = 3.281 feet
Surface
1 square foot
1 square yard
1 square meter
= 0.0929 square meters
= 9 square feet = 0.8361 square meters
= 1.196 square yards = 10.76 square feet
Volume
1 U.S. gallon
1 U.S. quart
1 U.S. half-pint
= 3.78 liters
= 946 milliliters
= 236 milliliters
Temperature
°C (centigrade)
°F (Fahrenheit)
= (°F - 32)  5/9
= (°C  9/5) + 32
Example: 77°F = (77 - 32)  5/9 = 25°C
Example: 25°C = (25  9/5) + 32 = 77°F
Spread rate
Square feet per gallon  0.0204 = square meters per liter.
39.2 square meters per liter gives a wet film of 25 microns (or 1 mil).
- 38 -
S= πR2
PPG
Examples of application
Wall, door, floor, flat ceiling (square or rectangle)
h
S=bxh
Example: b = 20 feet, h = 8 feet
20 x 8 = 160 square feet
b
Corrugated metal (depth of 5/8 in)
S = B (b x 1.08)
Example: b = 20 feet, B = 30 feet
30  (20  1.08) = 648 square feet
Corrugated metal (depth of 3/8 in)
S = B (b x 1.11)
Example: b = 20 feet, B = 30 feet
30  (20  1.11) = 666 square feet
Reservoir (cylinder)
S  2Rh
R
Example: R = 1 foot, h = 5 feet
1  5  2  3.1416 = 31.416 square feet
Bottom surface = 𝜋𝑅²
Example: (1)2  3.1416 = 3.1416 square feet
- 39 -
h
PPG
CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES
The spread rate of a coating represents the surface area that it can cover during a standard
application. It is expressed in square feet or in square meters per liter (ft 2/liter, m2/liter). The
type of surface and the coating application method affect its consumption. For example, a
porous surface will require more paint than a smooth surface.
A liter of paint covers an average of 10 square meters, and 1m2 is equivalent to 10.76 ft2.
10 x 10.76 ft2 = 107.6 ft2 or about 110 ft2 / liter.
A liter of paint covers an average of 110 ft2, a container of 3.78 l then covers:
3.78 x 107.6 ft2 = 406.7 ft2 or about 410 ft2/ 3.78 l
Estimation of the surface to be painted
1. Calculate the total surface area.
2. Subtract the surface area of the surfaces that do not have to be painted: doors, windows, etc.
3. Consult the label of the coating to find its spread rate.
4. Divide the total surface area to be painted by the spread rate of the chosen coating.
For example:
Total surface area to be painted: 750 square feet
Spread rate of the coating: 450 square feet
750 ÷ 450 = 1.66 gallons per coat
In the example above, two 3.78 l containers are needed to apply an initial coat of paint.
Remark
The second coat in general requires less paint than the first. Consequently,
doubling the quantity to estimate a second application is not always adequate.
- 40 -
PREPARATION OF MIXES
TINTING MACHINES
The tinting machines contain the colorants for tinting the bases. In the Dulux paints stores
network there are two different models used for architectural coatings: ELITE 8000 and 1600HS
Like any other equipment, maintenance is the key if we want to preserve the autotinter
performance. Here are the major maintenance actions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Colorant filling
Proper functioning of colorant stirrers
Updating colorant level in FormulaPro
Cleaning nozzle cap, nozzle orifices and sponge
Colorant purging
Cleaning colorant trap
General cleaning
Like any task we do, safety should always be on top of our mind and therefore the worn of the
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) is mandatory.
Recommended
- 42 -
SHAKERS
As the pigments contained in paint are generally heavier than the liquids, the shaking step
turns out to be essential. A product that is not sufficiently shaken will not be homogeneous,
and its finish and colour will not be uniform.
In general, it is recommended that white paints be shaken for at least 2 minutes. Tinted paint
mixing time will vary from 3 to 8 minutes depending on the shaker model and the colorant
quantity added to the paint.
WHITE (no colorant added)
WHITE AND WHITE BASES (colorant added)
MEDIUM BASE
ULTRA DEEP BASE AND COLOUR TONE BASE
PREMIX COLOURS
TRANSPARENT & SEMI-TRANSPARENT STAINS (premixed and tinted)
2 minutes
6 minutes
8 minutes
8 minutes
4 minutes
3 minutes
Use the following instructions to maintain the shakers:
1. Disconnect the shakers to avoid electrical discharges.
2. Clean the shakers with the aid of an all-purpose cleaning agent.
3. Oil the mechanisms regularly.
4. If the shakers are defective, have the shakers repaired immediately.
5. Do not shake aluminum paint, colorant or an old container of paint.
- 43 -
TINTING PROCEDURE
Before doing the tinting, confirm the choice of colour and coating with the customer. This
information is necessary to select the appropriate tinting formula.
Use this opportunity to explain to the customer that he should expect a slight difference
between the colour of the chosen paint sample and the actual colour obtained during the
application of the product. The principal factors causing this disparity are the number of coats
applied, the metamerism, the dimensions of the surface to be painted as well as the
surrounding and underlying colours.
Metamerism is a phenomenon where the colour of two objects appears identical under certain
lighting and different under another type of lighting.
