Note: These are STUDENT GENERATED and have not been vetted by any APUSH
teacher!
Push-Pull Factors of Emigration: (34-35) In the period between 1580 and 1650 there
was an accelerated pace of social change going on. The population increased
astronomically, which put pressure on the agrarian economical system, and further
causing economic insecurities. Eventually, London was overflowing with vagrants
causing extremely poor health conditions. At the same time there was great political
unrest with the rules of James I and Charles I. With the end of Charles I’s reign the
English church was restructured. With all the issues most people left for the New World
at times of extreme hardship and controversy, usually of political or religious origins.
Jamestown: (36-38) Jamestown was a colony founded by the joint-stock company called
The London (or Virginia) Company. The colony was chartered for by James I and it is
considered to be the worst colony to ever be formed due to the times when the colony
abandoned. It was located on a marshy peninsula that was rampant with disease, such as
malaria, and contaminated water, but was easy to guard from surprise attack from Native
Americans. The colonists that inhabited Jamestown were there mostly for personal gain,
and used an obsolete method of job sharing that only really worked in England. They had
no set leader, and therefore did not take orders well, so very little important tasks got
done in the colony. The colony was saved by John Smith, who became the leader of the
colony and was extremely resourceful in the ways he kept the colony alive. After a lot of
failures in the colony it was made royal. The founding of Jamestown sets the new stage
since the fall of Roanoke, and brings back the idea of funding the colonization of colonies
across the Atlantic.
John Rolfe-Tobacco: (39-40) With John Rolfe’s experimentation with the tobacco
plant, there arose a solution to Jamestown’s economic situation. The plant was relatively
easy to grow in the Virginian soil, so the colonists of Jamestown leaped into the easy
production and profit. With the excellent soil, tobacco became a good export for the
people of Jamestown since they had no internal crop to spare. This becomes Virginia’s
cash crop for generations as time progresses.
Lord Baltimore: (42-43) Lord Baltimore, who’s original name was Sir George Calvert,
held civil office in the English system until he was forced to resign because he was
Catholic. With his resignation, he desired to make a colony that English Catholics could
find sanctuary in. Lord Baltimore the first never got the charter for his colony, but his son
Cecilius, later Lord Baltimore the second, received the charter from the king for
Maryland in 1632.
Virginia Company: (36-38) Also known as the London Company, this was the Jointstock company that funded the colonization of Jamestown. Owned by Sir Thomas Smith,
this company colonized the marshland of Virginia and with it nearly collapsed on itself
because the colony could not generate much revenue.
House of Burgesses: (40) This was the very first representative body in America. It was
put together to make the colony more appealing to potential wealthy stockholders and
pull the colony together so that the colony could succeed in the new world.
Toleration Act of 1649: (43) Also known as the 1649 Act of Religion, this was a piece
of legislature in the Maryland colony put into place by Lord Baltimore. The Act said that
all Christian religions were allowed in the colony free of prejudice. Later, the Maryland
colony was taken over by colonizing Puritans and the Act was repealed in 1644. The Act
was put in place to encourage other people to immigrate to the colony since very few
English Catholics moved to the colony.
John Smith: (38) He was the savior of the Jamestown colony on the first occasion of
when the colony was almost completely abandoned. He was unanimously chosen to lead
the colony, and he did so militarily thanks to his military training. He was very
resourceful and traded with Indians for food that the colony could not produce itself.
Headright System: (40) This was Sir Edwin Sandys’ way of distributing land amongst
new colonists. Sandys was the leader of a small group of stockholders that restructured
the Virginian colonies and got rid of the governance of the Virginia Company. He
introduced the House of Burgesses as a part of the restructuring of the colony. The
Headright System dictated that every new colonist that paid their own was to America
were given 50 acres of land that they paid annual rent on. Additional land was given for
every servant that was brought over as well. This was an incentive for wealthier peoples
to move to the colony as they would get land but it would also hopefully even out the sex
ratio in the colony and to a further extent populate it.
Pilgrims: (43-44) After the Catholic church was dissolved into the English Anglican
church, there arose some extremists who thought that the Anglican church had not
separated itself enough from that of the Catholic church. The Pilgrims, who were part of
that extremist group, were also called Separatists and originated from Scrooby Manor. To
find religious freedom, the Pilgrims moved to Holland, but then fearing that they were
losing their Englishness they moved to the new world and settled the Plymouth colony in
1620.
Puritans: (44) The Puritans were radical religious reformers from the Protestant
Reformation who accepted Calvinism. Similar to the Pilgrims, the Puritans were more
combative and held extreme beliefs on what God wanted via the bible. Their original
intent was to purify the Church of England from the inside; however, they eventually
deemed that it was something that could not be done and tried to get a charter to settle in
Massachusetts.
Fd. Maryland: (42-43) Maryland was chartered for Lord Baltimore the second as a
proprietary colony and as a place of religious sanctuary for English Catholics. Within the
colony there was a sophisticated hierarchical system that did not benefit the colony.
Eventually Puritans began to move into the colony and contended with the Catholics. The
1649 Act of Religion, or Toleration Act of 1649, dictated that the colony would accept all
Christian religions without prejudice, but once the Puritans took over the colony the Act
was repealed. Maryland showed that finding religious freedom was easier when there was
no one else to contend with on the matter.
Massachusetts Bay Colony: (44-46) This was the colony founded by the Puritans. Led
by John Winthrop, the Puritans set out to make their “city on a hill” out of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony. The colony was located in a better area than the Jamestown
colony had been, and started off very large with 2000 immigrants moving over in family
units, therefore making the sex ratio more even than that of Jamestown’s. The Mass. Bay
Colony did especially better because all of the colonists were united together because
they were all heading for a common goal. This common goal was to create Winthrop’s
“city on a hill” and to be a glowing beacon of righteousness to all who immigrated over
to the New World. It was also meant to be the place where the Puritans could be close to
God and away from all the other hellish influences of the world.
“City on a Hill”: (46-48) This is a famous line in one of John Winthrop’s speeches and
represents what the Puritans expected of their colony. The “city on a hill” was meant to
be the place where the Puritans could be close to God and away from other hellish
influences of the rest of the world. As well, it was meant to be a beacon to the rest of the
world on what the most ideal community should be. This idea sets the stand for American
Exceptionalism, the belief that Americans are destined for greatness and that nothing can
get in the way of that.
Mayflower Compact: (43-44) This was the constitution-like document that the Pilgrims
wrote up for the Plymouth colony on the day of their arrival. It was written on the
Mayflower and dictated that the Pilgrims would create a civil bodied colony with all the
rights and liberties that the common Englishman had. With the document containing
protection of the rights and liberties all Englishmen have it shows that the colonists
believe themselves to still be Englishmen and deserve all of their rights.
Roger Williams-Fd. Rhode Island: (51-52) Roger Williams was a Puritan that moved to
the Mass. Bay Colony in 1631. Although he was well liked, his ideas were very radical
and he preached his separatist ideas to the colony. He questioned the integrity of the
charter for the colony since they did not reimburse the Indians for the land, and believed
that the civil officers had no right to punish a person for their religious beliefs. Williams
was banned from the colony, and then he founded the Rhode Island colony.
“Visible Saints” and the “Elect”: (46-47) Visible saints and the Elect were members of
the church who pledged oaths of faith to the church. It was believed that they had God’s
grace upon them and could truly do no wrong. With them there was the belief of
Predestination, which meant that these people were believed to be destined to end up in
heaven.
Fd. Connecticut: (51-52) Connecticut was one of the colonies that also spawned from
the Mass. Bay Colony (the others were New Hampshire and Rhode Island). The colony
was mostly filled with people who willingly left the Mass. Colony to follow Thomas
Hooker, a priest that preached in Mass. Bay. The colony wasn’t chartered by the King
until after the colony passed the Fundamental Orders in 1662 which was the constitution
like document that laid out the colony’s government.
Anne Hutchinson: (43-52) Part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She spoke out
against the orthodox leaders of the church and state and suggested that they lost touch
with the “Holy Spirit”. Hutchinson was cross-examined by several ministers in the
colony and eventually was banished to Rhode Island.
Church of England/Anglicans: (43-52) Officially established church in England.
Pilgrims believed the Church had to many similarities to the Roman Catholic Church,
which started the Separatist Movement.
Quakers: (52-57) Associated with the founding of Pennsylvania, the Quaker movement
was a radical religious sect produced from the England during the Civil War. Some key
beliefs are pacifism, no learned ministers, and rejecting the idea of predestination.
William Penn-Fd. Pennsylvania: (52-57) Penn was a bold visionary, founded
Pennsylvania as part of his “Holy Experiment” in 1682. Became a very diverse and
successful colony, profiting on mainly wheat.
“Inner Light”: (52-57) The Quaker belief that with the Lord’s help, they could attain
greater spiritual perfection on earth.
Halfway Covenant: (65-72) Used in New England to allow grandchildren of members
of the church to be baptized. Was created after English colonies began drifting away
from their original religious purpose.
Congregational Church: (65-72) Churches that were built on a family foundation as
opposed to having people demonstrate whether they were among God’s “elect”.
Social Hierarchy in Chesapeake: (72-81) Due to an economy mainly based on tobacco,
it was the deciding factor of peoples’ status in Chesapeake. It created a large inequality
of wealth. Basically the more white servants and slaves you had to work in your fields,
the richer you became. The percentage of the rich was small, however, they dominated
society.
Slavery- West Indies: From all of the slaves taken from south and West Africa, 42% of
them went to the West Indies.
Slave Culture: Colonial Era: (72-81) The slave experienced varied on where they
were. On large plantations, slaves would have little contact with whites. In these areas
blacks developed Creole languages which mixed English vocabulary with African
tongues. For blacks who had more contact with whites, it was difficult or them to
preserve their independent African identity.
Freemen: (72-81) Freemen formed the largest class in Chesapeake society. Freemen
traveled to the New World as indentured servants and managed to remain alive to the end
of their contracts. Some were able to do better in America than they would have in
England, but most of them lived on the edge of poverty.
Indentured Servants: (72-81) In the Chesapeake region, most of the settlers were poormiddle class farmers. So what they did was somebody would pay for their passage to
America, and in return that person had to serve 4-7 years of labor.
Changes in Legal Status- Slaves: (72-81) At first in the early-mid 17th century, freed
blacks were able to form families, acquire property, and earn community respect. In the
last quarter of the 17th century, reliance grew on slave labor, rather then indentured
servitude, and was accompanied by curtailment on civil liberties on racial grounds
Olaudah Equiano: (72-81) An African sold in Virginia in 1757. He was 12 when he
came to the New World and complained about not being able to communicate with
anyone because he didn’t know any English.
Royal African Company: (72-81) European company formed exclusively for the
African slave trade.
Nathaniel Bacon- Bacon’s Rebellion: (84-85) Bacon was a substantial planter in
Virginia. When he tried to obtain a fur-trading license, the governor, William Berkeley,
denied him. When Indians began attacking settlers, Bacon offered to lead a volunteer
army to stop them, only if they were given permission to kill all Indians they saw.
Berkeley denied him, and Bacon was furious. He marched his followers to the frontier
and massacred friendly Indians. At one point he burned Jamestown to the ground and
chased Berkeley across Chesapeake Bay. It allowed the upper class to keep in mind the
status and power of the middle-lower class.
Glorious Revolution: 1689: (85-88) After the Bay Colonies charter was revoked;
James II restructured the whole government, putting one man, Edmund Andros in charge.
Andros was a military veteran of tyrannical temperament. Andros was hated alienating
everyone, abolishing elective assemblies, and strictly enforcing the Navigation Acts.
After William and Mary accepted a Bill of Rights, the colonists almost immediately
overthrew Andros. He was jailed without a single shot being fired.
King Phillip's War: (86 and 119) Metacomet, who was the chief of the Wampanoag
Tribe in New England, known by the New Englanders as King Phillip, led an intense war
against the colonists in Massachusetts which resulted in the death or injury of more than a
thousand Indians and colonists. The war left Massachusetts in deep debt and the defeated
indians were forced off the land. This marked the beginning of a string of events that
caused great tension between colonists and Native Americans.
