Botany
Plants
Scientific Method
BOTANY UNIT 1
Scientific study of plants
- consists of organized parts (same building blocks but has different
arrangements which is why they do not look exactly the same)
- exchange energy with their environment (absorb energy from their surroundings
and impact the environment with the use of those energy)
- respond and adapt to their environment (inherited characteristics for survival)
- reproduce by splitting or as complex as flower production (before, they
reproduced through splitting)
- share parts with their common ancestry (Charles Darwin: exhibit diversity in life;
inherited characteristics for survival)
- systematic way to describe and explain the universe based on observing,
comparing, reasoning, predicting, testing, concluding, and interpreting.
- process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer
questions.
- the aim is to discover cause and effect relationships by asking questions,
carefully gathering and examining the evidence then use available information to
provide answer to the hypothesis
- to discover the cause & effect relationship
1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis (scientific guess)
4. Experiment
5. Conclusion
6. Result
- all evolved from aquatic green alga protists (nonvascular: do not have xylem &
phloem)
- important adaptations for land were acquired including vascular tissues, seeds,
and flowers
OQHECR
Origin and Evolution
of Plants
Stonewort
Liverworts
Evolution of Vascular
Plants
Lignin
Roots
Leaves
ERA: Mid
Paleozoic
PERIOD
- earliest plants (an aquatic algae); have stalks rather than stiff stems and have
hair-like structures called rhizoids instead of roots
- with distinct female and male reproductive structures
- first land plants that probably resembled modern plants but still not modern
because:
- group of non-vascular plants similar to mosses
- far different to most plants since they do not produce seeds, flower, fruit, or
wood and even lack vascular tissues
- produce spores for reproduction instead of seeds
- evolution of vascular tissues (plant’s plumbing system)
- the adaptations help them cope with problems in dry land
- other adaptations: lignin, leaves, roots, and a change in their life cycle
adds support to vascular tissues in stem
for conducting water and minerals
solar collectors and food factories
- 480 and 360 million years ago
- origin of early evolution of land plants
* from simple plant body consisting only a few cells, land plants evolved an
elaborate two-phase cycle and an extraordinary array of complex organs and
tissue systems
✓ Cambrian
✓ Ordovician
✓ Silurian
✓ Devonian
Early Devonian
Late Devonian
✓ Carboniferous
✓ Permian
✓ Triassic
✓ Jurassic
✓ Cretaceous
✓ Cenozoic
gametangia
vascular tissue
stomates
sporangia
EPOCH:
✓ Eoembrophytic
(Mid-Ordovician)
✓ Eotracheophytic
(Early Silurian)
✓ Eutracheophytic
(Early Devonian)
Importance of Plants
- small, soft bodied plants with simple branching and no differentiated parts
- green algae in oceans
- no evidence of land plants
- first terrestrial plants, nonvascular plants that reproduced with spores
- live only in wet environments
- first vascular plants that could conduct water through tubes
- bit no differentiation into leaves, stems, and roots
- many plants are nonvascular
- many had no differentiation of seeds, leaves, and stems
plants were small but had leaves, stems, and roots
- many kinds of land plants forming forests
- seed bearing plants became common
- similar to Devonian with addition of horse-tails, club mosses, and scale tree
- ferns and tree ferns are very similar to modern plants
- Primitive conifers appear
- advanced conifers dominated as climate dried
- cycads and ginkgos appear
- seed plants dominated the land
- cycads, ginkgos, and conifers were important plants
- conifers dominated
- cycads, ginkgos, and ferns remained important
- flowering plants appeared but were a minor part of flora
- angiosperms become widespread (became dominant at the end of this period)
- many modern trees appeared
- continued in colder environments
- grasses evolved and created the Savannah ecosystem
- conifer forests spread in colder climates
- angiosperms forests in temperate and tropical climates
specialized sexual organs
stems with an intricate fluid transport mechanism
epidermal structures for respiratory gas exchange
diverse spore-bearing organs
spore tetrads
decline in the diversity of tetrads and rise in the dominance of individually
dispersed simple spores
diversity of spores and mega fossils increased dramatically
- Ecology
- Medicinal (DOH-approved medicinal plants)
- other plants with medicinal uses
Scientific name
- genus + species
- italicize (ex. Vitex negundo)
- underline (ex. Vitex negundo) separate underline
- big letter genus, small letter specie
DOH-APPROVED MEDICINAL PLANTS
1. Lagundi
Vitex negundo
2. Yerba buena
Mentha cordifolia
3. Sambong
Blumeabalsamifera
4. Tsaang gubat
Carmona retusa
5. Niyug-Niyogan
Quisqualisindica
6. Bayabas/Guava
Psidium guajava
7. Akapulko
Cassia alata
8. Ulasimang bato/
Pansit-pansitan
9. Bawang
10. Ampalaya
Peperomia pellucida
Allium sativum
Momordica charantia
OTHER PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Name of Plant
Scientific Name
Use/s
Malunggay
Moringa oleifera
Antioxidant; chemoprotective
potential against cancer
Balbas pusa
Orthosiphon aristatus
Antihypertensive
Siling labuyo
Capsicum frutescens
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, for toothache, arthritis,
rheumatism
Luyang dilaw
Curcuma longa
Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory,
lowers bad cholesterol and
triglycerides
Takip-kohol
Centella asiatica
Anti-dementia, and AntiAlzheimer’s disease
Banaba
Lagerstroemia speciosa
Anti-cholesterol, for UTI
Coconut
Cocos nucifera
Antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN BOTANY
Anatomy
microscopic plant structures (cells and tissues)
Biochemistry
chemical aspects of plant life processes (Phytochemistry)
Biophysics
application of physics to plant life processes
Cytology
structure, function, and life history of plant cells
Ecology
relationship between plants and the world in which they live
Genetics
plant heredity and variation (genes and gene functions in plants)
Molecular Biology
structure and function of biological macromolecules
Morphology
macroscopic plant form (evolution and development of leaves, roots and stems)
Paleobotany
biology and evolution of fossil plants
Physiology
functions and vital processes of plants
Systematics
evolutionary history and relationships among plants
Systems Ecology
use of mathematical models to demonstrate concepts
Taxonomy
identifying, naming, and classifying plants
antioxidant – against oxidant, can potentially prevent you from cancer
oxidants – harmful to the body, potential to cause cancer
anti – against
antihypertensive – lozertan, amlodipin; will only balance the blood pressure (not literally pinapababa ng husto)
hypertensive – high blood
analgesic – anti pain (sa lahat ng pain = sakit sa ulo, sakit sa ngipin, etc) ex. mephenamic acid, biogesic
anti-inflammatory – reduce inflammation
rheumatism – sakit sa likod
cholesterol – namuo at tumigas na fats deposited in your blood vessels
perfused – sanay
diabetic patients – pinutol ang paa kasi sobrang sugar naiinhibit ang blood flow (para hindi narin kumalat)
antibacterial – for bacterial infection (ex. pneumonia)
DOST – is considering studying Cocos nucifera because it has anti-viral for covid19
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