The dimensions of a room play an important role in the perception of colours. By contrast, the
colours used can give the impression that a room is larger or smaller than it actually is.
- 44 -
THE EIGHT STEPS OF TINTING
1. Confirm the desired colour and product number with the customer.
2. Locate the appropriate formula in the electronic formula book.
3. Use the appropriate protective equipment.
4. Ensure that the canister contain sufficient colorant before beginning.
5. Add the recommended quantity of colorant. If more than one container is required, use
bases from the same batch. Raise canister pistons gradually to make sure thanks fill up
properly and avoid air bubbles.
6. Replace the cover tightly on the container.
7. Shake the container on the shaker for at least 3 minutes (or more if a large quantity of
colorant has been added to the paint). Check the mixture. A coating that has not been
shaken properly will show traces of colorant. If traces are present, shake once again.
8. Have the colour approved by the customer.
ALWAYS WEAR YOUR PPE
- 45 -
PPG
COLOUR SYSTEM
In order to offer all of the colours in the display, we use a tinting base system. This system
differs somewhat from one manufacturer to another with regard to the number of tint bases
offered and the quantity of colorant to be added to the different bases.
In general, the tint base systems are comprised of three to five bases formulated to receive a
minimum and maximum quantity of colorant.
It is important to stick to the maximum quantities of colorant to benefit from the complete
performance of the products. Exceeding the recommended limits may cause a delay in the
drying time and make the paint film softer in addition to contributing to an increase in the
emission of volatile organic compounds.
Pastel base
Level of TiO2 pigment
Medium base
Ultra deep base
Level of TiO2 pigment
Level of TiO2 pigment
UP TO
4 OUNCES OF
COLORANT
UP TO
8 OUNCES OF
COLORANT
UP TO
14 OUNCES OF
COLORANT
Remark
To fully benefit from the performance of a coating, it is important to stick to the quantity of
colorant recommended for each of the tint bases.
- 46 -
PAINTING EQUIPMENT
PPG
PAINTING EQUIPMENT
Any painting project requires appropriate equipment. During the purchase of the paint the
consultant must suggest the tools necessary for the project. The list below provides a brief
description of the principal accessories used in painting. Keep it readily available to aid you in
guiding your customer!
Use of the main paint accessories
•
Dropcloth: Fabric or plastic cloth that
protects the furniture and floors during
the preparation and finishing.
All-purpose cleaning agent: Cleans
surfaces of any kind
Stepladder: For working in high
places.
Rubber gloves: Protects against
chemical products.
Safety goggles: Protects the eyes
during the work.
Dust mask: Protects the respiratory
airways during sanding.
Masking tape: Protects the surfaces
that do not need to be painted.
Sandpaper: Roughens the surfaces.
•
•
•
Roller handle: Support for the roller
covers.
Sanding block: Keeps sandpaper flat for
a smooth finish.
•
•
Roller cover: Attached to handle, use to
spreading paint.
Brush: Used to paint contours,
moulding, and area that are not
accessible with a roller.
Brush comb: Allows removal of excess
of paint before cleaning.
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wood filler and crack filler: Fills the
pores of the wood and the gaps in the
moulding.
- 48 -
Caulking gun: Used to apply caulk or
crack filler.
Chemical stripper: Softens the coating
to facilitate its removal.
Putty knife: Used to apply putty and
remove coatings softened with the aid
of a stripper.
Paint can opener: Opens the containers
without damaging them.
Paint tray: Plastic or metal tray that
contains the paint applied to the roller.
Telescopic handle: Is screwed into the
threaded grip of the rollers.
Paddle: Used to stir the paint.
BRUSHES
The choice of a brush depends on the product used and the surface to be painted. A highquality brush can be more expensive, but it holds more paint, does not lose its bristles,
facilitates the application, leaves fewer brush strokes and lasts a long time if well maintained.
Five factors are considered when choosing a brush: the type of bristles, the ferrule, the shape,
the dimensions and the quality level.
Good brushes have bristles with split ends. The split
bristles hold more paint and apply it more uniformly on
a larger surface.
The ferrule
The ferrule is the metal collar that holds the bristles on
the handle. It should be made of stainless steel.
Shapes and dimensions
What type of bristles?
What shape?
Synthetic bristles
(nylon or polyester)
• For water-based products
• The bristles do not absorb the
water contained in the product
Angular
• Cut in and trim work
• Tracing of precise lines on
walls, moulding, etc.
Straight-edged
• Large surfaces (doors, floors
Natural bristles
• For solvent-based products
(alkyd, stripper, glue, etc.)
• Not affected by solvent
Round
• Embossed surfaces (trim, base
Other shapes
• Short handle: difficult
access
• Very large: floors
• Pointed: cut in and trim
work
rails for spindles)
• Cut in and trim work
- 49 -
and exterior walls)
• Thicker than the angular,
holds more paint
PPG
What quality level?
Superior quality
• Conic bristles offer greater flexibility (fewer brush
strokes)
• The tapered tip allows more precision and uniform
application
• Longer bristles improve loading and release of
the paint
• Better reservoir
Good quality
• Good compromise
between the
professional brush
and the general use
brush
• Good precision
• Fast work
Economy
• To be used when
the quality of the
result is not
important (stripper,
glue, paintbrush)
ROLLERS
The roller is ideal for covering large flat surfaces. It is made of a frame and a roller cover. A
quality roller holds the paint better and provides a smooth and uniform finish.