Salem Witch Trials: (87-88 and 92-95) Between February 1692 and May 1693,
hundreds of innocent people (usually woman) were accused and hanged on the charge of
witchcraft. The fact that a small town such as Salem was able to get away with the unjust
murders of hundreds of citizens opened the eyes of people across the country. They
realized the outcome of obtaining too much power.
William Byrd: (97-98) In 1728, Byrd was sent to help survey a disputed boarder
between North Carolina and Virginia. During his journey to the border, he kept a journal
of his daily life in the deep wilderness of Virginia. This journal is now seen as classic
American literature, and is used by historians as a peek into 18th century livelihood.
Backcountry: (100-103) The backcountry, which began west of Pennsylvania and
extended to Georgia, was a common place for European immigrants to settle upon arrival
in the New World. These immigrants established new cultures and traditions in the
backcountry. They mainly explored many different forms of christianity and introduced a
"moral character that survived long after the colonial period".
Scots-Irish: (100) Throughout the seventeenth century, large numbers of Scotch-Irish
people migrated to America. While accepted at first, their reputation quickly faltered.
They squatted on whatever land looked best and refuse to give it up when officials
pointed out the issue. This constant contradiction to authority built up a bad attitude
toward immigrants that would continue well into the twentieth century.
Lutherans: (102) In mid-eighteenth century, large numbers of German Lutherans began
to migrate to the Middle Colonies seeking to enhance their material lives, as well as to
leave the ever-changing religious culture in Germany. The leader of this group, Henry
Muhlenberg stated that this journey was soon to be "the most important single event in
American Lutheran history."
Pennsylvania Dutch: (102) The Pennsylvania Dutch were German migrants--"Dutch"
being the American interpretation of the German word "Deutsch" meaning German-- who
populated one third of Pennsylvania during the eighteenth century. These immigrants
were considered to be some of the best farmers in the colony, but they were still
discriminated against for things Americans found peculiar, such as speaking German in
America. This group of people proved that Americans were so opinionated against
immigrants that they were willing to discriminate even against those who clearly helped
the agricultural economy.
Indians and Middle Ground: (103) The Middle Ground, specifically around the Great
Lakes, was a common place for traders and settlers to trade with Native Americans. The
Middle Ground was one of the few places where Indians and colonists got along, for the
most part, peacefully.
Benjamin Franklin: (As he pertains to this specific chapter) (108) Benjamin Franklin, "a
person of reason and science", cofounded (alongside his brother) a weekly newspaper,
New England Courant, which held great intellectual and cultural influence over many of
its readers. Franklin worked to spread reason, starting various book groups, philosophy
groups, and science groups. Franklin's ideals greatly influenced the thought of many
scientists, politicians, and philosophers.
First Great Awakening: (111-112) The first Great Awakening, which held its greatest
influence during the 1750's and '60's, was a massive religious revival, resulting from
extremely powerful, influential preaching. This revival gave colonists a renewed
revelation of their need for salvation.
Positive Impact: Several centers for higher learning were created in order to
teach aspiring preachers. (This was how Princeton University was founded) The
Awakening influenced many people to stand up for themselves against religious
authority, and to take an active role in their own salvation.
Negative Impact: Certain preachers, such as James Davenport, encouraged
people to burn books that were not written by New Light(see below) activists, and
attacked intellectualist preachers.
New/Old Lights: (112-113) "New Lights" was the name given to those who, during the
Great Awakening, embraced the revivals who preached from colony to colony, and were
ready and willing to jump into new religious views and ideals. "Old Lights", however,
held a more traditional view of religion and were against the revivals. The differences
between the two groups caused much tension between colonists, and separated many
churches.
Jonathon Edwards: (112) Johnathon Edwards was a Congregational minister in
Massachusetts whose powerful preaching helped to inspire the Great Awakening.
Edwards practiced traditional Calvinist values, reminding his congregation that their fate
for afterlife had been determined previously by God, and their was nothing they could do
to change it. His sermons were so powerful, that they encouraged the religious revival of
the eighteenth century.
George Whitfield: (113) George Whitfield, an English preacher, carried the
responsibility of sustaining the religious revival. He was an excellent public speaker who
took the time to learn the latest merchandising techniques, doing whatever he could to
get into the heads of those he was speaking to. He greatly influenced the revival, causing
large numbers of colonists to begin thinking seriously about religion, and inspiring many
young preachers who later followed Whitfield's example.
Mercantilism: (110) Mercantilism is an economic system where the government's
control of foreign trade is crucial for guaranteeing prosperity. England, whose economy
was based on this idea, issued a series of Navigation Acts on the colonists, in order to
limit colonial trade with other countries. England also encouraged America to focus on
the production of raw materials, which would be sent to Britain to be made into products,
and then shipped back. America was against these mercantilistic ideas, as they desired to
be an independent economy. Tensions between the colonies and the mother country
increased.
Enumerated Goods: (110) In the early seventeen hundreds, as a part of the Navigation
Acts, colonists were forced to send "enumerated" items, such as tobacco, to be traded
with the British only. The list of enumerated goods continued to grow, and as it did
colonists had fewer goods to trade with other countries. Tensions between Britain and the
new world continued to rise.
The Navigation Acts: (82-86) The Navigation Acts were a list of restrictions on trade
with other countries, established by the British for the new world.
Navigation Act One: 1660 1. No ship that had not been constructed in either
England or America and carried at least 75% Englishmen could trade in the colonies. 2.
Enumerated goods that were made in America and held great value, such as tobacco,
sugar, cotton, and indigo, could only be shipped to England or another colony.
Navigation Act Two or Staple Act: 1663 Nothing could be shipped into
America that had not first been transshipped through Brittain
Navigation Act Three: 1673 A plantation duty (sum of money equal to English
customs duty) would be collected on enumerated goods at Colonial ports
Navigation Act Four: 1696 American customs service to be expanded and
colonial governors must make sure to keep England's competing countries out of
America.
Vice-Admiralty Courts: (84) Created in the colonies as a part of the fourth Navigation
Act, the Vice-Admiralty courts were created in order to solve problems that occurred at
sea. They had no juries or cross-examinations, using only the power of law. These courts
helped to establish peace at sea, and were popular in settling small, maritime disputes.
Commonwealthmen/Cato's Letters/ Trenchard and Gordon: (115)
Commonwealthmen was the name given to the few people who stood up against Great
Britain's corrupt Parliament. Two of the most famous commonwealthmen, John
Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, were the authors of a series of essays titled Cato's
Letters, which warned its readers that if England's rulers were corrupt, then no
constitution could save them from tyranny. Trenchard and Gordon, although ignored by
the British, greatly influenced colonial thought. Americans were inspired by these letters,
taking every word "to heart".
French and Indian War: (125) Also known as the Seven Years War. A war between
the British, their colonies, and their Native American allies (namely, the Iroquois) and the
French, their colonies, and their Native American allies lasting from 1756-1763. The war
reflected a struggle between Britain and France for control of the New World. Under the
leadership of William Pitt, the head of the British ministry, the British won the war and
established effective control of the New World.
Iroquois League: (121-124) The Iroquois League, also known as the Iroquois
Confederacy, was a union of the six Iroquois nations. The Iroquois League was the most
prominent and strongest Native American force in the New World. The League placed
its support behind Britain in the French and Indian War and was important in the British
victory.
George Washington: (122-124) A young military officer who led Virginian militia
companies in constructing Fort Necessity in the Ohio Valley to challenge the established
French Fort Duquesne. The plan ultimately failed and Fort Necessity was overrun by
French and Indian troops.
Quebec: (125) A key battle in the French and Indian War. On September 13, 1759,
British general James Wolfe assaulted French and Indian troops, headed by the Marquis
de Montcalm, at Quebec. The French and Indian troops were beaten decisively, leading
to the final surrender of the French army.
Albany Plan: (123) A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin after the British summoned
colonial representatives to Albany to discuss relations with the Iroquois. The Albany
plan detailed a Grand Council made up of delegates from all of the colonies to deal with
foreign and Indian affairs, common defense, and western expansion. The plan was
ultimately rejected.
Peace of Paris- 1663: (125) The treaty which ended the French and Indian War. Under
the treaty, the British gained control of Florida, Canada, all land east of the Mississippi,
and several islands.
Significance of French-Indian War: (126-127) The French and Indian War was the first
time the colonists united and cooperated on a large scale, and ultimately brought a greater
sense of being ‘American’ to the colonists. It also gave American colonists first-hand
military experience and demonstrated that the British were not invincible. From the war,
the British incurred huge debts that they would later claim Americans were responsible
for.
“Post-War Optimism”: (132-133) The time after the French and Indian War in which
American population boomed, American spirits ran high, and many Americans
experienced varying degrees of prosperity.
Impact of Great Awakening on Revolutionary Movements: (135-136) The Great
Awakening emphasized the need to conduct public (governmental) affairs according to
Scripture, the responsibility of the individual to decide his own future, and the need to
sacrifice self-interest for the common good. All of these ideas were prominent on the
road to revolution.
Parliamentary Sovereignty- Differing Views: (134-135) The British believed in
complete parliamentary sovereignty and supremacy: Parliament held the ultimate power
in all situations at all times. For this reason, the British could not contemplate dividing
power between Parliament and the colonists. Furthermore, the British believed that the
Americans were represented in Parliament via “virtual representation.” American
colonists also believed in the power of the legislature, but they insisted that
representatives had to be chosen by the people for whom they spoke. Because no one in
the British Parliament was chosen by the American colonists, the British Parliament had
no power over the American colonies.
Pontiac’s Uprising: (136-137) A rebellion led by Pontiac, an Ottawa warrior, against
whites in response to continued white encroachment on Indian lands. Pontiac and his
followers attacked Detroit and the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. After a year,
Pontiac sued for peace. This rebellion demonstrated the inability of British troops
stationed in America to protect American colonists.
Proclamation of 1763: (137) An act issued by Parliament prohibiting the movement of
colonists west of the Appalachian Mountains.
George Grenville: (137-140) The chancellor of the exchequer in Britain. Grenville
facilitated the passage of the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act and was wildly unpopular with
American colonists. Grenville was eventually replaced by Lord Rockingham.
Sugar Act of 1764: (137) Formally known as the Revenue Act, the Sugar Act reduced
the tax on molasses so that colonists would be less likely to disobey the Navigation Acts.
Legislative assemblies in the colonies believed the act to be a violation of the right of
colonists to asses their own taxes.
Stamp Act of 1765: (137-140) An act which required Americans to purchase special
stamps to validate legal documents. The act caused an uproar in America.
Patrick Henry and the Virginia Resolves: (138-139) Patrick Henry introduced five
resolutions protesting the Stamp Act to the Virginia House of Burgesses. The assembly
passed the resolutions which stated that they alone could tax themselves, but did not pass
the fifth resolution, which stated that any attempt to collect stamp tax revenues was
illegal and unconstitutional. Word about the Virginia Resolves got out and several
newspapers printed not only the resolves passed by the House of Burgesses, but also the
fifth resolve and resolves Henry had thought to radical to introduce.
Stamp Act Congress: (139) A meeting with representatives from nine of the colonies
convened in New York in 1765 to protest the Stamp Act. Delegates drafted petitions to
the king asking for the repeal of the Stamp Act, but the overall tone of the meeting was
conciliatory.
Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty: (139-140) The Sons of Liberty was a group
organized by Sam Adams in response to the Stamp Act. The Sons of Liberty involved
regular Americans in protest by promoting a boycott of British goods and leading popular
protests.
Thuggery: (139-140) Protest of the Stamp Act and of future acts of Parliament often
turned violent. “Thuggery” denotes the reckless, wild, and raucous nature of the popular
protests and acts of rebellion which took place in America.
Declaratory Act: This was a declaration passed by British Parliament in 1776 around
the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed. It gave Britain the power to make laws
and changes to the colonial government.
Townshend Acts: These were a series of laws passed in 1767 by British Parliament.
