Name: _______________________________________ Date: _______________
Per: _____
Chapter 9: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
AP World History I
Origins of the Byzantine Empire
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Romans set up eastern capital to their empire in the 4 Century CE in __________________
– Constantine constructs __________________, and other elegant buildings
– City is build on the grounds of the town of __________________
Even before the Western portion of the Roman Empire fell to __________________invaders,
the eastern half had their own __________________.
Constantinople was responsible for
– The __________________Peninsula
– The __________________Middle East
– The __________________coast
– North __________________
___________ becomes the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire (replacing Latin).
– Greek gave scholars access to the __________________works of the ancient
Greeks
Justinian
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Constant threat of __________________plagued earlier emperors.
Soon, eastern emperors beat off attacks by the __________________Empire in Persia and by
the __________________Invaders
• In 533 CE, __________________, urged by his wife Theodora made a push to
__________________Western territory.
• Justinian was responsible for
– the rebuilding of __________________
– Systemizing the __________________Legal __________________
• __________________Code
– Extending Roman __________________(plus domes)
– The __________________Sophia
Military Exploits
• Emperor Justinian wants to recapture __________________itself!
• __________________and __________________were unable to hold onto Italy or Northern
Africa as a result of increasing pressure from Germans.
• Westward expansion had __________________the empire at home.
– New __________________groups moved into the Balkans
– Justinian pushes __________________forces back, but loses some middle
eastern territory.
• Dies in __________________CE
Beyond Justinian…
• Successors must defend the __________________Empire itself
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Reverse __________________successes in the 7 Century.
Population forcibly reconverted to __________________.
• The Empire was centered in the __________________, western/central portions of Turkey.
• Byzantine Empire represented a mix of __________________tradition, Christianity, as well as
Roman engineering, military __________________, and __________________law.
• Strong enough to withstand the threat of the expanding __________________Muslim Empire.
The Muslim Threat
• While the Byzantines were able to withstand the __________________threat, they did so
taking on massive losses.
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Arabs built a __________________fleet that challenged Byzantine naval
supremacy in the Eastern __________________
– Arabs launched continual attacks on __________________.
Wars with the Muslims added __________________burdens to the Empire
– Invasions, __________________create larger __________________estates
because of burden on small __________________.
Bulgaria
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Example of a __________________territory that pressed __________________territory in the
__________________.
– Bulgarian king takes the title __________________, Slavic for
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__________________in the 10 century.
– Byzantine pressure erodes the __________________kingdom.
– Basil II (Byzantine Emperor) used Byzantine __________________to bribe
wealthy Bulgarian nobles and generals, __________________their army in
__________________.
Byzantine Society and Politics
• Similarities with __________________
– Emperor was held to be ordained by __________________
– Head of Church as well as __________________.
• Appointed ______________and passed religious and secular laws
– __________________held the __________________throne at times
• Theodora 981-1056
– Bureaucracy (__________________)
• __________________school system with training in Greek
__________________, Philosophy, and Science…WITH
__________________education.
• __________________predominate, but talent came from highly
educated scholars
Byzantine Military
• Recruit troops __________________and reward them with grants of __________________.
• Hereditary military leaders gained __________________power, displacing
__________________and better educated aristocrats.
• While this was bad for the empire, it helped to protect a state that was constantly under attack
from the __________________(Persians, Arabs, and Turks), as well as nomadic intruders from
Central Asia
Byzantine Society and Economics
• __________________controlled the countryside
– __________________regulated trade and controlled food prices.
– Large __________________class was vital to provide the goods and supply the
bulk of tax revenues.
• Empire had a huge __________________network with Asia to the east and Russia and
__________________to the North. Empire also traded with India, the __________________,
and east __________________. The Empire received simpler goods from Western
__________________and Africa.
– __________________did not gain much power (like China)
Byzantine Culture
• Centered on __________________traditions of __________________
– Byzantine strength lay in preserving and commenting on past
__________________and artistic forms
– __________________and Architecture were exceptions to that rule.
• Religious __________________
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Icon Painting-paintings of __________________and other __________________figures.
– __________________: A brief attack on religious __________________by a
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Byzantine Emperor in the 8 century.
– Monks threaten permanent __________________between church and state, and
eventually use of icons was restored and __________________control over
church was too.
The Schism
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Byzantine culture and politics, as well as the __________________of the empire being more
oriented towards __________________and Northeastern __________________was a sign of
the East’s growing break with the West
Eastern Christianity was headed by the __________________who was the spiritual leader of
the Byzantine Empire...who was also controlled by the __________________.