Frame and handle
There are two types of frame: the cage frame with four or five wires and the frame with a
unique shank. The handles are made of wood or plastic and are generally threaded to accept
an extension pole.
Roller cover
The roller cover is made of synthetic nap rolled around a hollow cylinder. The nap is woven or
knitted.
-
The woven nap does not lose its fibers and provides a smoother
result.
-
The knitted nap provides a textured effect, loses more fibers,
contains more paint, but is easier to clean.
-
The length of the roller cover fibers is determined by the surface
to be painted and the finish of the coating to be applied.
-
In general, a 10mm roller cover is used for walls and a 15mm roller
cover for ceilings.
- 50 -
PPG
Nap types and recommended pile length
NAP TYPES
Woven nap
Knitted nap
smoother
more textured
Loading capacity and release of coating
good
very good
Ease of cleaning
good
very good
Use with a light or medium paint colour
very good
very good
Use with a deep colour paint
very good
good
Use with a gloss level of 20% and more
very good
good
PROPERTIES
Orange peel effect
PILE LENGTH (mm)
USE
5
10
13/15 19/25 31
*
***
**
*
***
5
10
13/15
*
***
**
**
***
19/25
31
Walls and doors
Smooth surfaces: plaster, smooth wood, metal,
gypsum
Semi-rough surfaces:
rough wood, jointed pine, textured plaster
Very rough surfaces: brick, concrete, stucco,
corrugated metal, wood shingles
*
*
***
*
**
***
***
*
Ceilings
Smooth surfaces
***
Semi-rough surfaces:
Soundproofing tiles, textured plaster
Very rough surfaces:
Stucco
***
***
*
*
***
***
Floors
Smooth surfaces: concrete, wood
**
***
***
***
Semi-rough surfaces: concrete, wood
***
***
Very rough surfaces: asphalt
*
*
**
***
To be used in specific situations
Good choice
Better choice
- 51 -
***
**
***
SURFACE PREPARATION
PPG
SURFACE PREPARATION
The preparation of the surface is a step of paramount importance: it is directly linked to the
performance of the products and is responsible for the majority of the problems attributed to
coatings. These problems become evident at the time of application or once the application has
been completed and the paint has dried. Adequate preparation ensures better adhesion of the
finishing products, provides a more uniform finish and reduces the maintenance frequency.
The appropriate method of preparation depends on the type and condition of the surfaces to
be painted. Exterior projects require a specific preparation that includes more steps and often
takes more time.
The five steps of surface preparation
You first have to determine the nature of the work to be done. The work of preparing the
surfaces includes in the following order:
1. Cleaning (always required)
2. Stripping (when required)
3. Sanding (when required)
4. Repairing (when required)
5. Sealing the knots (when required)
- 54 -
PPG
SURFACE CLEANING
THE PRESENCE OF CONTAMINANTS ON A SURFACE INTERFERES WITH COATINGS ADHESION.
Interior surfaces should be cleaned before being repainted, even if they seem clean. Cooking
food can leave greasy residues on the walls, cabinets and ceilings of the kitchen; dust
accumulates on the top of the doors and baseboards, and each time that we touch a piece of
furniture, a wall or woodwork, we leave a little of the natural oils present on our skin.
On the exterior, dust from cities, pollution, chalking from old coatings and corrosion are many
of the contaminants or conditions that require meticulous preparation.
Consult the preparation product table in the product selector to determine which products can
best suit the customer’s needs.
Useful accessories
• Polyethylene film to test moisture
• All-purpose cleaner
• Mask
• Bucket
• Gloves
• Steel brush
• Spatula
• Plastic container
• Brush
• Roller scraper
• Sponge
• Roller comb
• Protective goggles
• Sandpaper or steel wool
Method for cleaning surfaces
1. Dilute the recommended quantity of cleanser in
water.
2. Clean the surface with the aid of the solution by
beginning at the bottom to avoid running. Scrub
vigorously. On the exterior, you can apply the
solution with a garden sprayer.
3. Allow the solution to act as needed. For a better
result, it may be necessary to brush the surface.
4. Rinse the surface with clean water until all the residues have been eliminated. Rinse
exterior the surface with a pressure washer until surface is clean. To prevent wood from
damaging, the pressure should not exceed 3500 kPa (500 lb/in2).
- 55 -
PPG
5. Let the surface dry before applying the coating. On the exterior, let the wood dry for 2 to
3 warm and sunny days before applying a coating. Refer to product data sheet for specific
instructions. The moisture level of the substrate must be around 12%, although certain
products tolerate a moisture level up to 18%. Leaving the wood to dry for the time
mentioned above will bring the moisture content at the desired level.
6. Repeat the operation as needed.
To get rid of mildew and mold:
1. Wear rubber gloves. Dilute a liter of bleach water in
three liters of water.
2. Apply the solution to the surface, beginning at the
bottom to avoid running. Scrub the surface with a hard
fiber brush.