These laws taxed Colonial imports such as glass, tea, paper, and paint. This led to great
distress among the colonists.
Quartering Act: these were laws passed by British Parliament in 1765. These laws
allowed British soldiers take up residence in Colonial homes without the colonists
consent.
Massachusetts Circular letter and #92: This was a statement written by Samuel
Adams, in response to the Townshend Acts. This angered Britain and in response the
British sent troops to occupy Boston. The letter said that the Townshend acts violated the
British constitution and Natural rights of men.
Tea Act: This was an act passed by British parliament in 1773. The East India Trading
Company had a lot of left over tea to sell, so they sent the tea directly to the colonies.
This angered the colonists because this was taking away from their business. This was
the last straw and this act led to the American Revolution.
Tea Party: this was an act of defiance by colonists to show Britain that they were fed up
with being oppressed. The colonists dressed up as Indians and stormed a British ship and
dumped British Tea into the harbor. This severely angered the British and lead to the
American Revolution.
Intolerable acts: These were laws passed by British Parliament in 1774. These
triggered wide spread anger in the colonies that lead to violence. These acts were
brought forth by the need for Britain to generate revenue after the seven years war. This
led to the popular slogan “No taxation without representation”
Quebec Acts: This was an act passed in 1774 by British Parliament. This act gave more
territory to Quebec that was previously Indian Reserve. This also guaranteed free
practice of the Catholic faith.
Burning of Gaspee: the HMS Gasppe was a ship enforcing unpopular trade regulations.
On June 9, 1772 John Brown and a group of men boarded the ship raided it and set it on
fire.
First Continental Congress: this was a congregation of delegates from twelve of the
thirteen colonies. This congress was called in order to discuss and possibly repeal the
intolerable acts. It had no effect.
Suffolk Resolves: This was a declaration made on Sept. 9, 1774, this urged British
courts to close instead of dealing with the oppression from the British.
Paul Revere: He was a colonist that made the famous ride chanting, “The British are
Coming.” As he rode from town to town. He alerted the colonists that the British were
coming and gave the colonists a chance to arm themselves.
Lexington and Concord: These were the towns where the first military engagements
took place in the Revolutionary War. The colonists were heavily outnumbered and
eventually forced to retreat.
Bunker hill/Breeds Hill: these were battles that took place on June 17, 1775. These
battles were victories for the colonists. The colonists took the high ground and defended
it well.
Second Continental Congress: this was a convention attended by delegates from the
thirteen colonies soon after the American Revolution. This was much more effective
than the first congress. The convention produced the articles of confederation.
George Washington: He was the iconic leader for the colonists during the American
Revolution. He led his troops to key victories, and also aided in avoiding complete
annihilation of his forces. He also became our first president and one of our most
famous.
Thomas Paine-Common Sense: Thomas Paine is the author of Common Sense a book
originally written anonymously. The book was a hit in the colonies and spoke of how the
colonies should be separated from Britain.
Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson is considered the
author of the declaration of independence. This declaration was written and sent to
Britain to inform the British of what the colonists wanted. This became the single most
important document in US history.
British and American advantages/disadvantages: The Americans had the advantage
of fighting a war on their home turf. They also were fighting for freedom, which would
have been a plus. Their disadvantages include less troops, less experienced leadership,
and less technology.
San Souci Club: Was a group of younger sons and daughters of wealthy Bostonians that
formed a tea assembly called the San Souci Club. This outraged old patriots like Sam
Adams who had envisioned a virtuous new “Christian Sparta” that didn’t distinguish
between rich or poor.
Primogeniture & Entail: Primogeniture was the old English practice of giving the oldest
son of a family his father’s estate, when his father died. The early colonist tried to
replicate this in America, however there was increasingly shortages in land, just like in
Europe. Entail was the actual law that said you were not allowed to sell the family land
outside of family members.
Phyllis Wheatly: Was the first African American poet and first African American women
whose poems were published. She was a slave until her master died when she was freed.
She became famous not only in the Americas but also in Europe as well. She eventually
became married, however her husband died shortly afterwards, leaving her in poverty till
her death.
Benjamin Banneker: Was a freed African American slave who was proficient in
mathematics and science. He built a clock completely out of wood, wrote an almanac that
gained worldwide fame, and helped survey the land where Washington D.C. would
eventually stand.
Manumission Society: Was one of the many anti-slavery societies that were formed by
prominent New Yorkers such as John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton.
Richard Allen & AME Church: Richard Allen a minister, educator, and writer who
founded the first independent black church in the United States. Named the African
Methodist Episcopal (AME). Richard Allen was then voted the first Bishop of the new
AME Church.
Daughters of Liberty: These were groups of women that paralleled the Sons of Liberty;
only it focused more on the domestic front. The Daughters of Liberty would sew uniform
and flags for the men who were fighting against the British, and encourage the buying of
products produced in the United States.
George Mason: Was a statesmen from Virginia who helped write the Articles of
Confederation and insisted on the creation of a Bill of Rights to be added to the
Constitution, thus he is considered one of the Founding Fathers.
John Dickenson: A lawyer from Pennsylvania who wrote that revolutionary pamphlet
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer. He also headed the committee to write of the
Articles of Confederation.
Articles of Confederation: Was the first attempt to establish a strong central government
between the states. It was ratified in 1777 but later replaced by the Constitution.
Northwest Territory: This was the territory West of the Appalachian Mountains that was
a real problem for the writers of the Articles of Confederation. Virginia Claimed this land
to expand it’s own borders, but states that had already determined borders like
Massachusetts protest because it would give unfairly give the Virginians more land
without the benefit of all the states. Eventually Virginia agreed to cede the land as long as
Northern speculators weren’t allowed any advantages when purchasing the land on the
open market.
Land Ordinance of 1785: an orderly process to lay out new townships, market public
land and sell off the wetern territory as quickly as possible by creating 6 miles squared
units which were subdivided into 36 separate sections. One sections was set aside for
public education and the government reserved four others for its own use. Few people
able to afford, and public response disappointed congress.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: New structure for government of the Northwest
Territory- creation of 3 to 5 territories each ruled by a governor, secretary, and 3 judges.
When population reaches 5,000- voters owning property could elect assembly. When
population reaches 60,000- write a constitution and apply for full statehood. Also
included, settlers right to trial by jury, freedom of religion, and due process of the law. In
addition it outlawed slavery.
“Nationalists” and “Localists”: During a state of economic crisis, groups formed in
response of ideas on how to save the Confederation. Nationalists: (Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison)- believed we needed a stronger central government propose amendment
allowing Congress to collect 5% tax on imported goods sold in state. Localists: (state
leaders)- were fearful of centralized power.
The Newburgh Conspiracy: extreme group of nationalists went to officers in the
Continental Army, stations in Newburgh, NY(who were worried about future pension
payments) to please with them to put pressure on Congress-even hinting at possible
military takeover.
The Jay-Gardoqui negotiations: If Gardoqui would allow American merchants to trade
directly with Spain, thus opening up an important new market to ships from New
England and the middle of the states, then the United States might forgo navigation of the
Mississippi for 25 years.
Baron de Montesquieu: a French political philosopher, declared that a republican
government could not flourish in a large territory.
James Madison: Federalist No. 10: James Madison disagrees with Montesquieu and
argues that with a republican government, “in large territories, the society becomes
broken into a greater variety of interest, of pursuits, of passions, which check each
other…” Madison’s federal system was a government based on the will of the people
and yet detached from their narrowly based demands.
Annapolis Convention: Madison persuades the Virginia assembly to recommend a
convention to explore the creation of a unified system of “commercial regulations.”
Small group of delegates show- but delegates advise Congress to hold 2nd meeting in
Philadelphia to “take into consideration the situation of the United States and devise
further provisions appearing necessary to render constitution of the Federal
Government…”
Shay’s Rebellion: several thousand impoverished farmers in debt to eastern creditors.
Complained of high taxes, high interest rates and state governments insensitivity to their
problems. In 1786, Daniel Shay and armed neighbors closed a county courthouse where
creditors were suing to foreclose farm mortgages. In result, next general election selected
representatives sympathetic to Shay’s demands and new liberal assembly reformed debtor
law.
Philadelphia Convention: 55 men representing the 12 states (R.I. refused), including
George Washington, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. Delegates decide to vote
by state, and that key proposals needed the support of only a makority instead of the nine
states required under the articles.
Virginia Plan: Drawn up by James Madison and envisioned a national legislature
consisting of 2 houses, one elected directly by the people and the other chosen by 1st
house from nominations made by state assemblies. Representation proportional to state’s
population. Also provided for an executive elected by congress.
New Jersey Plan: William Paterson- a N.J. lawyer advanced plan that retained
unicameral legislature in which each state possessed one vote while Congress was given
extensive new powers to tax and regulate trade. Believed that revisions would have
greater appeal to American people.
Roger Sherman: Connecticut delegate who sought to mollify the Southerners,
especially South Carolinians who spoke passionately about slavery.
Great Compromise: Retains the bicameral legislature as proposed by James Madison,
along with proportional representation in the lower house-(HOR), but required the upper
house to be weighted equally between the states.
Three/Fifths Compromise: Decided in the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, the threefifths rule stated that for the purpose of determining representation in the lower house,
slaves would be counted, but not as much as a free person. For every five slaves, a
congressional district received credit for three free voters. This gave the South much
greater power in the new government than they might have otherwise received.
Slave Trade Compromise: Congress would not interfere with the slave trade until 1808.
Causes many Northerners to revolt, however, many conceded that establishing a strong
national government was of greater immediate importance.
Original intent: The intent of the delegates lies in Madison’s Notes of Debates in the
Federal Convention of 1787. Madison sought manuscript copies of delegate’s speeches
that he incorporated into his notes.
Electoral College: a body of prominent men in each state will be chosen by local voters.
Number of “electoral” votes held by each state equaled its number of representatives and
senators. Guaranteed that the president would not be indebted to the Congress for his
office. Whoever received the second largest amount to votes would become Vice
President. If a tie occurs, election would be decided by the House of Representativeswith each state casting a single vote.
Federalists: Citizens who stand for a confederation of states rather than for the creation
of a supreme national authority.
Antifederalists: (191-196) Opponents of the constitution, mainly poor and less urban,
uneducated people, feared a strong central government, favored liberty over security,
state power over national power, emphasis on agriculture. (ex. Thomas Jefferson, Sam
Adams)
Bill of Rights: (193-195) First ten amendments of the Constitution established by
Antifederalists: Freedom of speech, press, religion, and petition, right to keep and bear
arms, conditions for quartering of soldiers, right of search and seizure regulated,
provisions concerning prosecution, right to a speedy trial, right to a trial by jury, excess
bail or fines, non-enumerated rights, rights reserved to states.
The Cabinet and the first five departments: (204-205) George Washington’s personal
appointees, Henry Knox, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton, were assigned as
secretaries of the Departments of War, State, and the Treasury, respectively. These men
made up what became known as “The Cabinet.” Washington would later sign the
Judiciary Act, which established the fourth of the first five departments, the office of the
Attorney General. Washington appointed Edmund Randolph to fill this position. The last
of the first five departments was the Postmaster General, assigned to Samuel Osgood.
Judiciary Act of 1789: (206) Primarily drafted by Connecticut Congressman Oliver
Ellsworth, this act created a Supreme Court staffed by a chief justice and five associate
justices. Thirteen district courts were also set up, and John Jay became the first chief
justice.
Tariff of 1789: (206) Tax of approximately 5% on imports to generate revenue for the
young republic. This tax angered southerners who felt it favored the northerners who
could control the flow of imports.
Report on the Public Credit: (208-211) Hamilton’s economic plan to get the new
republic out of a $54 million debt. The Secretary of Treasury proposed two solutions for
the economic turmoil: First, the current holders of loan certificates could exchange their
loans for federal bonds with moderate interests and second, the federal government must
assume responsibility for paying the remaining state debts. The Report on the Public
Credit was a stepping- stone in Hamilton’s “Grand Design” to fix the failing economy.
