Botany Plants Scientific Method BOTANY UNIT 1 Scientific study of plants - consists of organized parts (same building blocks but has different arrangements which is why they do not look exactly the same) - exchange energy with their environment (absorb energy from their surroundings and impact the environment with the use of those energy) - respond and adapt to their environment (inherited characteristics for survival) - reproduce by splitting or as complex as flower production (before, they reproduced through splitting) - share parts with their common ancestry (Charles Darwin: exhibit diversity in life; inherited characteristics for survival) - systematic way to describe and explain the universe based on observing, comparing, reasoning, predicting, testing, concluding, and interpreting. - process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. - the aim is to discover cause and effect relationships by asking questions, carefully gathering and examining the evidence then use available information to provide answer to the hypothesis - to discover the cause & effect relationship 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis (scientific guess) 4. Experiment 5. Conclusion 6. Result - all evolved from aquatic green alga protists (nonvascular: do not have xylem & phloem) - important adaptations for land were acquired including vascular tissues, seeds, and flowers OQHECR Origin and Evolution of Plants Stonewort Liverworts Evolution of Vascular Plants Lignin Roots Leaves ERA: Mid Paleozoic PERIOD - earliest plants (an aquatic algae); have stalks rather than stiff stems and have hair-like structures called rhizoids instead of roots - with distinct female and male reproductive structures - first land plants that probably resembled modern plants but still not modern because: - group of non-vascular plants similar to mosses - far different to most plants since they do not produce seeds, flower, fruit, or wood and even lack vascular tissues - produce spores for reproduction instead of seeds - evolution of vascular tissues (plant’s plumbing system) - the adaptations help them cope with problems in dry land - other adaptations: lignin, leaves, roots, and a change in their life cycle adds support to vascular tissues in stem for conducting water and minerals solar collectors and food factories - 480 and 360 million years ago - origin of early evolution of land plants * from simple plant body consisting only a few cells, land plants evolved an elaborate two-phase cycle and an extraordinary array of complex organs and tissue systems ✓ Cambrian ✓ Ordovician ✓ Silurian ✓ Devonian Early Devonian Late Devonian ✓ Carboniferous ✓ Permian ✓ Triassic ✓ Jurassic ✓ Cretaceous ✓ Cenozoic gametangia vascular tissue stomates sporangia EPOCH: ✓ Eoembrophytic (Mid-Ordovician) ✓ Eotracheophytic (Early Silurian) ✓ Eutracheophytic (Early Devonian) Importance of Plants - small, soft bodied plants with simple branching and no differentiated parts - green algae in oceans - no evidence of land plants - first terrestrial plants, nonvascular plants that reproduced with spores - live only in wet environments - first vascular plants that could conduct water through tubes - bit no differentiation into leaves, stems, and roots - many plants are nonvascular - many had no differentiation of seeds, leaves, and stems plants were small but had leaves, stems, and roots - many kinds of land plants forming forests - seed bearing plants became common - similar to Devonian with addition of horse-tails, club mosses, and scale tree - ferns and tree ferns are very similar to modern plants - Primitive conifers appear - advanced conifers dominated as climate dried - cycads and ginkgos appear - seed plants dominated the land - cycads, ginkgos, and conifers were important plants - conifers dominated - cycads, ginkgos, and ferns remained important - flowering plants appeared but were a minor part of flora - angiosperms become widespread (became dominant at the end of this period) - many modern trees appeared - continued in colder environments - grasses evolved and created the Savannah ecosystem - conifer forests spread in colder climates - angiosperms forests in temperate and tropical climates specialized sexual organs stems with an intricate fluid transport mechanism epidermal structures for respiratory gas exchange diverse spore-bearing organs spore tetrads decline in the diversity of tetrads and rise in the dominance of individually dispersed simple spores diversity of spores and mega fossils increased dramatically - Ecology - Medicinal (DOH-approved medicinal plants) - other plants with medicinal uses Scientific name - genus + species - italicize (ex. Vitex negundo) - underline (ex. Vitex negundo) separate underline - big letter genus, small letter specie DOH-APPROVED MEDICINAL PLANTS 1. Lagundi Vitex negundo 2. Yerba buena Mentha cordifolia 3. Sambong Blumeabalsamifera 4. Tsaang gubat Carmona retusa 5. Niyug-Niyogan Quisqualisindica 6. Bayabas/Guava Psidium guajava 7. Akapulko Cassia alata 8. Ulasimang bato/ Pansit-pansitan 9. Bawang 10. Ampalaya Peperomia pellucida Allium sativum Momordica charantia OTHER PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS Name of Plant Scientific Name Use/s Malunggay Moringa oleifera Antioxidant; chemoprotective potential against cancer Balbas pusa Orthosiphon aristatus Antihypertensive Siling labuyo Capsicum frutescens Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, for toothache, arthritis, rheumatism Luyang dilaw Curcuma longa Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, lowers bad cholesterol and triglycerides Takip-kohol Centella asiatica Anti-dementia, and AntiAlzheimer’s disease Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa Anti-cholesterol, for UTI Coconut Cocos nucifera Antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN BOTANY Anatomy microscopic plant structures (cells and tissues) Biochemistry chemical aspects of plant life processes (Phytochemistry) Biophysics application of physics to plant life processes Cytology structure, function, and life history of plant cells Ecology relationship between plants and the world in which they live Genetics plant heredity and variation (genes and gene functions in plants) Molecular Biology structure and function of biological macromolecules Morphology macroscopic plant form (evolution and development of leaves, roots and stems) Paleobotany biology and evolution of fossil plants Physiology functions and vital processes of plants Systematics evolutionary history and relationships among plants Systems Ecology use of mathematical models to demonstrate concepts Taxonomy identifying, naming, and classifying plants antioxidant – against oxidant, can potentially prevent you from cancer oxidants – harmful to the body, potential to cause cancer anti – against antihypertensive – lozertan, amlodipin; will only balance the blood pressure (not literally pinapababa ng husto) hypertensive – high blood analgesic – anti pain (sa lahat ng pain = sakit sa ulo, sakit sa ngipin, etc) ex. mephenamic acid, biogesic anti-inflammatory – reduce inflammation rheumatism – sakit sa likod cholesterol – namuo at tumigas na fats deposited in your blood vessels perfused – sanay diabetic patients – pinutol ang paa kasi sobrang sugar naiinhibit ang blood flow (para hindi narin kumalat) antibacterial – for bacterial infection (ex. pneumonia) DOST – is considering studying Cocos nucifera because it has anti-viral for covid19