3. Allow the solution to work for 5 to 10 minutes.
4. Rinse the surface with clean water. On the exterior, rinse
the surface with a pressure washer and repeat the cleaning operation as needed.
5. Let the surface dry before applying the coating of your choice.
TIP
Bleach is a non-flammable liquid that helps to eliminate the fungi responsible for
mold and mildew. It bleaches and disinfects, but does not remove grease. To
prevent the creation of toxic vapors, never mix the cleaning agent product directly
with the bleach.
To clean galvanized metal:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remove the excess grease and oil with paint thinner.
Apply the phosphoric acid to the surface with a brush or a clean cloth.
Rinse the surface with water. On the exterior, rinse the surface with a pressure washer.
Wipe the surface with a clean and dry cloth. Repeat these steps until the metal becomes
dull.
TIP
Try this method first on a section of the surface of the galvanized metal. If the metal
becomes dull, use the method on the entire surface. If that is not the case, do not
use the product and allow the surface to age until it becomes dull.
- 56 -
PPG
SURFACE STRIPPING
Stripping consists in the removal of old layers of paint or varnish. There are two types of
stripping: physical stripping (scraping, burning and sanding) and chemical stripping.
Physical stripping does not require any chemical product. However, it requires considerable
effort
Chemical stripping represents the easiest and quickest means of getting rid of the old layers of
coating.
Useful accessories
• Chemical stripper
• Protective goggles
• Plastic container
• Natural bristle brush
• Quality rubber gloves
• Scraper made of wood or metal
• Putty knife
• Drop cloth
• Sandpaper (60 to 180 grain)
CAUTION





Protect the surrounding surfaces with dropcloth or newspaper.
Wear rubber gloves, protective goggles and long clothing that you are not
afraid of ruining.
Use chemical stripper in a well-ventilated space.
Avoid breathing the vapors.
Keep clean water nearby in case of splashes on the body.
- 57 -
PPG
Use of a chemical stripper:
1. Shake the stripper before using.
2. Pour the stripper into a metal or glass container. The quantity of stripper to be used
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
depends on the thickness, the hardness and the age of the coating to be removed.
Apply the stripper with a natural bristles brush.
Allow the stripper to work until
the old finish softens and
lifts (consult the product label).
Remove the old, softened layers
with a flexible scraper. Repeat
the operation as needed.
Rinse the surface with clear
water to remove the stripper
residues present on the wood.
Let the surface dry.
Sand the surface to restore its
natural appearance.
SURFACE SANDING
Sanding makes it possible to eliminate the imperfections on walls, furniture, parquets, etc. It
also roughens glossy surfaces to promote adhesion of the coatings and stimulate the opening
of the wood pores to ensure more uniform absorption of the coatings.
Main types of sandpaper
Aluminum oxide
Synthetic abrasive whose grain breaks during the sanding to renew the
ridges. It softens and strips wood and bare metal.
Silicon carbide
Synthetic abrasive whose grain wears during the sanding. Sands gypsum,
synthetic surfaces, concrete and any surface between the finish coats.
Emery
Natural fine abrasive glued to a sheet. It is used on the metal.
Garnet
Natural abrasive whose grain wears during the sanding. It sands bare
wood.
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Use of sandpapers*
USE
Grain
Remove old coatings
Bare wood
Plastic, ceramic, melamine, metal
Between coats of paint
Before interior staining (solvent base)
Before exterior staining (horizontal surfaces)
Before exterior staining (vertical surfaces)
Old stained or varnished wood still in good condition
Between coats of varnish
60-80
80-120
100-150
120-220
120-220
60-80
80-120
220
220-320
*Test the abrasive on a small surface to ensure that the grain used fits the task.
CAUTION
Treatments such as dry sanding, welding, burning, etc. of paint films
can generate dust and/or dangerous fumes. Wet sanding should be
used if possible. Wear adequate personal protective equipment
(respirator) if exposure cannot be avoided by local ventilation.
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SURFACE REPAIR
Useful accessories
• Repair compound
• Rigid and flexible putty knife
• Sandpaper (60-80-120-180-220 grain)
• Sanding block
• Lint-free damp cloth
The repair compounds include wood filler, plaster
of Paris, putty and mortar. It is important to select
the product best suited to the surface to be
repaired.
Always consult the manufacturer’s recommendations concerning the choice of compound
and its use.
TIP
Joint cement is not suitable for painted surfaces, because it can lead to blistering of
the coating. Use a fast-drying repair compound that can be repainted after 30 to
60 minutes. If joint cement is being used for larger repairs, we recommend sealing
with a solvent based paint.
SEALING THE KNOTS
Sealing the knots is done using a shellac-based coating. By applying the product directly to the
knot, bleeding of the knots of several softwoods such as pine and spruce can be prevented.
Nevertheless, this technique does not prevent the exuding of the resins contained in these
types of wood that can be produced as a result of heat and exposure to the sun. This
phenomenon leads to the oozing of resin through the paint and gives it a yellowish coloration.
This phenomenon occurs more frequently with the dark colored paints that absorb more
heat than the lighter tones.
Always check the label of the product to find out the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Useful accessories
• Paint thinner and methyl alcohol
• Scraper
• Brush
• Sandpaper (220-320 grain)
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PRIMING OF SURFACES
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PRIMER APPLICATION
Primers are used to mask old colours, ensure uniform porosity of the surfaces and improve
adhesion to the substrate.