Funding and Assumption: (209-210) The first part of Hamilton’s Grand Design,
funding and assumption would successfully issue new bonds backed by the revenue from
Tarriff of 1789 to buy out old bonds as face value. Funding also rewarded original
speculators who went crazy with the new bonds. The assumption of state debts by the
federal government helped ease the national debt and shift allegiance to the federal
government.
Bank of the United States: (210-211) The second part of Hamilton’s Grand Design
called for a federal government charter and partial funding of a national bank. Hamilton
justified the charter for a national bank by citing Article 1, Section 8 (the elastic clause).
The BUS was passed by loose construction and successfully handled complex
transactions, provided a storehouse for deposits, and issued sound credit (loans). The
BUS also regulated currency to avoid inflation.
Article I, Section 8 (Elastic Clause): (210) Stated that “The Congress shall have
Power…To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into
Execution the foregoing Powers.” Hamilton cited this clause to defend the
Constitutionality of the BUS. The “loose construction,” or loose interpretation of the
constitution, allowed the bank act to be passed into law.
Loose and Strict Construction: (210) Refers to the “loose” interpretation of the
Constitution (i.e. Elastic Clause) and the “strict” interpretation of the Constitution (i.e.
Original Intent).
Report on Manufactures: (211) Hamilton’s proposal to decrease reliance on imports
failed. Proposed protective tariffs and industrial bounties to encourage manufacturing
were unsuccessful due to conflicting sectional interests.
Edmond Genet: (212-213) AKA “Citizen Genet” involved in the Citizen Genet Affair.
This French minister arrived in America and privately authorized US vessels to seize
British ships during wartime between Britain and France. Both of these countries
challenged US shipping neutrality and Edmond Genet ordered to stop. Following this
affair, Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793.
Jay’s Treaty: (213-215) Attempted to deal with a host of foreign issues. Britain refuses
to leave NW forts and US demands payment for seized ships. This treaty allowed for
better commercial relations with GB and acceptance of US neutrality. It also resulted in
protest because HOR felt they had not had a say in the issue, but protest quelled by
Washington’s trump card: “House was asking for my impeachment!”
Proclamation of Neutrality: (213) Passed by Washington after the Citizen Genet Affair,
declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and GB
Federalists: (191-196) Political party in favor of constitution, advocated for the
confederation of states rather than supreme authority, feared mobacracy, security over
liberty, national power over state power (ex. Madison, Washington)
Jeffersonian or Democratic Republicans: (216-217) In opposition to Federalists,
valued republicanism, strongest support in the South because supported yeoman farmer
General Anthony Wayne: (215-216) American general in the Battle of Fallen Timbers,
crushed Native American resistance in Ohio Valley
Battle of Fallen Timbers: (215-216) Great Britain had been arming Native Americans in
NW territories to start an uprising before GB officially left the region. The uprising was
crushed by General Anthony Wayne and the battle ended with the Treaty of Greenville
Treaty of Greenville: (215-216) This treaty ended the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Ohio
ceded to the US government from Britain, no more Native American resistance in the
Ohio valley
Louisiana Purchase (240-242) A large expanse of land was purchased from France for
$15 million under the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. It doubled the size of the nation. It
was sold after France lost interest in an American colony because of the Haitian
Revolution.
Robert Livingston (241) American minister who negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. He
originally was looking to buy the city of New Orleans. After the purchase he said; “From
this day, the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.”
James Monroe (241) Virginian Republican who also negotiated to Louisiana Purchase.
He remarked that he was not even sure how large the Louisiana Territory was.
Louisiana Government Act (242) The people of Louisiana were not trusted to elect their
own leaders/representatives and in March 1804 the Louisiana Government Act was
passed. This established a transitional government of exclusively appointed officials. It
was not popular as the people of Louisiana payed taxes and had no representation which
was a core value of republican principles.
Lewis & Clark (243) Explorers that were hired by the government to research and map
the Louisiana Territory. They left Saint Louis in May 1804. The men barely escaped with
their lives and in September 1806 finished their expedition. It was a success and Jefferson
was pleased with their findings.
The Barbary War (243) The Barbary states, (Tangier, Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis) had a
habit of attacking merchant ships in the Mediterranean. Many European nations payed
the Barbary pirates to spare their ships. In 1801 the pirates demanded more money from
American and Jefferson declared it extortion and sent a small fleet of Marines to the
Barbary Coast. Tripoli captured a US ship and got $60,000 for their release. Land
hostilities brought the war to a close and in 1805 a treaty was signed.
John Marshall (244) Appointed by Adams as chief justice, he clashed with President
Jefferson.
Marbury v. Madison (245) One of Adams’ Midnight Appointees. He demanded that the
new administration give him the office of the justice of the peace for the District of
Columbia. He challenged Secretary of State Madison for withholding his commission.
Marbury lost and it was concluded that the Supreme Court did not hold jurisdiction of
court appointments. It is an important precedent for judicial review of federal statutes.
Judicial Review (244-245) Review of Judiciary Act in January 1802. Called for by
Jefferson’s congressional allies. It was repealed.
Samuel Chase impeachment (245-246) Chase was a Supreme Court justice who
frequently attacked Republican policies. He was indicted for attacking the principles of
the constitution. He was acquitted of all charges. Afterwards he did not attack
Republicans.
Yazoo controversy - Fletcher v. Peck (246-247) In 1795 the GA assembly sold 35 acres
of land called “Yazoo claims” to speculators at low prices. 1n 1796 the entire agreement
was rescinded but the properties had already been sold to other people. Jefferson’s
specially appointed commission wanted 5 million acres for the innocent buyers. It was
then taken to the supreme court where it was ruled that legislative fraud did not impair
private contracts and the land could not be taken away from the innocent buyers. This
was an example of the Supreme Court’s authority over the constitutionality of state laws.
Aaron Burr (247-248) The very ambitious Republican Vice President of Thomas
Jefferson. He killed Alexander Hamilton on 11 July 1804 in a duel. NJ and NY convicted
him of murder and if he entered either state he would be arrested. His term as VP was
ending in a few weeks at the time. He plotted to separate the western territories from
America and was caught and tried for treason. He was found not guilty and was exiled to
Europe.
Slave Trade Act of 1807 (248 - 249) Prohibited importation of slaves into America. The
south did not obey this law and continued importing slaves from Africa.
Orders in Council (249, 252-253) British trade regulations that started in 1806. The
British required that American ships stop in England to pay duties and secure clearance to
mainland Europe. France responded by seizing any American ship that obeyed the
British.
Continental system (249) France’s “paper blockage” response to Britain’s regulations.
Berlin and Milan Decrees included.
Berlin and Milan Decrees (249) France closed all mainland European ports to British
trade and American ships carrying British goods.
Embargo Act of 1807 (250) “Peaceable coercion” Passed on 22 December 1807, it
stopped all foreign trade. The idea was that by depriving Europe of needed American
goods would force them to stop attacking American ships. It was a failure.
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 (251-252) 1 March 1809 This bill resumed trade with the
rest of the world except England and France. Either country could resume trade if they
agreed to the rights of neutral carriers. It was a failure and American ships were still
attacked by the Royal Navy.
Macon’s Bill Number 2 (252) May 1810 Bill sponsored by Nathaniel Macon (NC) to
reestablish trade with England and France upon one of them repealing restrictions on
neutral shipping. It was a failure.
William Henry Harrison: (252-255) Governor of the Indianan Territory, general in the
Battle of Thames River and Tippecanoe, and 9th president of the US. After the victory at
Tippecanoe, Harrison was a national hero and later was elected president with the slogan
“Tippecanoe and Tyler too!” Harrison died a month into his presidency from pneumonia.
Battle of Tippecanoe: (252) General William Henry Harrison led an army to the
Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana and defeated Tecumseh and his army. After the battle of
Tippecanoe, Tecumseh and remaining Shawnees allied with Great Britain and fought
against the US in the War of 1812.
Tecumseh: (252) Native American leader of the Shawnee who tried to create a cultural
renaissance throughout the Native American culture by revitalizing tribal culture and
traditions. He was killed in the Battle of Thames River in 1813, which led to destruction
of the Native American coalition he had forged among different Native American groups.
War Hawks: (253) During the events leading up to the war of 1812, war hawks called
for action, resistance to England and respect for the US. These aggressive nationalists
calling for war were mostly from the south and west, including Henry Clay and John C.
Calhoun. All war hawks were republican but they rejected Jefferson’s policy of peaceful
coercion. They overlooked how small of an army and navy the US had at the time, how
unprepared the country was for war and would not mobilize needed resources.
John C. Calhoun: (253, 269) Calhoun was a politician from South Carolina and
prominent war hawk. After the War of 1812, political leaders realized how much the
transportation network needed to be improved. Calhoun envisioned an improved
transportation system based upon railroads and canals.
Henry Clay: (279, 281, 284) Clay was a congressman, speaker of the House and war
hawk. Under the Madison administration, Clay advocated for federal involvement in
economic development. The main factor in what he called the “American System” was a
high tariff to stimulate industrial growth and allow the US economy to grow, become
self-sufficient and independent of Europe. Later, Clay also broke down the Missouri
Compromise into three separate bills, which allowed it to be passed through Congress.
He also argued in Congress for recognition of the new Latin American republics.
Battle of the Thames River: (255) General William Harrison fought an army of British
troops and Native American warriors in Michigan. Native American leader Tecumseh
was killed during this battle, which led to the destruction of the Native American
coalition he was trying to create.
Burning of Washington: During the War of 1812, in 1814 Great Britain forces landed at
Chesapeake Bay and defeated US at the Battle of Blasdenburg, marched to Washington
D.C. and burned down the White House and other buildings in the D.C. area.
Francis Scott Key: (255) Writer of the Star Spangled Banner. After the Burning of
Washington, the GB army was driven back to Baltimore, where Key was inspired to write
the song after watching the flag over Fort McHenry.
Battle of New Orleans: (255) The Battle of New Orleans occurred after the US and
English diplomats were preparing a peace treaty. The generals, however, did not know of
this. In a short time, the entire British force had been destroyed. Americans suffered mild
causalities. This battle turned Andrew Jackson into a national war hero and provided
Americans with a sense of pride.
The Hartford Convention: (255-256) New Englanders who felt that the embargo was
unfair to their economic interests and the War of 1812 made it worse. The men who met
at Hartford recommended changes in the constitution but did not advocate for succession
from the Union. While their resolutions were being sent to Washington, the War of 1812
ended. Some claimed the members of the Hartford Convention had committed treason.
This convention quickened the fall of the Federalist Party.
Treaty of Ghent: (256-257) English citizens were tired of war and the US worried about
what would happen if the war continued. Terms of this treaty tell that all captured lands
must be returned to the original owners but did not mention the issues of impressments or
blockades (the issues that started the war).
BLIIST: These are some of Jackson’s polices as president
B
- Bank, bank veto
L
- Land distribution, land sale law of 1832
I
- Internal improvements, Mayesville road veto
I
- Indian removal, Indian removal act and Worcester v. Georgia
S
- Slavery, Nat turner slave revolt, mail- abolitionist tracts, gag order in Congress
T
- Tariff, nullification fight with South Carolina
Impact of War of 1812: (261) The US was free from serious foreign threats and grew
rapidly in population, size and wealth. After the war, the US turned its eyes westward to
build a larger nation.
Jackson’s raid on Florida: (262) Obtaining east Florida in the early 1810s was a main
object of President Monroe. US troops led by General Jackson fought hostile Seminole
Indians in Florida, which created a larger conflict. Jackson went beyond his orders and
occupied Florida for April and May of 1812.
John Quincy Adams: (240, 262-263, 285-287) Republican, secretary of state for James
Monroe and 6th president of the US. He had designed a continental expansion plan that
required nullification of Spanish claims west and east of the Mississippi during Jackson’s
raid on Florida. In the Adams-Onis Treaty, Adams also had Spain give up claims north of
California on the pacific coast, and created a southern boundary between the US and
Spanish territory. Adams also pushed to avoid all entanglements in European countries.
