The Market Revolution
Chapter 9 Section 1
U.S. Markets Expand
• The United States experienced great economic
changes during the first half of the 1800’s.
• For one thing, the country became more industrialized.
• One result of this was that workers spent the money
they earned on goods made by others.
• This led many farmers to change their practices.
• Before, farmers raised a variety of crops for their own
families.
• Now they turned to specialization, raising one or two
crops that they could sell.
1. The raising of one or two crops
that farmers could sell?
• These changes brought about a market revolution, in
which people bought and sold goods rather than
making them for themselves.
• This new process
depended on
capitalism.
• Capitalism is an
economic system in
which private businesses
and individuals control
production in order to
make a profit.
2. An economic system in which
private businesses and individuals
control production in order to make
a profit?
• Under capitalism, entrepreneurs, or business
owners, invested their money in new industries.
• If the industries failed, these entrepreneurs lost
their money.
• If the businesses succeeded, they grew wealthy.
3. These people invest their money
in new industries. If the industries
fail, they lose their money. If the
businesses succeeded, they grow
wealthy.
• Inventor-entrepreneurs began making goods to make
life more comfortable.
• Vulcanized rubber and sewing machines were two
such important inventions.
• Farmers also did well.
• The growing populations in the cities needed more and
more food.
• Farmers issued machines to plant and harvest the crops that
they then sold to the cities.
• With their cash, farmers bought manufactured goods.
• As technology improved, many of these goods grew less
expensive.
• Soon, many Americans could afford to buy a variety of
manufactured goods.
The Economic Revolution
• New inventions also changed life in the United States.
• Some inventions made life more comfortable.
• Other inventions helped cause an economic revolution by
changing manufacturing, transportation, and
communication.
• Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph.
• This device could send messages by wire in a few
seconds.
4. Samuel F.B. Morse invented the
___________.
This device could send messages
by wire in a few seconds.
• Businessmen used this new communication device to
transmit orders and relay up-to-date information on prices and
sales.
• The new railroads used the telegraph to keep trains moving
regularly and to warn engineers of safety hazards.
• By 1854, 23,000
miles of telegraph
wire crossed the
country.
• Inventions also improved transportation.
• Steamboats made river travel quicker and cheaper.
• In places that didn’t have passable rivers, people dug canals,
which cut the cost of shipping goods.
• The Erie Canal reduced freight charges and transportation
times.
• Soon, people began building railroads to move goods.
• Transporting goods by railroad was more expensive
than by canals.
• However, railroads moved goods faster.
• Eventually, the cost of shipping goods by railroad
became less expensive.
• By 1850, almost 10,000 miles of railroad track had been laid
in the United States.
• By 1859, trains carried 2 billion tons of freight a year.
5. By 1859, __________ carried 2
billion tons of freight a year.
New Markets
Link Regions
• By the 1840’s, improved
transportation made America’s
regions interdependent.
• America’s regions developed regional
specialties.
• The South
exported its
cotton to
England as well
as New England.
• The West sent
grain and
livestock to the
East.
• The East manufactured textiles and machinery.
• The South remained mostly agricultural, raising cotton,
tobacco, and rice.
• The Northeast
became the
nation’s
manufacturing
center.
• Workers there
made more and
better goods at
lower prices than
ever before.
• The Midwest became important for farming.
• Inventions helped make farmers’ lives easier.
• Farmers used a steel plow invented by John Deere to
help them better prepare the land for planting.
6. Who invented the steel plow?
• During the harvest time, farmers used the mechanical reaper, a
new invention by Cyrus McCormick.
• This invention made it possible for one farmer to do the work of
five.
7. Who invented the mechanical
reaper?
• Armed with plows and reapers, farmers could shift
from farming for the family to producing cash crops,
such as wheat and corn.
• The same trains and canals that brought them plows
and reapers from distant factories would then carry
their crops to markets in the East and in Europe.
Manifest Destiny
Chapter 9 Section 2
The Frontier Draws Settlers
• Many Americans believed that God wanted the United
States to expand across the continent.
• They felt that Americans were meant to control the West.
• This belief was called manifest destiny.
8. The belief that Americans were
meant to control the West.