Primers include sealers, undercoats, stain killers, metal primers and concrete block filler.
Sealers are applied directly to bare surfaces such as gypsum and wood. Stain killers seal and
camouflage stains while undercoats are used for already painted surfaces. Block fillers are high
viscosity coatings used to fill gaps in concrete.
Description of the different primers
Sealer
Coating used on porous surfaces to minimize or prevent the penetration of the topcoat into
the substrate.
Undercoat
Coating applied on previously painted surfaces, highly pigmented to possess good hiding
power and a colour leading up to that of the finishing coat; also used as a conversion coating
to ensure adhesion.
Stain killer
Coating used to seal stains and prevent from bleeding through topcoat.
Metal primer
Coating designed for metal application to provide anti-corrosive protection and superior
adhesion to finishing coats.
Block filler
Thick and heavily pigmented coating formulated to apply on concrete blocks for gap filling
and smoothing surface for subsequent finish coatings.
Useful accessories
• Brush and roller
• Sandpaper (120 to 220 grain)
• Painting tray and liner
• Masking tape
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PAINT AND PRIMER IN ONE, SELF-PRIMING AND 2 IN 1 PAINTS
SEVERAL ARCHITECTURAL FINISH COATINGS CAN BE APPLIED WITHOUT A PRIMER.
Paint and primer in one, self-priming and 2 in 1 paints
Although some paints may be called self-priming while others say ‘paint and primer in one’,
they are both the same. Among the attributes that can be found on the paint label, the idea
of a 2-1 deal is very attractive to the customer. They can be applied over existing latex coatings,
on alkyd coatings (if they are formulated with 100% acrylic binder) and on new substrates such
as gypsum, wood, metal and masonry surfaces without the use of a primer. New surfaces may
require more than 2 coats, depending on the porosity of the surface.
Self-priming, 2 in 1 and one-coat paints are terms that can be confusing for the customers.
Always remember that paint is used for 2 main purposes; protect and beautify the surfaces. To
get the best protection out of a paint, we must consider the thickness applied to the surface.
Although a paint may well cover a surface, if the thickness is not sufficient, the surface will not
be protected efficiently.
Remark
None of these products offers a guarantee as to the maximum number of coats required
to complete the work. This number is linked directly to the porosity of the surface, the
existing color, the color applied and the thickness of the paint film.
Always refer to technical data sheet for directions.
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FINISHING OF SURFACES
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APPLICATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FINISH COATINGS
FINISHING PRODUCTS GIVE SURFACES THEIR FINAL APPEARANCE. THEY INCLUDE PAINTS, STAINS AND
VARNISH.
Points to remember
•
Before proceeding with the application of a finish coating, the surface must be clean and in
good condition.
•
The ideal application temperature ranges
between 15°C and 25°C and the relative humidity
level between 40% and 60%.
•
The application temperature includes ambient air,
surface and product.
•
Use containers from the same batch number to ensure uniformity of the gloss and colour.
•
If you use a container that has already been opened, check the condition of the product
before stirring it. If a film is present, remove it with a spatula. Stir the product with a paint
stick to check its homogeneity.
•
If the consistency resembles that of yogurt (thixotropy), stir the product gently until a
homogeneous texture is obtained.
•
Allow the product to dry completely before applying a second coat. A deep colour requires
more drying time than a pale colour. Allow dark colours to harden 24 hours between
applications to promote better opacity.
•
Use the spread rate recommended by the manufacturer.
PAINTING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
In order to achieve professional results when painting a room, and avoid messing already painted
surfaces, we recommend following a top to bottom order as indicated below.
•
•
•
•
•
Ceiling
Windows
Doors
Trim
Walls
Order steps for these three elements may be switched.
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PAINTING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM (continued)
STEP #1 – CEILING
Because the paint may splatter the walls and floor as it is applied, it is best to apply the ceiling
first and avoid splattering on freshly painted walls. While cutting in the ceiling, do not be afraid
to overflow on the walls as a more precise line will be required when applying the wall paint.
When painting the ceiling with a roller, make sure to apply it across the shortest side of the room
in order to maintain wet edges. In a square room, apply in the same way as for the window to
improve lightening. Apply at a rate of 2 X 4 or 2 X 5 square feet at a time.
STEP #2 – WINDOWS, DOORS AND TRIM
Why not paint the walls prior to the trim in step 2? It’s much easier to cut in on the wall around
the trim, doing it the other way around would be difficult to do the narrow surface of mouldings.
Paint window frames and mouldings with a brush, use a roller and brush combination for doors.
Again don’t be concerned about getting paint on the walls around the trim as it will be covered
when painting the walls.
Remember to remove door handles prior to painting. New doors should be coated on both sides
and all 4 edges to prevent moisture and humidity from warping them. Don’t forget to apply paint
on the top and underside of the window frames.
STEP #3 – WALL
Here is a simple rule to obtain an aesthetically pleasing result when painting walls: paint only
one wall at the time! It is not recommended to pre cut in the walls as this will prevent
maintaining a wet edge between the brush and the roller application which becomes visible
when drying.