In 1823, Monroe delivered a speech to Congress on foreign policy that was mostly
written by Adams. This became known as the Monroe Doctrine and declared that the US
opposed further colonization in the Americas and any effort by European nations to
expand the political systems outside of their hemisphere. Monroe endorsed Adams to
succeed him as president.
Adams-Onis Treaty: (262-263) Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, this treaty
avoided further conflict in Florida by ceding Florida to the US. Spain relinquished
Florida to the US and in return, the US took on the $5 million financial claims of US
citizens against Spain. The US also received lands north of California on the pacific coast
and set up a southern boundary between the US and Spanish territory.
“Mountain men”: (263) Businesses like the Rocky Mountain Fur Company relied on
these trappers who went after game on their own instead of trading with Indians.
John Jacob Astor: (263) A New Yorker merchant who founded the fur-trading post of
Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon country. Astor’s American Fur
Company originated in St. Louis worked with fur traders on the Missouri River, trading
with Indians.
Maggie Kiel
Magnolia Keil
Mr. Meyers
AP US History
Final Review IDs
Black Hawk/Black Hawk’s War: (265) A short quarrel that erupted after Native
Americans, under the leadership of Black Hawk, specifically the Sac and Fox tribes,
refused to move off lands East of the Mississippi. The conflict occurred in Wisconsin
and Illinois territories throughout the summer of 1832. Federal Troops almost
completely exterminated while forcing the Native Americans across the Mississippi.
This was the last stand for Native Americans in this region.
Five Civilized Tribes: (130) The Five Civilized Tribes consisted of the Cherokee,
Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes. This name was given to them by the
white colonists, who saw them as more accepting of European customs and having better
relations with the colonists than the other tribes. Each of these tribes were recognized as
independent nation by The United States of America and had their own judiciary system
and executive branch.
Land Policy - speculators: (266) Investors would buy large areas of land and hold on to
it until prices rose. Once prices rose, they could sell the land for large sums of money
with incredible amounts of profit. Land speculation allowed for a more rapid expansion
to the West, by attracting thousands from their homes to developing parts of the West.
Many also helped by providing money for internal improvements in the West, making
immigrant life even easier.
Squatter - preemption rights: (267) The Preemption Act of 1841 allowed for squatters
to purchase federal lands for very cheap before it was opened to public auction. It
allowed for individuals to claim federal lands as their own if you were living on the land
or working to improve it. Many territories, such as Kansas and Nebraska, were settled
under this act. Manifest Destiny was also furthered by the establishment of this act.
Frontier culture: self reliance and mutual aid: (268) People migrated to the Western
territories form the seaboard states because of increase in the price of land and fertility of
the land decreasing. They brought with them Puritan ideals of hard work and respect for
government and law. Farms usually were self sufficient, with the woman and man doing
their specific tasks without much help. Sometimes frontier families shared work in newly
settles regions through mutual aid. While frontier life seems to be very individualistic, it
actually incorporated many communal aspects.
National Market Economy: (273) An economic system based off the trade connections
established by a new and improved transportation system. Canals and steamboats
allowed for greater access to an interior market. This new system, combined with the
internal improvements, reduced the costs and increased the profits and speed of shipping
products over large distances and created a complex network of regional trade where
farmers did not have to do their own selling.
National Road: (269-270, 280) The National Road(1811-18) was the first project to be
funded by the federal government. The road ran from Cumberland, Maryland to
Wheeling, Ohio. This was the only transportation project the federal government took
during the presidencies of Madison and Monroe.
Flatboats: (270) Flatboats were boats that used the current of the river system to propel
themselves 2000 miles down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. Flatboat trade was
only one-way and this was not solved until the arrival of the steamboat. Flatboats
allowed for the traveling of many products form the North to Southern ports along the
Mississippi, but ultimately showed the necessity for an alternate form of transportation to
make the Mississippi River a two-way trading route.
Robert Fulton - steamboat: (270-271) In 1807, Robert Fulton was able to effectively
propel the Clermont 150 miles up the Hudson River. He proved the steam was a
successful way of moving cargo upstream. The steamboat transformed western
commerce by reducing costs, increasing speed of moving goods and people, and allowing
two-way commerce on both the Mississippi River and Ohio River.
Erie Canal: (271-272) The Erie Canal(1818-1825) connected the Great Lake system to
the Atlantic ocean by creating a water way between Albany, NY and Buffalo, NY. The
canal was 364 miles long and had 84 locks. It was the most amazing engineering
achievement for the United States at the time, along with being an incredible economic
success. Transportation of goods from Buffalo to Albany was reduced to 1/12 of the
previous cost. It also allowed for New York to further its name as the commercial capital
of the country.
Staple or cash crops: (273) Staple crops are crops that are regionally grown because of
the optimum soil, temperature, and other weather patterns. The crops usually make up a
large percentage of the diet of income for a particular region. For example, wheat might
be considered a staple crop in the North, but tobacco and cotton were cash crops in the
South. Because of the national market economy, regions could focus only on their staple
crops and less of diversifying their products. Through the new trade routes and faster
trade speeds, farmers could rely on others to get the other crops they needed.
Specie: (274) Specie is money in the form of coin instead of notes. State banks were
having to fill in for the lack of specie available during the War of 1812, after the failure
of the Bank of the United States in 1811. They did this by providing banknotes to the
public. This demand for money rapidly increased the number of state banks. The new
flood of money allowed for potential inflation and instability, which ultimately led to the
establishment of the second Bank of the United States.
Second Bank of the United States: (274, 279) Congress established the second Bank of
the United States in 1816 in order to stabilize the currency. They wanted the bank to act
as a watchdog over the state banks, who were giving out too many bank notes without
actually having the specie. The bank provided a depository for government funds and a
source of redeemable banknotes. A financial panic occurred in 1819 and again in 1837,
which allowed for Americans to become even more hostile to banks and question their
effectiveness.
Putting out system vs. Factory system: (274-275) The factory system is a system, in
which all work is done under one roof and under the supervision of others. This system
was pretty rare in the early 1800’s, but was found more commonly in southern New
England, where many spinning mills were located. In the “putting-out” system,
merchants would provide the raw materials to the local houses and then pick up the finish
products and pay them for their work. The merchants would then assume responsibility
of distribution. The “putting-out” system did not interfere with rural life, where as the
factory system many times did. It also allowed for families to be profitable during their
off seasons.
Lowell Mills: (275-278) The first factories, that were able to turn fiber into cloth all in
one building, utilized the power of the loom and spinning machinery. In 1813, three men
created the Boston Manufacturing Company. Its continued success allowed the owners
to build several other facilities. The Lowell Mills were incredible showplaces of
American industrialization and capturing the essence of the middle class .
Madison’s Dec. of 15 proposals: (279) After the War of 1812, the Federalist party
could not win an election so the Republican party began to embrace some of their old
programs. In 1815, President Madison proposed to Congress the reestablishment of the
national bank, a protective tariff, and a federally funded internal improvements program.
He wanted to bind “more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy.”
Henry Clay’s American System: (279) The American System was a high protective
tariff to bring back industrial markets at home for the farmers in the West and to
encourage American companies. Henry Clay intended for the system to make the
country more self-sufficient and free us from dependence on any European countries.
Internal Improvements: Madison’s veto (Bonus Bill): (280) Madison believed that
before any federal money could be used on internal improvements, an amendment to
would need to be passed allowing federal money to be used for independent states. As he
was leaving office, he vetoed a bill that would have given $1.5 million dollars equally to
the states for transportation improvements. Because of Madison’s veto, a debate was
opened on the constitutionality of internal improvements paid for by the federal
government. Monroe argued that it was not, and so much of the funding for projects had
to come from the local governments.
James Monroe: (279-281) James Monroe became the 5th president of the United States
when he was elected in 1816. He wanted to avoid as much controversy as possible by
maintaing national harmony throughout his presidency. He tried to promote an “era of
good feeling” by encouraging any sectional and regional interests and also by asserting
America’s power. He had trouble providing relief and aid during the Panic of 1819, but
was able to maintain his popularity because he was really the only presidential candidate.
Monroe rose above many of the serious problems that faced the country during his
presidency and let the legislative branch deal with the crises.
1. “Era of good feelings” – The period between 1814 and 1825, after the collapse of the
Federalist Party, in which there was really only one party, the Democratic-Republicans,
and partisan conflict, especially under Monroe, was scarce.
2.
Panic of 1819 – The first major financial crisis of the United States, in which the Second
Bank of the United States called in its loans, and state banks were unable to get money
from land speculators and subsequently failed. Resulted in high tariffs to resolve the
situation.
3.
Missouri Compromise – An agreement facilitated by Henry Clay between pro and antislavery forces that allowed for slavery in the western territories below the 36° parallel,
and kept the balance between the forces in Congress by adding the free state Maine,
siphoned off of Massachusetts, along with Missouri.
4.
Tallmadge Amendment – An amendment submitted to add to the Missouri compromise,
seeking to get rid of slavery within a generation in Missouri.
5.
John Marshall – Supreme Court Chief Justice for 34 years. Marshall is accredited with
the idea of judicial review, and established the judicial branch as an equal of the other
two branches of U.S. government.
6.
McCullough v. Maryland – A case in the Supreme Court in which the supremacy of
federal law was upheld, and a Maryland law that taxed the Baltimore branch of the Bank
of the United States was declared unconstitutional.
7.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward – A case in the Supreme Court in which the New
Hampshire government attempted to make Dartmouth College public and fired the board
of trustees, and the court upheld contract law in saying that Dartmouth’s charter was a
contract and the college could not be made public.
8.
Gibbons v. Ogden – A supreme court case incited by steamboat trade in New York that
ensured the federal government the right to regulate interstate commerce,
9.
Monroe Doctrine – A doctrine issued by James Monroe that stated that all efforts by
powers in Europe to colonize territory in the Americas would be considered by
considered an aggressive act towards the U.S.
10. Sec. of State John Q. Adams – Despite his inadequacies as President, it is generally
regarded that he was a great Secretary of State. Some of his accomplishments include
writing the Monroe Doctrine, getting the Florida territory in the Adams-Onis treaty, and
organized the Treaty of 1818 (regarding the Oregon territory and the 49 parallel) with
Great Britain.
11. Hotels – Hotels became a reflection of increasing U.S. democracy in that people of all
classes, even a person’s slaves travelling with them, lived together, ate together, and were
even served upon together. In a place like Europe, staying in a hotel with indoor
plumbing, gas lighting, and steam heat, was reserved for the upper class, whereas all
walks of American life stayed in a hotel at some point or another.
12. Meaning of “democracy” – Over time, democracy evolved to mean more than direct rule
by the people. During the age of Jackson democracy came to mean popular sovereignty,
in which the will of the people could not be wrong. The people came to be a political
focus, and garnered more attention during campaigns for office, and also sided
themselves with political parties, or organized into unions. During this period social class
distinctions faded, and democracy came to be associated with opportunity, and “selfmade men.”
13. “Self-made man” – the people that, under the new democratic system, seized
opportunities and went from “rags to riches,” rose from a common background to fame
and glory (much like Andrew Jackson).
14. Martin Van Buren – Secretary of State then Vice President under Andrew Jackson, and
finally a one-term president from 1837 to 1841, who opposed the annexation of Texas,
and entered during a period of economic hardship, losing the election of 1840 to William
Henry Harrison.
15. National nominating conventions – Conventions held by each major party in which a
presidential nominee is selected, and the party’s platform is announced. Conventions
begun in this period represented the increasingly significant role of the common man in
politics, especially political parties.
16. “money-power” vs. “rabble rousers” – The fragility of the “American experiment” was
expressed in two forms: the Jacksonians believed that the “money power” (elite) would
kill republicanism, while others believed that popular politicians like Jackson himself
would turn tyrannical and act against the interests of the nation.
17. Workingmen’s Parties – The first political labor movement in the United States, begun in
1828 in Philadelphia, and competed in local elections. The group advocated for public
education, universal male suffrage, and an end to labor competition from prisons.
