Classification
Binomial Nomenclature
Grizzly bear
Polar bear
Giant panda
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Do Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the
same species? To the same genus?
Linnaeus’s classification system
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binomial Nomenclature
Grizzly bear
Polar bear
Giant panda
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Do Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the
same species? To the same genus?
Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification
Classifying organisms using
dichotomous keys (field guide)
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A device that can be used to easily identify an
unknown organism.
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consists of a series of two part statements
(describe characteristic of organisms).

At each step the user is presented with two
choices.

As the user makes a choice about a particular
characteristic of an organism they are led to a new
branch of the key. Eventually the user will be led to
the name of the organism that they are trying to
identify.
Constructing Dichotomous Keys
Take a look at the group of objects and separate
them into two groups based on a single
distinguishing characteristic.
Then continue to separate each of the groups until
each object has its own separate set of
characteristics.
Cladogram
Classification based on
visible similarities
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Classification based on phylogeny
Organisms share traits
Have recent common ancestor
Share Evolutionary history
Cladogram is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationship
among group of organisms.
Cladistic analysis identifies and considers only those
characteristics of organism that are evolutionary innovation-new
characters that arise as lineage evolve over time.
Characteristics that appear in recent part of lineage but not in its
older members are called derived characteristics. They are
used to construct cladogram.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/Trex/phyframe3.html
Changing number of kingdoms
Six Kingdom Classification

BACTERIA
– Eubacteria

ARCHAEA
– Archaebacteria

EUKARYOTA
–
–
–
–
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Classification of living things
Domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archae
bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell type
prokaryote
prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell wall
Structure
Cell with
peptidoglycan
Cell without
peptidoglycan
Cell wall of
cellulose in
some, some
have
chloroplast
Cell wall of
chitin
Cell wall of
cellulose,
chloroplast
No cell wall or
chloroplast
Number of
cells
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most
unicellular.
Some
multicellular
Most
multicellular.
Some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Mode of
nutrition
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Example
Streptococcus
E. Coli
Cyanobacteria
(blue green
algae)
Extremeophile
s
Methanogens,
Halophiles
Protozoa,
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushroom,
yeasts
Mosses,
Ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fish,
mammals
BACTERIA-Eubacteria
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Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell wall with peptidoglycan
Ecologically diverse
Autotroph / Heterotroph
E.g.Streptococcus, E.coli, Cyanobacteria
ARCHAEA-Archaebacteria
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Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell wall without peptidoglycan
Autotroph/Heterotroph
Most live in very harsh climates
and extreme environments - extremophiles
E.g. Methanogens,Halophiles,Thermoacidophiles
EUKARYOTA-Protista
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Eukaryotic
Unicellular, some are multicellular
Autotroph/Heterotroph
Some have cell wall with cellulose
Some have chloroplast
E.g.Amoeba, Paramecium, Slime mold
EUKARYOTA-Fungi
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Cell wall of chitin
Mycelium : a mass of hyphae, No root, stem and leaf
Reproduce by forming spores
No chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or parasitic
E.g.Mushroom, Yeast
EUKARYOTA-Plantae
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

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotroph
Chloroplast
Cell wall of cellulose
Can be divided into two groups:
– Non-flowering plants (e.g. algae, moss, fern, gymnosperms
– Flowering plants (e.g. angiosperms)
EUKARYOTA-Animalia
Eukaryotic
 Multicellular
 Heterotroph
 No Cell wall, No chloroplast
 Divided into two groups
according to the presence or absence of backbone:

– Invertebrates : without backbone
– Vertebrates : with backbone