Manifest Destiny: Clash of
Cultures
• As a result of this belief, many people began moving west.
• Some moved because of the cheap land.
• Others – such as business owners – hoped to start
trade with Asia.
• Some fled west to escape economic problems in the
east.
• The Panic of 1837 – in which many of the nations banks failed
– caused many people to lose their jobs and savings.
• As a result, some Americans wanted a fresh start on the
frontier.
Settlers and Native Americans
• The westward movement caused conflicts between Native
Americans and white settlers.
• In the early 1830’s, Chief Black Hawk and members of the
Sauk and Fox tribes led a rebellion against settlers in Illinois
and Wisconsin territories.
• The battle ended when the Illinois militia killed 200 Sauk and
Fox people.
• As a result of their defeat, these tribes were forced to move
west of the Mississippi River.
• In 1851, the United States government signed the Treaty of
Fort Laramie with many Native American groups.
• The treaty gave Native Americans control of much of the Great
Plains.
• In return, the Native Americans also allowed the government to
build forts and roads.
• The United States promised that settlers would stay out of the
Native American lands.
• But the U.S. government did not honor this treaty.
9. In 1851, the United States government signed
the _____________ ___ _________
________________with many Native American
groups. The treaty gave Native Americans control of
much of the Great Plains. In return, the Native
Americans also allowed the government to build
forts and roads. The United States promised that
settlers would stay out of the Native American
lands. But the U.S. government did not honor this
treaty.
Trails West
• Settlers used several
major routes as they
moved west.
• They were a series of
old Native American
trails and new routes.
• The Santa Fe Trail was a trade route between Independence,
Missouri, and Santa Fe, New Mexico.
• Traders traveled this route to Santa Fe, where they sold cloth,
guns, and knives.
• In return, they bought
silver, gold, and furs.
10. The _________ _____
________was a trade route
between Independence, Missouri,
and Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Traders traveled this route to Santa
Fe, where they sold cloth, guns,
and knives.
In return, they bought silver, gold,
and furs.
• The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence, Missouri to
Portland, Oregon.
• By 1844, about 5,000 Americans had settled in Oregon.
11. The Oregon Trail stretched
from Independence, Missouri to
Portland, Oregon.
• One group that migrated west along the Oregon trail was
the Mormons.
• The Mormons were a religious group, started by Joseph
Smith.
12. One group that migrated west
along the Oregon trail was the
Mormons.
The Mormons were a religious
group, started by_________
___________.
• Because of their different views, Mormons had been
persecuted for their beliefs.
• Brigham Young was the Mormon leader who followed Smith.
• Young decided that
the Mormons would
be safer if they
lived apart from
society.
• In 1847, thousands of Mormons settled near the edge of the
Great Salt Lake in Utah.
• They shared water and timberland and built a community
around present day Salt Lake City.
• Both the United States and Britain claimed the Oregon Territory.
• In 1844, James K. Polk, the Democratic presidential candidate,
called for the entire Oregon Territory to be part of the United
States.
• His campaign
slogan was “FiftyFour Forty or
Fight!”
• This referred to the
northern limit of the
Oregon territory –
the latitude 54°40'.
13. Whose campaign slogan was
“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”
This referred to the northern limit of
the Oregon territory – the latitude
54°40'.
• Britain was interested in the Oregon Territory mainly
for its many beaver furs.
• Eventually, beaver hats went out of style.
• As a result, the British lost interest in the Oregon
Territory.
• The United States claimed the region as theirs.
• This established the current border between the
United States and Canada.
Expansion in Texas
Chapter 9 Section 3
Americans Settle in the Southwest
• In the early 1800’s, México's northern provinces
included present day Texas, New Mexico, and
California.
• Texas had few
settlers.
• Although its land
was good for
farming, people
feared attacks by
Native Americans.
• Mexico won its
independence from
Spain in 1821.
• In the years that
followed, Mexico
sought to improve
its economy.
• As a result, Mexico loosened its trade restrictions
between its northern provinces and the United States.
• Mexico also encouraged American farmers to settle in
Texas.
• In the early 1820’s, Mexico offered huge land grants to
American settlers.
• Under these land
grants, Americans
bought land in Mexico
for a low price.