Cut in 3 to 4 feet at a time keeping a wet edge between the brush and the roller, apply the paint
with a roller at a rate of 8 to 10 square feet at a time before refilling the roller with paint.
Complete the application by back rolling the surface to ensure uniformity. This is achieved by
moving the roller, (without adding paint to it), from the top of the wall to the bottom without
pause, repeat this step overlapping slightly until you reach the end of the painted area.
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Maintenance of interior surfaces
•
Before cleaning a freshly painted surface, make sure that the film has hardened well.
Depending on the paint type, it is recommended to wait 14 to 30 days. Refer to technical
data sheet of the product to know what the recommended curing time is.
•
To remove ordinary stains, use a gentle, non-abrasive domestic cleaner.
•
Rinse the surface as soon as the stain is gone.
•
Recently applied deep colour paints may slightly discolor when cleaned. Allow sufficient
hardening time prior cleaning freshly painted surfaces.
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EXTERIOR PAINTS AND STAINS
Here is some advice specific to the application of exterior coatings.
•
Avoid painting if rain is expected within 24 hours. A wet coating exposed to the rain may
fade and display uneven appearance (duller or glossier).
•
Avoid painting under the direct sun. The following diagram indicates in what order the
surfaces should be painted depending on the position of the sun. For example, paint
surface 1 when the sun is in position 1, surface 2 when the sun is in position 2, etc.
Facade
Roof
•
To ensure that you obtain the desired colour, first check the colour of the product by
proceeding with a complete application on a piece of wood of the same type as the surface
to be stained.
•
Apply the product generously. To work more rapidly, use a brush as large as possible that
does not exceed the width of the surface to be covered.
•
Apply coating in the direction of the wood grain. Apply on all six surfaces of the wood and
saturate the ends. That way you will prevent the wood absorbing too much moisture.
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Decks
In general, it is recommended to avoid painting a deck if the moisture of the wood exceeds
12%, although certain products can tolerate a moisture level up to 18%. Always consult the
manufacturer’s recommendations on this subject. Leaving the wood to dry for 2 to 3 warm and
sunny days will bring the moisture content at the desired level.
Staining decks
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stain the bottom.
Stain the sleepers.
Stain the ends.
Stain the tops and the top of the boards in sections of two or three feet beginning with the
cracks and knots. Allow the coating to penetrate into the cracks and knots to protect the
wood against infiltrations of water and reduce the risk of mildew and mold appearing.
LET DRY FOR THREE DAYS BEFORE REPLACING THE FURNITURE AND CIRCULATING NORMALLY
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MAINTENANCE OF EXTERIOR SURFACES
THE
MAINTENANCE FREQUENCY OF THE EXTERIOR SURFACES DEPENDS PRIMARILY ON THREE
FACTORS: USE OF THE SURFACE, ITS LOCATION AND THE TYPE OF COATING USED.
In general, horizontal surfaces retain water and are exposed to sun longer than vertical
surfaces. Therefore they require more frequent maintenance. In certain cases, it is necessary
to maintain these surfaces annually.
The ideal time to do maintenance of a deck is at the end of summer. It is during the summer
that the wear and exposure of the surfaces to the elements are the most intense. It is to your
advantage to apply a new coat toward the end of the season. Furthermore, doing the
maintenance before winter will provide additional protection against the excessive moisture
caused by autumn rains and snow.
Clean surfaces regularly in the spring and at the end of summer and as needed between these
periods. After cleaning the surfaces, examine their condition. If they show signs of
deterioration (fading, peeling, cracking or flaking), you should prepare the surface adequately
before staining (refer to the section on surface preparation).
Here is a simple method to test the adhesion of the coatings.
Check coating adhesion
• Place two to three inches of transparent adhesive tape on the coating and remove
it in an abrupt, fast motion.
• If the coating peels off, you will need to prepare the surfaces for a new application
of coating.
• If the surface is in good condition, simply follow the manufacturer’s maintenance
recommendations.
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INTERIOR VARNISH
Here is some advice specific to the application of interior varnish.
•
Sand the surface and carefully remove any trace of dust to ensure the finish obtained is
smooth and uniform.
•
Wipe the surface with a slightly damp cloth and let it dry before applying the varnish.
•
Apply the varnish by brush to obtain a smoother finish.
•
Avoid the formation of air bubbles if applying the varnish by roller.
•
Wait 12 hours before making moderate use of the room and 24 hours before normal use of
the room.
•
Wait 7 days before washing the surface with a detergent. Do not use abrasive products that
could scratch the finish.
•
Never apply wax to a varnish.
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EQUIPMENT CLEANING
To keep the tools in good condition after use, it is essential to clean them adequately as soon
as the work is completed.
Useful Accessories
• Brush and roller cleaner
• All-purpose cleaner
• Brush comb
• Roller scraper
To clean a brush used with a water-based paint:
1. Remove the excess paint on the brush with brush comb.
2. Wash the brush with the aid of the cleaning agent.
3. Dry the brush by blotting it with a clean cloth.
4. Comb the bristles so they retain their shape.
5. Suspend the brush by the hole in the handle or store it flat.
To clean a water-based coating that has dried on a brush:
1. Soften the synthetic bristles with a brush and roller cleaning
agent.
