Modal verbs
Meanings and use
Main modal verbs
Must
Have to
Ought to
Need to
Should
Can/ could
May/might
Main values / meanings
Must – obligation imposed by the
speaker
Have to – obligation imposed by a
situation (external obligation)
Ought to – moral obligation
denoting a duty, advice or a
reasonable action
Need to – necessity
Should – suggestion, advice
Can – possibility
- ability
- permission
Could – past possibility, ability, permission
- present conditional ( politeness)
May – possibility
- permission
Might – possibility (higher degree of doubt)
- polite suggestion
Affirmative / negative differences
Have to (obligation) /vs/ don’t have to
(lack of obligation)
Must (obligation) /vs/ mustn’t
(prohibition)
Need to (necessity) /vs/ don’t need to
(lack of necessity)
Can (possibility) /vs/ can’t
(impossibility
Student worksheet 1
Modals and Related Expressions
must have to
1. I ……….be at the meeting by 10:00. I will
probably ………..take a taxi if I want to be on
time.
2. You ………..submit the application if it has not
been completely filled out. Check that the name,
address, and background information are
correct.
3. A: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But,
there's no card. Who could have sent them?
B: It ………have been David. He's the only one
who would send you flowers.
4. You ……….forget to pay the rent
tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about
paying on time.
5. You ………….. be so rude! Why don't
you try saying "please" once in a while.
6. If you are over 18 in California, you
……. take a driver training course to get a
driver's license.
7. You …………be rich to be a success.
Some of the most successful people I
know haven't got a penny to their name.
Worksheet 2
might
should
must
1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her
anything for her birthday, but I really think you
……………at least get her some flowers or a
nice bottle of wine.
2. Debbie said she was really busy this week,
but I think she …………… show up at the party if
she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday.
3. Nina said she would come over right after
work, so she …………. be here by 6:00.
4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move
him - he ……….. have internal injuries.
Somebody call an ambulance.
5. You ……………be kidding! That can't
be true.
6. A: Where's the remote control? I want to
change the channel.
B: I don't know. It …………..be under
the couch. Or, perhaps I took it into the
kitchen. I'll check in there.
7. Experts agree that to speak a language
fluently, you …………..practice the
language regularly.
Worksheet 3
Must / mustn’t need to/don’t need to
should/shouldn’t
1 George has travelled a lot. He …………speak many
languages.
2 I can hear you quite well. You ……………. not shout.
3 I´m not sure where I go for my holidays but I …………
go to Italy.
4 She ………… ride her bike at night without lights. It's
forbidden.
5 She……………. not eat so much chocolate because
it's bad for her figure.
6 I ………….to listen to him.
7 It's later than I thought. I ………….. go now.
Additional activities