• In exchange, they
promised to obey
Mexican laws and
practice Roman
Catholicism.
• Many Americans rushed at the chance.
• The same restless determination that produced new
inventions and manufactured goods fed the American
urge to settle the west.
• American settlers in Texas were called Anglos.
• They soon outnumbered the Tejanos, or Spanish
speaking Texans.
• The Americans
in Texas
eventually
established a
colony in Texas.
• The American
Stephen F.
Austin was the
colony’s leader.
14. The Americans in Texas
eventually established a colony in
Texas.
The American __________
___________ was the colony’s
leader.
• The number of Anglos in Texas steadily grew and
their colony thrived.
• As a result, many people in the United States
considered making Texas part of their country.
• President John Quincy Adams had offered to buy
Texas for $1 million.
• President Andrew Jackson later offered $5 million.
• Mexico refused to sell
Texas.
• Soon the Mexicans
also began to have
second thoughts
about inviting so
many Americans.
Texas Fights for Independence
• Tensions soon erupted between Texas’ Anglo
population and Mexico.
• First, the Anglo
settlers spoke English
instead of Spanish.
• Second, the Anglos tended to be Protestant instead of Catholic.
• Third, many of the
settlers were
Southerners who had
brought their slaves
with them.
• Mexico had outlawed
slavery in 1829.
• In 1830, Mexico
banned more
American settlers
from coming to Texas.
• In 1834, Stephen
Austin convinced
Mexican leaders to
drop the ban.
• Once again, large numbers of Americans began
streaming into Texas.
• As the American
colony grew, Austin
went to Mexico City to
visit the Mexican
President, Antonio
López de Santa
Anna.
• Austin asked Santa
Anna for greater selfgovernment for
Texas.
15. As the American colony
grew, Austin went to Mexico City
to visit the Mexican
President,_________________.
Austin asked him for greater
self-government for Texas.
• Santa Anna responded by throwing Austin in Jail.
• Austin eventually was
freed.
• He returned to Texas
and called for Texans to
arm themselves.
• Soon afterward,
Santa Anna led an
army to San Antonio
to force the Texans to
obey Mexican law.
• As a result,
war broke
out between
the two sides
in 1835.
• The war
became
known as the
Texas
Revolution.
• One of the most famous battles of war occurred at the Alamo,
a mission in San Antonio.
• In February of 1836, a small group of American forces tried to
defend the Alamo from Mexican troops.
16. One of the most famous battles
of the Texas revolution occurred at
the ____________,a mission in
San Antonio.
In February of 1836, a small group
of American forces tried to defend it
from Mexican troops.
• For 12 days, Santa Anna and his troops attacked the rebels in
the Alamo.
• The Mexicans finally captured the mission after killing all 187 of
the Americans.
• Even as the battle for the Alamo raged, Texans met
and declared independence from Mexico.
• “Remember the Alamo!” became a rallying cry for
Texas rebels to defeat the Mexicans.
17. Even as the battle for the
Alamo raged, Texans met and
declared independence from
Mexico.
____________________________
_____________ became a rallying
cry for Texas rebels to defeat the
Mexicans.
• Under their
commander, Sam
Houston, the Texans
captured Santa Anna
and won their
independence.
• Houston was elected
president of the new
Republic of Texas.
18. Under their
commander,_______
______________, the Texans
captured Santa Anna and won their
independence.
He was elected president of the
new Republic of Texas.
• The Mexican
government refused
to acknowledge
Texas’
independence.
• However, France
and Great Britain
recognized Texas’
new status.
• Texas certainly acted like a new nation.
• It established an army and a navy.
• It also created its own flag.
• Many Texans hoped
that the United
States would
annex, or
incorporate, Texas
as part of the
country.
• The nation was
divided on the
issue.
19. To incorporate?
• Southerners welcomed another slave state to the
Union.
• Northerners, however, did not want another slave
state.
• In 1838, Sam
Houston invited
the United
States to Annex
Texas.
• Antislavery
Northerners,
however,
blocked any
action on the
matter.
• In 1844, James
Polk was elected
as the eleventh
president.
• Polk, a
slaveholder,
favored the
annexation of
Texas.
20. Who was the eleventh
president of the United States?
