-
-
Appointment made from grants = for highest colonial positions
native populations was divided into communities (called encomiendas), under the control of a
recipient (called encomendero)
 encomenderos have the right to collect tributes (taxes) from people belonging to these
communities
encomiendas or haciendas are distributed in recognition of their dutiful service to the Spanish
crown
SALE OF PUBLIC OFFICES
- another mode of appointment
- common in Europe
- sale of offices to the highest bidder was a common feature of all colonial regimes in the Indias
- resulted in corrupt bureaucracy and patronage rather than merit
- sa Pinas under Spain, examples of positions for sale were:
 clerkships
 notarial offices
 offices of constables
 sheriffs and wardens
 treasurers
 assayers and inspectors
- most positions for sale involved collection and custody of public funds
- laws were established to institutionalize and legitimize this mode of appointment (royal cedula)
- seen as an investment kaya once na nasecure na yung office profit will be priority kaya naging
personal business venture eto nung officer/holder of position
- dahil malayo ang Pilipinas sa Spain at matagal yung biyahe, hindi nacheck yung mga anomalies
(excessive bureaucratic rapacity)
- ang pede lang makabili ay mga Spanish Nationals, yung mga Indios are at the lower rung in
administrative hierarchy (usually head lang ng pueblos or barrios)
- Institutionalized corruption was unchecked kahit may programs ang Spain to do so like the
appointment of visitador-generales or having the residencia kung saan need magsubmit ng
officer ng report of his actions and conducts
- Nagfluorish ang institutionalized corruption, andaming umusbong ng cases of embezzlement and
defalcations
- Two attitudes of bureaucratic officers: indifference and lack of commitment to public office
- Two philosophies:
 no se haga novedad (do not commit or introduce any innovations on royal prescriptions)
 abedezco pero no cumplo (I obey but do not enforce or comply)
- “trained incapacity”
- Practice still continues today kasi politicians promises advocacies but when in office they do
another
- Thus, bureaucracy nung Spanish would result in INSTABILITY AND ALIENATION AMONG THE
NATIVE POPULACE - kaya maraming nagrevolts
- These Spanish misrule evoked Filipino nationalis and resistance to Spanish rule
- ILLUSTRADOS – was a propaganda mvmt launched to call attention to Spanish abuse in Phils. –
but they did not succeed
- Andres Bonifacio successfully launced a revolution in 1896
SHORT-LIVED PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC: BEGINNINGS OF A PROFESSIONAL CIVIL SERVICE
MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
- Since akala ng mg Filipino free na sila, they assumed for the Philippines the status of a sovereign
state
- ratified republican constitution in 1899 and was patterned after the constis of France, Belgium,
and South American Republics
was long, consisted of 101 articles that safeguarded civil liberties and rights, with 3 branches of
govt
- STRIKING SA CONSTI NA E2 PARA SA PUB. AD =
 Administration of the State (Title 12): defined procedures on budgets, payments,
appropriation laws, basta handling ng pera
 Title 11: organization and powers of provincial and municipal assemblies (embodied a
system for local governance in the country)
- Since Filipinos experienced the malpractice of bureaucracy nung Spanish times, they advocated
for a civil service based on merit and fitness
- Appointments determined by open competitive examinations and also guranteed security of
tenure
- APOLINARIO MABINI – advocated for this type of civil service in his provision sa Article 22, which
states na:
 “that all the offices in the government that were not elective were to be filled by
competitive examinations, and no holder of an office could be removed except for cause”
- Mabini distinguished between appointive positions and elective positions in govt
- Even Jose Rizal expressed his disapproval of the sale of office in the bureaucracy
- ALL THESE POINT TO THE FACT THAT FILIPINOS ALREADY HAD A VISION, IF NOT AN INSIGHT,
TOWARD AN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
- Unfortunately, hindi nagtagal eto kasi dahil sa Treaty if Paris which Spain sold Phils. to US and the
1st Phil. Republic fell kasi nacapture si Aguinaldo
- Philippine Commission = became central govt ng Pilipinas under the authority ng pres ng US
AMERICAN COLONIAL REGIME AND THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH
- Americans established a political system patterned after the republican and democratic
characteristics of the US
- introduced an extensive public educational system
- it was also during this period that public administration was professionalized
- US has just undergone reforms in their civil service (abolished spoils system)
- nawala yung “Jacksonian Democracy” – which democratized public service pero in the wrong way
kasi si Andrew Jackson, by allowing simple qualifications/experiences and that sitting
presidents/political party can recruit people, akala nya in this way he was making available to
ordinary citizens the opportunity to serve in the govt – pero this just led to spoils system
PENDLETON ACT OF 1883
- established a professionalized civil service in American bureaucracy
- was instituted sa colonies ng US kasi nga they want to test it out muna – thus Philippines was
affected
- introduced to Philippines a civil service based on merit and fitness, characterized by
professionalism and careerism, ensured security of tenure, and with appointments determined
by open competitive examinations
-
adoption of political neutrality for career members of the civil service
contained provisions in the neutrality of apolitical and career bureaucrats
from here Woodrow Wilson in his essay “The Study of Administration” called for a “science of
administration”
PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE ACT
- passed on September 19, 1900
- was one of the early pieces of legislation passed by the Philippine Commission
- its formal title is AN ACT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF AN EFFICIENT AND
HONEST CIVIL SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
- set the tone for establishment of professional bureaucracy in the Philippines based on merit and
fitness
- merit system would be upheld regardless of religious beliefs or political affiliations
- was open and made available to Filipinos
- fostered broader Filipino participation in the civil service kahit na executive and policydetermining posts remained for Americans
- SECTION 6: gave priority of appointment to Filipinos
- Filipinos were allowed kasi yung mga Americans na inassigned sa post ay ayaw naman tumira dito
for extended periods
FILIPINIZATION OF THE BUREAUCRACY
- in time Americans adopted Filipinization of the bureaucracy, owing to the instability of
recruitment in the American segment of the civil service
- Theodore Roosevelt: “a bureaucracy of Filipinos, assisted by the Americans”
- By 1919, Filipinization of Bureaucracy was accomplished (6% nlng Americans in position)
- By the time of Philippine Commonwealth in 1935, Filipinos strengthened and further expanded
the coverage and powers of the civil service
- Tydings-Mcduffie Law: Filipinos towards self-rule