2. Clean the bristles with a brush comb and rinse them in clean
water.
3. Repeat these steps until the brush is clean and suspend it to allow it to dry.
To clean a roller used with a water-based paint:
1. Remove the excess paint on the roller cover with the roller cover scraper.
2. Remove the roller and clean all of the parts in clean water.
3. Dry the roller cover by blotting it with a clean cloth.
4. Place the roller cover in a vertical position to allow it to dry.
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PAINT RESIDUE DISPOSAL
Disposal of paint residues in an eco-friendly manner requires a certain number of precautions.
Here is some practical advice for the disposal of the residues.
•
Buy only the quantity of coating needed.
•
Application of a second coat often eliminates the residues and makes it possible to
obtain better results.
•
Give your leftover to someone who needs it. However, ensure that the coating is in its
original container and the label is intact.
•
Throw out the paint residues and the empty containers the day your municipality
collects hazardous materials. There are also permanent collection centers. Do not
throw your residues out with the household garbage or dispose of them in the drains.
•
Expel the aerosol can pressure before throwing it away. To expel the pressure, hold the
aerosol can upside down and press the valve until the pressure has been completely
evacuated.
•
Read the labels of the products. They often provide information about the way to
dispose of the residues.
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GLOSSARY
PPG
GLOSSARY
Abrasion
Result of an abrasive element on a surface; scratches, rubbing, etc.
Acrylic
Type of resin that is UV and weather resistant. Dries rapidly with excellent adhesion.
Adhesion
Force that opposes the separation of two bodies placed in contact.
Alkalis
Compounds present in masonry and galvanized metal. Alkalis react chemically with the oils
and fatty matters contained in alkyd resin of water and solvent based paints and produce a
kind of soap that prevents the product from adhering to the surface.
Alkyd
Group of synthetic resins used in solvent-based coatings.
Alkyd emulsion
Water-based coating in which the alkyd is used as the binder.
Base
Tint bases are formulated to receive colorants to mix the colours from a colour system.
Batch
Production unit.
Binder
Also named resin, binder is a non-volatile ingredient that links the pigments to form a uniform
film that adheres to the surface.
Bleeding
Brownish stains visible through paint or solid stain. Bleeding occurs locally where knots and sap
streaks are found in resinous wood. It can also occur on the entire cedar or redwood surface due
to their tannin content.
Catalyzer
Name given to substances that change, alter or affect a chemical reaction. In the paints, the
catalyzers – also called hardeners – act as a drying or hardening agent.
Chalking
Degradation of a paint film into a fine powder resulting from weather exposure. Chalking
removal requires scrubbing.
Chromatic circle
Sequence of a dozen colours arranged in a circle: 3 primaries, 3 secondary and 6 tertiary.
Coalescence
Process to form the film of water-based paints during which the particles of resin fuse.
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Colorant
Concentrated dispersion of colour pigments used in tint bases to develop the colours.
Complete drying time
Period of time between the application of a product and the time when the product reaches
its maximum performance.
Concave
Curved inward.
Concrete
Solid obtained from of a mixture of water, cement and sand.
Concrete block filler
High viscosity coating for application on concrete to fill gaps and voids.
Convex
Curved outward.
Corrosion
Attack on certain metals by water, oxygen or chemical agents. Iron rust is corrosion.
Cured concrete
Concrete cured for a period of at least 28 days that has reached at least 80% of its strength.
Concrete continues to get stronger as it gets older. Most of the hydration and strength gain
take place within the first month of concrete's life cycle, but hydration continues at a slower
rate for many years.
Curing
Period during which the chemical reactions take place allowing a product to fully develop its
properties.
Diluent
Volatile liquid ingredient added to products to make them more fluid and facilitate their
application. When the diluent evaporates, the product dries and leaves a film that adheres to
the surface. A diluent also is used to clean tools.
Drying
Period of time during which a substance allows the water or solvent it contains to evaporate.
The duration depends on the surrounding conditions (temperature, humidity, ventilation, etc.).
Efflorescence
White powder forming on masonry when there is an excess of moisture. The moisture dissolves
the mineral salts contained in the masonry and transports them to the surface, where they
accumulate after the evaporation of the water.
Elasticity
Capacity of a sealant to withstand the cycles of expansion and compression movements
without cracking or peeling away from the surfaces.
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Elastomer
Polymer that has elastic properties
Elongation
Capacity of a sealant to withstand the increase in its length under the action of a tensile
strength without cracking.
Emulsion
Coating in which particles are suspended in water such as an alkyd emulsion.
Epoxy
Resin that offers great hardness and adhesion and resistance to most chemical agents.
Extender pigment
Powdery substance of a natural or synthetic nature that gives products certain properties.
Among other things, it controls the gloss level of the coating and contributes to the reduction
of the costs formulation.
Film
Coating resulting from the application of one or more coats of paint on a surface.
Finish
Term used to express the percentage of light reflected by the film of a coating. Although not
standardized, the following finishes are mainly used by architectural paints industry: gloss,
semi-gloss, pearl, melamine, platinum, satin, velvet, eggshell and flat.
Fireproof
Resistant to fire.