18. Philadelphia union activity –Philadelphia, beyond the Workingmen’s parties, was a hotbed
of labor and trade union activity. Several crafts joined to form the General Trades’ Union
in 1834, which organized the first general strike in American history, and succeeded in
winning a ten-hour workday for its workers. The group had temporary success but
ultimate failure.
19. Romanticism in art/lit – The European Romantic Movement reached the United States in
the mid 19th century, and the romantics embraced morality, downplaying the importance
of rationalism etc. American romantics such as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman
Melville gave way to the transcendentalists (Emerson and Thoreau). Beyond literature,
the romantics of the Hudson River School embraced the American landscape in visual
art.
George Caleb Bingham: (297,313) American Artist who focused on “plain folk”, or
frontier people beginning in the 1830's. He captured the democratic spirit of popular
sovereignty in his depictions of “American” scenes.
Brahmin Poets: (298) Members of old exclusive New England families, who had ties to
Europe. This term was used to describe poets based in New England who had ties to
Harvard University.
Ralph Waldo Emerson: (298, 332, 341-344, 349, 425, 433, 477) Emerson was an
American writer who preached a philosophy called Transcendentalism. This philosophy
called for self reliance, a distrust of the greater population, and ultimately reaching a
higher form of life known as the oversoul.
Nathaniel Hawthorne: (298, 341,343-344) An American novelist who wrote in the
Romantic genre, but was not widely read because many disagreed with the pessimistic
outlook of America Hawthorne portrayed. Later his work The Scarlet Letter (1850)
would be considered an American masterwork.
Herman Melville: (298, 332, 341-344) Not unlike Hawthorne Melville was an American
novelist who wrote Romantic books, but was not commended for his work because the
American public didn't identify with his views. Later Melville's work Moby Dick (1851)
would be considered and American masterwork.
Thomas Cole/ Asher Durand: (299) Were popular landscape artists in the 19th century
who believed their representations of untamed nature would elevate popular taste and
convey moral truths.
Edgar Allen Poe: (298-299) Poe represented the traditional European Romantic style of
writing. Poe rebelled against American piety, and exploited popular fascination with
death.
John Quincy Adams: (240,262-263, 284-287, 299-302) Served as the 6th President and
before that was the Secretary of State. Adams was most notable for his overseas
negotiating; Adams helped bring the treaty of Ghent which ended the war of 1812 to
fruition, and also created the Monroe Doctrine in order to halt European colonization of
American Western Territory.
The “corrupt bargain”: AP Book (106) In the election of 1824 none of the President
hopefuls had received a majority vote, so the tie breaker was given to Henry Clay the
then Speaker of the House. Clay threw his vote to Adams who won the election, and
subsequently gave Clay the position of secretary of state.
Tariff of abominations: AP Book (107) Also known as the Tariff of 1828 was passed
during the Adams administration, but became a National crisis during Jackson's
Presidency when Southern states attempted to nullify the federal law. Jackson threatened
to call in federal troops to inforce the law, but instead struck a compromise with Henry
Clay, which diffused the situation. However the question of nullification would persist
until the civil war.
Political Gatherings at the “husting”/elbow rubbing/the stump speech: (
1828 Election: AP Book (106) Was a vicious battle between Adams and Jackson, in
which neither talked of the issues, but rather relied on ad hominum attacks to undermine
their opponents support. This campaign was the beginning of the modern political
campaign. Jackson won the election and introduced his mass democracy views to
America.
Rachel Jackson: (301-302) Jackson's wife became a target of critical Americans because
she married Jackson before being officially divorced from her first husband.
The Spoils System: (302) Upon becoming President one of Jackson's first acts was to
relieve many government officials, and fill those empty job spaces with his political
supporters. Although most President's before Jackson had done the same he was the first
to get widely criticized for this action.
The Peggy Eaton affair: (302-303, 305) Peggy Eaton was the wife of Secretary of war
John Eaton, and was the daughter of a tavern owner. There was much gossip of her loose
morals, and the wives of other cabinet members ostracized Peggy and refused to receive
her socially. Jackson was furious and called a meeting in which he reprimanded his
cabinet members so much all but one resigned from their positions.
The Cherokee: (103, 137, 266, 303-304, 517) The Cherokee were considered one of five
of the “civilized tribes” because they had begun sustainable agriculture on their land, and
had become more accustomed to white culture then many other Indian Tribes.
Indian Removal Act: (304) The Indian tribes in the south were hindering many southern
state's expansion into western territory that the wanted to use to expand large plantation
farming. The indian Removal Act passed through Congress and Senate by narrow
margins with most of its support coming from the south and west.
Worcester v. Georgia: (304) The supreme court ruled that it was unconstitutional for
state's to impose their laws on tribal lands. However this ruling was not enforced by
President Jackson and went totally ignored by southern states.
“Trail of Tears”: (304) In 1838 a faction of Cherokees who refused to leave their land
were rounded up by Federal Troops and forced to march to new land in Oklahoma. The
Cherokee were under such harsh conditions on the march that around 4,000 of the 13,000
marchers died on the way. This was seen as a new side of Jacksonian Democracy it
exposed the greed and prejudiced of the American people.
John Calhoun and nullification: (305) After the Tariff of Abominations was passed in
1828, South Carolina state legislature declared the acts unconstitutional, as well as
endorsing a statement affirming a state’s right of nullification, which was written
anonymously by Vice President John Calhoun. Calhoun had long been a proponent of
states rights and the south, and the Tariff of Abominations acted mostly as a spring board
for him to voice his beliefs.
Jefferson Day Dinner: (305) A dinner held by the president where Jackson’s views on
states rights in terms of nullification were, supposedly, confirmed. As the story goes,
Jackson made a toast saying, “Our Union: It must be preserved,” to which Calhoun
responded, “The Union. Next to Liberty, the most dear.” The event of this dinner are
often credited with bringing to light the discrepancies between the beliefs of Jackson and
Calhoun for the first time.
South Carolina nullification: (305-306) After a new tariff was passed in 1832, the South
Caroline State legislature called a special convention, despite the fact that the new tariff
lowered the rates imposed by the old. During the meeting in November of 1832, the
members voted to nullify both the Tariff of Abominations (1828) and the new, lower
tariff (1832). The convention also agreed to forbid customs officers from collecting any
duties associated with the tariff anywhere in South Carolina.
The Force Bill: (306) This Bill, enacted by Congress in 1833, gave Jackson the authority
to use the army to enforce the tariff in South Carolina.
Henry Clay-Tariff of 1833: (306) Passed in conjunction with the Force Bill to somewhat
pacify South Carolina, this was often referred to as the compromise tariff and was
devised by Henry Clay. It lowered the tariff of 1832.
“The Bank War”: (306-309) “The Bank War” is a term used to describe Jackson’s
attack on the national bank. This includes the president’s veto of the bank’s 1832 bid for
a renewal of its charter, as well as his subsequent push to remove all federal deposits
from its vaults. Jackson was ultimately successful in killing the national bank, but his
actions were controversial and precipitated the founding of the Whig party.
Nicholas Biddle: (306-309) Biddle was president of the national bank from 1823 until its
destruction in 1833. Prior to his encounter with Jackson, Biddle had been a competent
leader, curbing overextension and preventing a continuation of the boom and bust cycle.
Biddle made a fatal mistake; however, in his insistence to renew the bank’s charter four
years ahead of schedule, offering Jackson an opportunity to destroy it.
The “Kitchen Cabinet”: (307) Jackson’s group of close friends and unofficial advisers.
They encouraged him to attack the bank, saying that it would be a good party issue for
the election of 1832.
Bank recharter attempt in 1832: (307) A panicked decision by Biddle, this attempt
called to renew the charter four years ahead of schedule and provided Jackson with the
opportunity to veto the bank when it passed congress in 1832.
Jackson’s veto of the recharter: (307-308) Citing it as a matter of principle, and arguing
that a national bank violated the rights of the people in a democratic society, Jackson
vetoed the bill to re-charter the national bank in 1832. Jackson’s real motives were more
likely the creation of a solid platform on which to run for re-election, but through clever
rhetoric he turned the bank into a ‘monster’ corporation and called on the common people
to fight it. this veto was the first to diverge from a strictly constitutional argument into
one dealing with with contemporary social and economic issues.
The election of 1832: (308) The first election in which candidates were chosen by
national nominating conventions, 1832 saw Jackson (democrat) and Clay (national
republican) competing for the presidency. The Bank served as the main issue for debate,
and Jackson’s victory inspired him to continue his attack on it.
Removal of deposits to “pet banks”: (308) After his reelection in 1832, Jackson was
determined to destroy the national bank once and for all. He did this by removing all
federal deposits from the bank, and, in want of a place to put these funds afterwords,
opted to place them in 23 state run banks. The rumors that the banks had been chosen for
political more that financial reasons let to their being called, “pet banks.” Ultimately, this
proved to be a mistake, as the banks were reckless with credit and issuing paper money.
Roger Taney: (308) A man loyal to Jackson and opposed to the national bank, Taney
replaced two preceding men as Jackson’s secretary of the Treasury, and he was the man
to carry out Jackson’s wishes with the “pet banks.” The president was humiliated when
the senate refused to confirm Taney as secretary of the treasury.
Whigs: (309-310) Forming from the coalition which passed the censure resolution to
Jackson, the Whigs emerged during the 1830s as a major political party. Initial party
support came from the National Republicans and New England ex-Federalists, but the
Whigs also garnered support from states rights groups in the South and Anti-Masons
thanks to their opposition to Jackson and Jacksonianism.
Clay and Daniel Webster: (309) These two men, Clay with the National Republicans
and Webster leading the New England ex-Federalists, provided leadership for the
fledgling Whig party.
“King Andrew”: (309) A derogatory nickname given to Jackson by the Whigs, depicting
him as a tyrannical leader with a ‘court’ of minions.
Anti-Masonic Party: (309-310) A surprisingly strong political party in the northeastern
states in the 1820s and 30s, this group focused on the hysteria created when a New
Yorker who had supposedly threatened to reveal Masonic secrets was murdered. The
Anti-Masons were intolerant to diverse lifestyles, desired moral and religious conformity,
and played off American paranoia regarding secret societies and conspiracies. They were
absorbed into the Whig party shortly after its formation.
“Loco-Focos”: (310) A group of radical Democrats who broke off from the main
political party due to views favoring a strict hard-money policy and payment in specie
instead of bank notes. They were strongly opposed not only to the national bank, but to
all state banks as well, as disagreed with Jackson’s “pet bank” policy. They were called
the Loco Focos after the matches they used for light after the gaslights were turned off at
a party meeting.
The “specie circle”: (310) Jackson’s attempt to curb runaway inflation, this act caused
the panic of 1837. It was passed in July, 1836, and required that by the coming August
only gold and silver (specie) would be accepted as payment for public land.
Panic of 1837: (310-311) This occurred during the Van Burn presidency and was caused
partially by international events and changes in the world economy and partly by
Jacksonian economic policy. There was little that Martin Van Buren and Democrats
could do because they did not believe in Federal subsidies or bailouts, but were
committed to a laissez-faire policy. They had to focus on the suppression of speculation
and reckless lending by state banks bolstered by federal deposits.
Martin Van Buren: (308-311) A Democrat, Van Buren was Andrew Jackson’s VP and
successor as president in the election of 1836. He is seen as the father of the modern
political party. He inherited a country in massive recession (panic of 1837) which he tried
to combat with his creation of an “Independent Subtreasury” . This intellectual aristocrat
from New England leading a poor economy and lacking personality would not do well in
the election of 1840. His election foreshadowed the future trouble for the southern
democrats and the emergence of the two-party system instead of a previously “solid Deep
South”.
The “independent Subtreasury”: (311) This was Van Buren’s response to the Panic of
1837 with the goal of suppressing wildcat banks. This bill was a public depository for
federal funds, allowed no commercial/profitmaking activities. It was a basic storehouse
for federal deposits and was fought for years by the Whigs who want to reestablish a
national bank. Buren basically tried to secure the safety of government funds entrusted to
state banks.
