Fundamentals of Organic
Chemistry
Topic 10.1
• functional groups are the reactive part of molecules
• see hand out giving:
– class – functional group – suffix – general formula - example
Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with
functional groups
Functional
Group
Alcohol
Formula
-OH
Aldehyde
-COH (on the end
Structural
Formula
-O–H
O
of a chain)
-C–H
Ketone
-CO- (can’t be on O
end of chain)
-C–
Carboxylic Acid -COOH (on the
O
end of a chain)
-C–O–H
Halide
-Br, -Cl, -F, -I
-X
Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with
functional groups
Functional
Group
Formula
Alcohol
-OH
Suffix
(or Prefix)
-ol
Aldehyde
-COH
-al
Ketone
-CO-
-one
Carboxylic Acid
-COOH
-oic acid
Halide
-Br, -Cl, -F, -I
bromo-,chloro-,
fluoro-,iodo-
Know these 7, only
have to recognize the
3 in the
Alcohols: suffix = “anol”
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol
2-methyl propan-2-ol
Aldehydes: suffix = “-al”
propanal
Note: an aldeyhde group is
always on an end carbon so
don’t need a number
butandianal
Ketones: suffix = “-one”
propanone
(don’t need C#, must be in
between two carbons)
butanone
(don’t need C#, must be in
between two carbons)
2-pentanone or
penta-2-one
butandione
pentan-3-one
Carboxylic Acids:
suffix = “-oic acid”
butanoic acid
Note: a carboxyl is
always on an end
carbon
propandioic acid
Halides:
prefixes = “fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo”
1-bromopropane
2-chlorobutane
1,2-diiodoethane
1,2-difluoroethene
1,2-difluoroethene
1,1,2-trifluoroethene
Only identify the following functional
groups in structures
Functional
Formula
Group
Amine
- NH2
Ester
Benzene
O
R–C–O–R
amino, benzene ring, ester
10.1.12 Identify primary, secondary and
tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols (-OH)
and halogenoalkanes (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)
• with reference to the carbon that is directly
bonded to an alcohol group or a halogen:
– Primary = carbon atom is only bonded to one
other carbon
– Secondary = carbon atom is bonded to two
other carbons
– Tertiary = carbon atom is bonded to three
other carbons
10.1.13 Discuss the volatility and solubility in
water of compounds containing the functional
groups listed in10.1.9.
• Volatility: how easily a substance turns
into a gas
– the stronger the intermolecular force, the less
volatile it is
– ionic › hydrogen bonding › dipole-dipole › van
der Wall’s
– therefore volatility from highest to lowest…
– alkane (only Van der Wall’s) › halogenoalkane ›
aldehyde › ketone › amine › alcohol (H bonding) ›
carboxylic acid (H bonding)
Boiling Points
• Solubility: a solute’s ability to dissolve in a
polar solvent (water)
– the more polar a substance is, the more
soluble it is
– solubility decreases as chain length
increases
– smaller alcohols, aldehydes, ketones &
carboxylic acids are typically soluble
• they are all polar as is water