Western Christianity was headed by the __________________who exerted great control over
the __________________rulers of Western Europe.
Issues…
– West translates Greek Bible into __________________
– Byzantine Emperors resent __________________attempts to interfere in the
iconoclastic dispute.
• Loss of state-control in the __________________would benefit the
pope.
– Hostility towards __________________to proclaim himself a Roman Emperor in
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the 9 Century
• Belief that western rulers were __________________and
__________________
The Schism-1054
• A number of issues come up for __________________…of them,
– Patriarch attacked the Roman Catholic practice of __________________for its
priests.
• As a result of the debate, the Roman Catholic pope __________________the Patriarch and his
followers.
– The Patriarch responded by excommunicating all __________________.
• Thus, the __________________between West and East was done.
Decline of the Byzantine Empire
• Turkish troops, the __________________, seized most of the Asiatic provinces of the Empire.
• Loss in battle of __________________in 1071 never allowed Byzantine Army to recover.
• Creation of new, independent __________________kingdoms in the
__________________(like Serbia) showed the Empire’s diminished power.
• Eastern leaders appeal to the __________________for assistance against the Turks, but they
were ignored.
• Signs of shifting power include the increased impact of __________________trading cities
with the ports of Constantinople.
• 1204 CE Crusade to take back Holy Land actually turned against __________________!
– Weakened the __________________Empire more!
– Pope John Paul II apologized for this in __________________.
• 1453-Turkish ____________________________________brings his powerful army, with
__________________purchased from the __________________to Constantinople. The city
falls in under two months.
• The fall of the Byzantine Empire was one of the great events in __________________History
Spread of Civilization to Eastern Europe
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Orthodox __________________were sent from the Byzantine Empire __________________to
extend the scope of Christianity through the Balkans to the Central Asian lands.
• East-Central __________________(the areas north of the Balkans, in between Western Europe
and Asia) were __________________Kingdoms, loosely governed, under a powerful landowning aristocracy.
– Kingdoms of __________________, Bohemia (Czechoslovakia), and
__________________.
Kievan Rus’
• __________________peoples had moved into the plains of __________________and Eastern
__________________during the Roman Empire.
• Slavs already used __________________, extended agriculture into the Ukraine, had political
organization that rested in family tribe and __________________, and maintained an
__________________religion. They also had great __________________music and oral
legends.
– Development of loose __________________kingdoms.
Slavs
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/MEC-BC/2-5-3.htm
Kievan Rus’
• __________________traders worked through Slavic lands, and being militarily superior, set up
governments along their trade routes, particularly in the city of __________________
• __________________, a native of Denmark, became the first prince of Kievan Rus’ in 855 CE.
• The Scandinavians coined the term __________________.
• Scandinavian __________________gradually mixed with the Slavs.
• Kiev becomes an active trading center with the __________________Empire.
• Prince Vladimir I, a Rurik descendent who ruled from 980-1015 converted himself and all his
people to __________________.
– Massed, forced __________________.
• The Russian __________________Church developed from influence by the Byzantines.
• Kiev issued a __________________law code under Rurik’s descendents.
• __________________arranged the translation of religious literature from Greek to
__________________.
Russian Culture
• Influenced by the Byzantines, and __________________Christianity.
– Devotion to the power of __________________and Eastern
__________________
– Ornate __________________filled with Icons and incense.
– Monastic movement stresses __________________and charity.
– Russian and Ukrainian art focused on the religious also
– __________________painting
– Byzantine __________________.
• Strong __________________between religious art and music with
__________________entertainments/folk music
Russian Social/Economic life
• Russian __________________were free farmers
• __________________landlord class existed.
• Russian aristocrats, called __________________, didn’t have as much power as landowners in
the west. But, Kievan __________________had to recognize and negotiate with them.
• Yaroslav arranges over 30 marriages to create ties with Central European
__________________, including 11 with __________________.
Kievan Decline
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In the 12 Century, Kiev fades…aided by the slowdown and disruption to its neighbor to the
south, the __________________Empire.
1237-1238, and 1240-1241: __________________Invasions (__________________) take over
most of the weakened Russian Cities, but fail to press west.
Over 200 years, Russia remained under __________________Control, separating Russia from
the __________________of Western Europe during this time.
– Allowed for the continuation of day-to-day Russian affairs
(__________________, etc.).
Third Rome
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After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the weakening of Tatar (__________________)
influence on Russia, in 1511 it was seen the Russia would inherit the glory and grandeur of the
__________________Rome.