Election of 1840: (311, 314-15) This election marks the “arrival of the second party
system”. This election made Politics a source of entertainment with the grassroots
activity and campaigning of the parties. Both the Whig and Democratic parties competed
relatively equally across the country. Allegiance to a party became an important part of
personal identity and increased interest in political participation. The rivalry of the
Democrats and Whigs made the two-party pattern a normal feature of politics in the
United States.
William Henry Harrison: (311,314) After the Whig’s temporary split in 1836, they
acted together in1840 to win the election with Harrison as president. The Whig’s used the
strategy of running him without a platform, but focused on just his personal qualities to
distract the electorate. Harrison gained popularity with the promotion of his success at the
Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 where Tecumseh’s confederacy of forces was routed. This
battle was associated with “winning the west”. He would only serve one month before
dying.
“Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”: (314) The very popular slogan used by The Whigs for
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. Whigs pulled out all stops, including speeches,
songs, rallies, parades, barrels of hard cider and portable log cabins. The Whigs also used
propaganda to portray Van Buren as a luxury-loving aristocrat and compared him with
their homespun candidate.
“Log cabins and hard cider”: (311,314) The Whigs promoted Harrison’s personality
instead of a platform. They pretended he had been born in a log cabin and that he
preferred to more effete beverages. Through this popular electioneering there was a 78%
turnout of eligible voters which was a huge turnout at the time.
The second two party system: (314-316) Unlike the earlier competition between
Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans, the rivalry of Democrats and Whigs made the
two-party pattern a normal feature of electoral politics in the United States. Allegiance to
one party or the other became an important source of personal identity for many
Americans and increased their interest and participation in politics.
Positions/Belief of Whigs and Democrats/ Demographic make-up of each party:
(314-316) The two parties showed two different sides of programs and ideologies. Whigs
tended to support a national market economy and enforce morality upon people and
institutions. They stood for a “positive liberal state”- meaning that government had the
right and duty to subsidize or protect enterprises that could contribute to general
prosperity and economic growth. They typically attracted industrialists, merchants, and a
majority of farmers/planters who had adapted successfully to a market economy.
Democrats advocated a “negative liberal state”- meaning that government should keep its
hands off the economy, so the government avoids favoring special interests and
interference with free competition. Their supporters were mostly small farmers, workers,
declining gentry, and emerging entrepreneurs. This division did not follow class lines in a
direct way. Lifestyles and religious, ethnic identities also affected party loyalties.
Alexis de Tocqueville/ analysis of “democracy in America”: (316-317) A French
traveler who visited the United States from 1831-1832 and wrote the most influential
account ever written of the emergence of American democracy. He was impressed by the
essence of local self-government and participation of ordinary citizens with politics. He
believed the nullification crisis foreshadowed the destruction of the Union and predicted
the issue of slavery would lead to a civil war. He also believed that American whites
were prejudiced toward black people. In addition he observed that women were not
meant for this type of democracy being from a separate sphere. His observations were
clear and insisted that you cannot limit the democratic idea and that it would soon burst
the boundaries of white male supremacy.
Charles Finney: (324-325) A preacher from NY practiced a radical from of revivalism.
He was indifferent to theological issues and departed from Calvinist doctrines. His appeal
was to emotion or to the heart instead of doctrines or reason. He adopted an extreme view
that redeemed Christians could be completely free of sin. He converted many people to
his radical ideas and was not popular among Lyman Beecher and evangelicals who were
upset at his violation of Christian tradition by letting women pray out loud.
Second Great Awakening: (323-325, 335) Started in 1800 and was marked by an
emphasis on personal piety over schooling and theology. There was an emphasis on the
individual and ones power to save oneself, self-control and responsibility of behavior, the
conversion experience and the emotionalism associated with it, and there was an
emphasis on the idea that anyone could be saved and you can save yourself. With the use
of camp meetings and protracted meetings, the awakening brought a source of
entertainment, community for people and brought opportunity for social discipline.
Evangelical protestant were the most notable during this time. Religion became a
“civilizing force” in an age of great change. This awakening also brought societal reform,
communitarianism, and transcendentalism.
Peter Catwright: (323) A Methodist preacher associated with the camp meetings on the
southern frontier. He told the importance of the conversion experience by sharing stories
with his rural audience of conversions in which a certain man had the “jerks” and was
twitching uncontrollably to the point of breaking his neck because he was refusing to
surrender to God.
Lyman Beecher: (324-325) The first practitioner of evangelical Calvinism also being a
pupil of reverend Dwight. He promoted a series of revivalists in the Congregationalist
churches of New England. He caused thousands of people to acknowledge their
sinfulness and surrender to God.
Unitarians: (324) Unitarians were people who were religious liberals that denied the
doctrine of the Trinity through their reasoning. The Unitarians created fashionable and
sophisticated congregations and won control over the Harvard Divinity School. Against
the Unitarians, Reverend Dwight provoked a series of campus revivals at Yale by
breaching others that they were “dead in sin”.
American Temperance Society: (326) Preachers like Lyman Beecher strongly opposed
“demon rum” and saw it as an obstacle to a republic of God-fearing, self-disciplined
citizens. The American Temperance Society was founded by clergymen and encouraged
abstinence from “ardent spirits” or hard liquor. The society lectured and organized
revival meetings that were very effective and changed the drinking habits of middle-class
American males. Temperance was a mark of respectability. However, there was a split in
the movement of those opposed all forms of alcohol and those who were only against the
consumption of hard liquor.
Changes in Husband-wife relationships: (327-329) Marriage was changed to be more
for love and was seen as a partnership. During this era, women began to exert influence
over their husbands with sex. Wives began to behave more like companions for their
husbands and less like their children or servants.
Cult Of True Womanhood: (328-329) This is a result of the shift from agrarian family
model to industrial family model. There was a solidification of “separate spheres” in
which men are the breadwinners and provide for the family and women belong in the
home with children increasingly in schools. Due to the Second Great Awakening women
are seen as a civilizing force I the household. It was important that women possess four
key traits: piety, purity, submissiveness, domesticity. There was a new idea that yes
women are confined to the home and were politically limited, but women are superior to
men in the home and are “put on a pedestal” in a sense.
Changing conceptions of childhood: (329-332) The 19th century: “century of the child”.
Children were now seen as difference than adults and need a nurtured development. The
child was seen more as an individual and the common practice of naming a sibling after a
previously diseased child goes away. There is also less of a physical punishment towards
children in the home and more of a teaching form of punishment. This discovery of the
child also changed women’s roles as they were seen to have some professions that were
publically accepted like nursing and teaching that existed outside of their sphere.
Public School Movement- Horace Mann: (330-331) An expansionist movement of free
public schooling between 1820-1850 spearheaded by Massachusetts Representative,
Horace Mann. Mann became known as the "Father of the Common School Movement" as
he worked to establish a state board of Education and adequate tax support. Mann
discouraged corporal punishment and made public education a means for social discipline
and mobility. There was a focus on the "Three R's" ("reading, 'riting, and 'rithmetic").
Fun Fact: Mann was a brother-in-law of Nathaniel Hawthorne.
McGuffey's Reader: (331) First appeared in 1836, these parables taught children the
"Protestant ethic" of industry, punctuality, sobriety, and frugality. This moral
indoctrination helped produce Americans with beliefs adapted to the needs of an
increasingly industrial society.
Prison Reform - Dorothea Dix: (332-334) Between 1838 and the Civil War, Dorothea
Dix publicized the inhumane treatment in prisons, almshouses, and insane asylums. Dix
lobbied congress and as a result of her efforts, fifteen states opened new hospitals for the
insane and others improved their supervision of penitentiaries and asylums.
American Colonization Society: (334-335) Founded in 1817, most people before 1830
who expressed religious and moral concern over the institution of slavery
were affiliated with the ACS. Colonizationists admitted slavery was evil, but were
racially prejudice. In 182l, the society established the colony of Liberia in West Africa,
and during the next decade a few thousand African Americans were settled there.
Colonization eventually failed.
William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator: (334-336) Garrison started a new and more
radical anti-slavery movement in 1831, when he began publishing The Liberator a
journal in support of immediate emancipation of slave. In 1833, Garrison and
other abolitionists founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. During the late 1830's
Garrison began to adopt positions that some other abolitionists found extreme and
divisive.
American Anti-Slavery Society: (334-335) In existence from 1833-1870, the Society
was founded by William Lloyd Garrison and was often led by Frederick Douglas. The
abolition movement proved difficult to keep together as radicals arose. Garrison's stand
on women's rights led to an open break at the national convention of 1840. A minority led
by Lewis Tappan left to form a competing organization called the American and Foreign
Anti-Slavery Society.
Theodore Dwight Weld: (335-336) As a New England minister, Weld made the
connection between revivalism and abolitionism. Weld focused on the moral issues raised
by the institution of slavery. In 1834, Weld instigated a series of abolitionist revivals at
Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati. The "Lane Rebels" founded Oberlin College as
a center for abolitionist activity.
Elijah Lovejoy: (336) In 1837, while attempting to defend himself and his printing press
from a mob in Alton, Illinois, Lovejoy was shot and killed. Abolitionists now worried
about taking their message to the fringes of the South in fear of violence.
Frederick Douglas: (335-337, 410-402) An escaped slave, Douglas became a leader in
the abolitionist movement. He was known for his oratory skills and antislavery writing.
He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have
the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.
The Liberty Party: (337, 359-360) Organized in 1840, the Liberty Party was the first
attempt of abolitionists to enter the electorate. The Liberty Parties was a single-issue
party, with the goal of eliminating slavery. The Party eventually formed with the less
radical Free Soil Party.
Sarah and Angelina Grimké : (338) Rebellious daughters of a South Carolina
slaveholder, the two were advocates for the abolitionist movement as well as women's
rights. The sisters stepped out of their proper sphere by demanding an equal role in the
leadership of antislavery societies. For them, the same principles that justified the
liberation of the slaves also applied to the emancipation of women from all on their rights
as citizens.
Lucretia Mott: (338) Mott was an American abolitionist, women's rights avocate, and
Quaker. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a women's rights
convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls, New York.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: (338) Stanton was a leader in the women's rights movement.
Stanton reared seven children, did pioneering work for women suffrage, lectured
frequently on family life and childcare, and facilitated the Seneca Falls convention of
1848.
Seneca Falls Convention: (338) Held in Seneca Falls NY in 1848, the convention
was the first public women's rights meeting in the United States. The women prepared a
Declaration of Sentiments to outline their goals as women's rights activists.
The Declaration of Sentiments: (338) Issued at the first national gathering of feminists,
the Declaration charged that "the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and
usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment
of an absolute tyranny over her". Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the principal author and she
based it on the form of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Sentiments
demanded that all women be given the right to vote and that married women be free from
unjust laws giving husbands control of their property, persons, and children. No longer
accepting the cult of domesticity, these women and their male supporters launched the
modern movement for gender equality.
Robert Owen- New Harmony: (338-339) Robert Owen was a British manufacturer and
reformer, in 1825 he founded a utopian socialism community based on common and
equal ownership of property at New Harmony, Indiana. The rapid demise of this model
community suggested that utopian socialism did not easily take root in American soil.
The creation of New Harmony was a result of the rejection of orthodox Protestantism by
Americans and the presence of religious radicals.
The Shakers: (339) Officially known as the Millennial Church or the United Society of
Believers, The Shakers started as a religious movement in England. The radical belief
was brought to the United States in 1774 by Mother Ann Lee. Lee believed herself to be
the feminine incarnation of Christ and advocated a new theology based on sexual
equality. Shakers, named for their expression sof religious fervor through vigorous
dancelike movements, believed in communal ownership, strict celibacy, and living
simply. The Shakers limited contact with the outside world because they expected
Christ's Second Coming to occur momentarily.