Flash temperature
Minimum temperature at which the vapors of a product will ignite in contact with a flame
under specific conditions. When the temperature of a product is less than its flash
temperature, the product cannot be ignited.
Fungicide
Additive added to water-based products to protect surfaces against mildew and mold.
Glaze
Interior transparent water-based coating used to create decorative finishes and special
effects.
Hiding power (opacity)
Capacity of the paint to hide the colour of the surface.
Homogeneous
Used to describe a mixture whose constituents are distributed in a uniform manner.
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Hydrocarbide
Type of products derived from carbon containing carbon and hydrogen atoms (for example,
petroleum distillates).
Inflammable
Used to describe a coating that has the property of igniting under certain conditions.
Latex
Term that also refers to emulsion to describe water based paints formulated with resin such as
acrylic.
Leveling
Capacity of a coating to expand into a smooth, uniform surface.
Masonry
All of the materials such as brick, concrete, stone, rough plaster, mortar, etc.
Metamerism
Phenomenon where the colour of two objects appears identical under certain lighting and
different under another lighting. For example, a card and a fabric of identical colours under
incandescent lighting will show different colours under fluorescent lighting.
Mildew and mold
Types of fungi, of a black, grey, green or brown colour, that develops on or under the surface
of the coatings.
Mineral spirits
Distillate of petroleum used as a solvent in paints.
Non-volatile
Liquid or solid substance that does not evaporate. The non-volatile portion of the paint will
form the paint film.
Open time
Maximum workability of the paint prior to skinning over.
Paint
Coloured, opaque coating to protect and decorate surfaces.
Paint and primer in one
Paint applied on new substrates without the use of a primer. It can also be used on
previously painted surface with latex and alkyd if the formula is using 100% acrylic resin.
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Pigment
White powdery or coloured substance used in the manufacture of paint.
Polyethylene
Synthetic or polyethylene resin modified to be soluble in solvents and used in the paints that
are particularly resistant to water and weather.
Polymer
Term that is applied to various synthetic resins of a plastic nature.
Primer
Paint applied to bare or already painted surfaces to establish a solid base for the finish coats.
PVC
English abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride.
Resin (see binder)
Natural or synthetic substance that gives coatings several properties, including adhesion,
flexibility, washability, resistance to stains, durability and colour retention.
Resistance to abrasion
Capacity to withstand circulation or wear.
Safety Data Sheet
Document that summarizes the toxicological properties and the occupational health and
safety measures regarding a product.
Saponification
Production of a kind of soap by the reaction of the alkalis contained in the masonry and
galvanized metal with the oils and fatty matters contained in alkyd resin of water or solvent
based paints.
Sealer
Product used as a first coat on porous surfaces to prevent the absorption of subsequent coats.
Self-priming
Paint applied on new substrates without the use of a primer. It can also be used on previously
painted surface with latex and alkyd if the formula is using 100% acrylic resin.
Shellac
Transparent coating to stop the bleeding of the knots of softwoods such as pine, spruce and fir.
Siccative
Additive that accelerates the drying and hardening of certain products.
Silicon
Resin that provides an excellent resistance to heat and chemical products. Silicon-based
paints retain their gloss even when exposed to weather. Certain silicon solutions are also
used as a water repellent to waterproof masonry.
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Solid
Non-volatile part of a coating that includes the pigments and the binder.
Solvent
Diluent with the capacity to totally dissolve the binder. Also used to adjust paint viscosity.
Spread rate
Surface area that a coating can cover. The spread rate is expressed in square feet or meters
per liter (ft2/liter, m2/liter).
Stain
Coloured and penetrating coating offered in different transparency level (from translucent to
solid) that provides protection and enhances wood natural texture.
Stain killers
Coating formulated to seal stains to prevent them from seeping through the finish paints.
Stainless steel
Type of steel that contains chrome and nickel allowing it to be rust-resistant.
Stripper
Chemical product used to remove old layers of paint, stain or varnish.
Substrate
Surface to which a coating is applied.
Technical data sheet
Document that summarizes the chemical and physical properties of a product as well as
providing the instructions for its use.
Thixotropy
Property that certain gels or products have to be liquefied by agitation and then to resume
their initial viscosity at rest (for example, yoghurt).
Translucent
Used to describe a substance that lets light pass through without allowing one to clearly
distinguish objects.
Transparent
Let light pass through and allows one to clearly distinguish objects.
Ultraviolet
Invisible portion of light that is located between visible violet light and X-rays. Ultraviolet rays
cause aging of exposed surfaces and coatings.
Undercoat
Paint applied on already painted surfaces to establish a sound, solid base for the finish coats.
Urethane
Synthetic resin used to manufacture products with great flexibility and great resistance to
wear, water and various chemical products.
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Vapor barrier
Material that offers resistance to the passage of water vapor.
Varnish
Transparent colourless coating used to protect wood surfaces.
Vinyl
Synthetic resin frequently used in the manufacture of water-based products.
Viscosity
Characteristic that indicates the opposite of fluidity: resistance to the running of a liquid or
a paste.
Water-repellent
Coatings or substrates that resist water.
Wood fillers
Highly pigmented coating used to fill the pores of opened wood grain to obtain a smooth and
uniform finish.
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PPG Primer Reference Guide 2019