Oneida Community: (339-340) Established in 1848 at Oneida, New York by John
Humphrey Noyes. The community believed the Second Coming of Christ had already
occured; so people no longer had to follow the moral rules that most Protestants
followed. At Oneida, traditional marriage was outlawed, and a regulated form of "free
love" was practiced.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty: In 1842, Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British
Foreign Minister and the first Baron Ashburton Alexander Baring to try and resolve the
Treaty of Paris in 1783. They discussed the issue of boundaries. They decided that
defined borders would be drawn between Maine and New Brunswick, including the Great
Lakes. One thing that wasn’t discussed was the Oregon boundary issue.
Rancheros: (352-353) A new class of landowners. Ruled Old California and became the
maters of the province’s population. They had great hospitality towards Americans. They
dressed extravagantly and had amazing horsemanship skills. Their successes and lifestyle
made American visitors and traders jealous of them.
Stephen Austin: (353) Granted chunk of land in Mexico (Texas) to attract colonists from
the United States. Soon tensions grew between the Mexicans and the Americans, so the
Mexican government put a ban on American immigrants and the importation of slaves.
Austin went to Mexico City and got the ban lifted against the Americans.
Battle of the Alamo: (354) Battle between Anglo rebels and Mexicans. There were many
myths about the battle that made the Anglo rebels look best, even if the Mexicans won.
Some of these myths were proved wrong though. The rebels also fought the Mexicans
with superior weapons, unlike the myths say, which brought the insurrection new
inspiration.
Battle of San Jacinto: The decisive battle of the Texas revolution. Texas got its
independence from Mexico. Sam Houston, a war hero, became the first president of
Texas and wanted annexation into the United States.
Santa Fe Trail-Oregon Trail: (355-356) Americans began trading with Mexicans in
Santa Fe. It made commerce thrive and helped the United States economy. The trail was
from Missouri to Santa Fe. After the Texas Revolution, relationships between the United
States and Mexico began to fall apart, which hindered the Santa Fe Trail.
The Oregon Trail was what led many Americans to the West Coast during the 1840s.
Americans would travel in wagon trains along the trail. A mass migration to Oregon
began in 1843.
Mormon Trek: (356-358) After Joseph Smith had founded the LDS religion, they had
been kicked out of New York for religious practices that people didn’t appreciate. They
started to head west to find a new place to live, settling in Ohio and Missouri. At first, the
governments of those states didn’t mind the Mormons since they brought them more
money, but soon grew angered with them because of their practices and their history.
After continuing to head west and Joseph Smith’s death, the Mormons finally settled in
Utah. After Utah became a part of the United States, President Buchanan tried to get rid
of them with military force, but he eventually pardoned them.
Joseph Smith and Brigham Young: (357) In 1823, Joseph Smith claimed to receive a
visit from the ancient angel Moroni who told him to dig up golden plates. Joseph Smith
dug up the plates and wrote the Book of Mormon from the contents in the plates by
reading them in a hat with Seer stones, since they had to be read in the dark. The Book of
Mormon was published in 1830. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints was
created, with Joseph Smith as the prophet. In 1844, Joseph was shot by an angry mob
while in jail in Illinois. Brigham Young took over the trek and found his way to Salt Lake
City, Utah. He sent word that he had found the promise land. The Mormons settled in
Utah with Brigham Young as their new prophet. Brigham Young accepted President
Buchanan’s olive branch pardon after trying to get rid of the Mormons, and also accepted
the position of territorial governor.
John Tyler: (358) Became president when William Henry Harrison died while he was
vice president. He was America’s first “accidental president.” He initiated the politics of
Manifest Destiny. He lacked a base with both the Democratic and Whig parties. He
decided to have all of the attention of his administration turned toward the annexation of
Texas. He got the support of John C. Calhoun to achieve success with annexation.
Failed Annexation of 1844: (359) Tyler was unable to annex Texas because it didn’t
have enough support. People thought that the annexation of Texas would risk war with
Mexico, sectional strife, and destroy the unity of the Democratic party. These fears not
only made annexation not possible, but also ruined Tyler’s platform for the election.
1844 Election-Clay’s Blunder: (359) Since Henry Clay was antiexpansionist, he was
against annexing Texas. Since Texas was such a popular idea though, he would go back
on forth on the issue during his campaign. Since he would constantly do this, he started to
lose support, specifically from a small group of northern antislavery Whigs.
Liberty Party:(pg 337) Anti-slavery advocates first attempt to enter the electoral arena
under their own banner in 1840. In many states it brought the topic of slavery to the
forefront. In the election of 1844 they took so many votes away from Clay that he lost the
election to Polk.
James K Polk:(pg 359) An avowed expansionist who ran on the platform that called for
the simultaneous annexation of Texas and assertion of all American claims to Oregon.
Won the election of 1844 by a narrow popular majority and while president settle the
Oregon dispute by settling on a boarder at the 49th parallel.
Manifest Destiny (pg 360) The expansionist mood that accompanied Polk’s election and
the annexation of Texas. Coined by John L’O’ Sullivan, a proponent of young America.
It was based on the ideas that God wanted America to move westward, free development
of American Rule, and population growth required territorial expansion.
John L’O” Sullivan: (pg 360) A proponent of young America who based his idea of
manifest destiny on the ideas that God wanted America to move westward, free
development of American Rule, and population growth required territorial expansion.
54-40 or Fight (pg 360) A rally call referencing the boarder dispute with Britain over the
Oregano Territory. Americans were willing to fight to have the boarder at 54’40 but Polk
settle the dispute at the 49th parallel giving the US the Puget Sound and Britain
Vancouver Island.
Oregon Treaty of 1846: The treaty with Britain regarding the Oregon territory. For
details about the conclusion see 54-40 or Fight
Nueces River/Rio Grande Border: (pg 362) the boarder dispute with Mexico. The US
said the boarder was at the Rio Grande and Mexico said it was at the Nueces River.
Zachary Taylor, a US general, invaded the territory claimed by both countries and
essentially causes the Mexican War by doing so.
John Slidell’s Mission: (pg 362) The mission was to attempt to resolve the boarder
issues Mexico and America were having regarding the Rio Grande vs. the Nueces River.
Zach Taylor: (Pg 362) A US general, invaded the territory claimed by both the countries
of America and Mexico and essentially cause the Mexican War by doing so.
Winfield Scott: (pg 363) A US general who laid siege to Veracruz, an important
Mexican City during the war. Veracruz fell in 18 days over the single most important
battle in the war where Scott’s troops captured the Mexican leader Santa Anna.
John Fremont & California: (pg 362) A Californian whose job it was to stir up trouble
to rally California to side with the US against Mexico.
Nicholas Trist: (pg 363) Diplomat to Mexico sent to settle negotiations for the end of the
war. Initially no one would meet with him. He was called back by Polk but disobeyed the
order and negotiated the peace agreement anyways gaining all the commissions he was
sent to achieve.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: (pg 364) the treaty between US and Mexico after the
Mexican war. It ceded New Mexico and California to the United States, established the
Rio Grande as the Mexican-American border, Mexicans in the new states would become
Americans, but the US would assume substantial claims of Americans against Mexico.
All of this enlarged the US by 20%
Impact of the War: (pg 364) Gave New Mexico and California to the United States,
established the Rio Grande as the Mexican-American border, Mexicans in the new states
would become Americans, but the US would assume substantial claims of Americans
against Mexico. All of this enlarged the US by 20%.
Samuel Morse-Telegraph: (pg366) this began a technological revolution that changed
the culture of the US by allowing for long distance communication at a more rapid pace.
This led to increased expansion, better military coordination, and increased ease of life
for Americans.
Railroad Expansion: (pg 365) Transformed American economy more than anything else
at the time. They were both practical and profitable making them highly appealing to
Americans. The only strong competitor to railroads was the canal, which was slower but
could carry more supplies. Brought major economic progress as Europeans began to
invest in the American railroad system.
John Deere-Steel Plow: (pg 370) Enabled Midwestern farmers to cultivate the rough and
hard prairie fields
Cyrus McCormick-Reaper: (pg 370) offered an enormous saving in the labor required
for harvesting grain.
Irish Immigration: (pg 372) Many Irish were pushed out of Ireland by The Potatoes
Famine and moved to America seeking opportunity as unskilled workers. Since the Irish
were willing to work for less money the mass influx of Irish began to hurt wages of
Americans who refused to work for as little money as the Irish. The Irish also attracted
aggression due to their religion, Catholicism, in a protestant dominant country
German Immigration: About one million German immigrants came in the late 1840’s
and early 1850’s. Even though most of them were poor, they were fortunate because they
worked mostly as mid-western farmers, and encountered less discrimination than other
types of immigrants. (372-373)
Impact of immigration on working classes and industrialization: Employment of
immigrants in the working class during the late 1840’s and early 1850’s greatly
accelerated the industrial revolution in America. However, working conditions quickly
declined due to inability to gather any sort of labor union. (374-375)
Reality of life for wage laborers in the industrial east: Workdays of twelve to fourteen
hours, decreased wages by cost conscious bosses, increase of labor during the day, and
more individual responsibility called “stretching out”. (375)
Nat Turner slave revolt: On August 22nd, 1831, in Southampton County, Virginia, Nat
Turner, who was a preacher, and his followers killed about sixty white people. After two
days it was quelled, and Turner was captured. (381)
Slavery in the Upper South: Tobacco was the main crop cultivated in the Upper South,
but it’s depletion of soil and lack of economic gain forced slave owners from the region
to sell slaves to the Lower South between the 1820’s and 1850’s. (383)
“Cotton is King” – Economic impact: By far the most cultivated crop in the South
because it was easily grown and the farm land in the South was well suited to grow it. By
1850, three fourths of the world’s cotton came from the South. (385)
DeBow’s Review: Southern nationalist who wanted the south to develop its own
industries, commerce, and shipping so it would not be dependent on the North. (385)
Planter class: Small upper class plantation owners. By 1850, only 30% of white
Southerners were in families that owned slaves. (389)
Planter-slave relations: The planters, for the most part, believed that if it were not for
them, slaves would not be able to survive. The planter class almost thought that all slaves
were children, and they also believed that the slaves were well provided for. (392)
Yeoman Farmers: Farmers with small operations who owned a small number of slaves,
which usually meant better treatment of the slaves. (394)
Hinton Helper – “Poor whites”: Antislavery Southerner who tried to convince the
yeomen that they were victims and should try to overthrow planter dominance. (395)
“Positive good” defense of slavery: Three arguments by slave owners: Slavery was the
natural and proper status for people of African decent, Blacks were innately inferior to
whites and suited only for slavery, and scientific and historical evidence was presented to
support this claim. (396)
George Fitzhugh – The Impending Crisis of the South: Claimed that slaves actually
had it better than wage laborers in the North because they had extreme job security, and
argued that the master-slave relationship was humane. (397)
Gabriel Prosser: Virginian slave who, in 1800, formed a large group of followers who
tried to march to Richmond, only to be stopped by whites. (398)
Denmark Vesey: In 1822, Vesey, a free black man, planned to seize local armories, arm
the slave population, and take control of Charleston, South Carolina, only to be stopped
before he could do it. Known as the “Vesey conspiracy”. (398)
Indirect (passive) resistance: Slaves showing discontent by purposely working slowly
and inefficiently, faking illness or injury, stealing provisions, committing acts of
sabotage, or poising the master’s food. (399)
Status of free blacks: There were about half a million free African Americans, and half
of them lived in slave states, they were known as “free negroes”. They were treated as
social outcasts, and they had trouble finding jobs. (400)
Frederick Douglass: The most eloquent free slave leader. (401)
Harriet Tubman: Helped run the Underground Railroad to help free slaves, and it was
largely a black-operated enterprise. (402)
Richard Allen – African Methodist Episcopal Church: In 1816 he started on of the
first successful black church organizations (AME).
Black Christianity: True Slave Christianity was practiced away from the owners, was
highly emotional with much singing, shouting, and dancing. It was an adaptation of
African religious beliefs and customs. (402)
Slave family life: There was a strong sense of slave family, and slave owners encouraged
marriage. On smaller slave operations, families could have lived on many different farms,
split up from one another. (404)
Frederick Law Olmstead: Northerner who visited slave states three separate times to
make accounts of slave life. (406)