• In 1845, Texas finally was admitted into the
union.
• This angered the Mexican government.
The War with Mexico
Chapter 9 Section 4
Polk Urges War
• The United States’
annexation of Texas
increased tensions
with Mexico.
• U.S. President James
K. Polk wanted a war
with Mexico.
• He believed that a war would bring the United
States even more Mexican lands – such as
California and New Mexico.
• Polk decided to provoke a war.
• He ordered General Zachary Taylor to lead the U.S.
army to blockade the Rio Grande River.
21. President Polk decided to
provoke a war with this country?
• Mexico viewed this action as a violation of its territorial
rights.
• The two countries
moved closer to war.
• Americans were
divided about going to
war with Mexico.
• At first, Southerners were opposed to war.
• Once they learned that slavery might be extended to any new
lands acquired from Mexico, they supported war.
• Northerners did not want to see slavery extended.
• As a result, they opposed going to war to acquire new lands.
The War Begins
• In 1845, Americans
sent an exploration
party into California.
• Mexicans were
angered by this
invasion into their
territory.
• As a result, Mexico
sent troops across
the Rio Grande into
Texas.
• A skirmish broke out.
• The Mexicans killed
11 American soldiers.
• Polk asked Congress
to declare war.
• Congress did.
• The United States
army was led by
Colonel Stephen
Kearney.
• He marched his
troops into Santa Fe,
New Mexico.
• U.S. forces took the
area without firing a
shot.
• New Mexico
immediately asked to
join the United States.
• Kearny’s troops then moved into California.
• American settlers there had already declared their
independence.
• They set up the Republic of California.
• American troops easily took control of California.
• American troops also pushed into Mexico.
• One military victory followed another.
• Mexican soldiers
gallantly defended
their home soil.
• However, their army
labored under poor
leadership, while U.S.
soldiers served under
capable leaders.
• They included General Zachary Taylor and General
Winfield Scott.
• Taylor captured Monterrey and won against Santa Anna at
Buena Vista.
• Scott captured the port of Vera Cruz and then took Mexico City,
the capital.
22. In the Mexican war this general
captured the port of Vera Cruz and
then took Mexico City, the capital.
America Claims the Spoils of War;
The California Gold Rush
• In 1848, Mexico and
the United States
signed the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo
ending the war.
• Under the treaty, a
defeated Mexico
handed much of its
northern land to the
United States.
• This land
included
present day
California,
Nevada,
New
Mexico,
Utah, most
of Arizona,
and parts of
Colorado
and
Wyoming.
• As a result
of its war
with Mexico,
the United
States grew
by onethird.
23. In 1848, Mexico and the United States signed
the _________________________, ending the
war.
Under the treaty, a defeated Mexico handed
much of its northern land to the United States.
This land included present day California,
Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and
parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
As a result of its war with Mexico, the United
States grew by one-third.
• Five years later, in 1853, the United States bought
more land from Mexico.
• This deal was known as the Gadsden Purchase.
• This set the current borders of the lower 48 states.
24. in 1853, the United States
bought more land from Mexico.
This deal was known as
the________________________.
This set the current borders of the
lower 48 states.
• Due to poor health,
Polk declined to run
for reelection in 1848.
• The Democrats
nominated Lewis
Cass.
• They remained silent
on the issue of
extending slavery to
the nation’s vast new
holdings.
• A group of antislavery Democrats
nominated Martin Van
Buren.
• Van Buren
captured 10
percent of the
popular vote – but
no electoral votes.
• The winner was
the Whig nominee,
war hero Zachary
Taylor.
• He became the
12th president of
the United States.
25. Who became the 12th president
of the United States.
• In 1848, American settlers discovered gold in California.
• Thousands of people streamed into California in search of gold.
• These settlers were known as forty-niners.
26. In 1848, American settlers
discovered gold in California.
Thousands of people streamed into
California in search of gold.
These settlers were known
as_____________________.
• This mass migration became known as the great gold rush.
• As a result of the gold rush, California’s population exploded.
• San Francisco became a boom town.
• By 1849, California’s
population exceeded
100,000.
• California had a
diverse population
including Chinese,
Mexicans, and freed
blacks.
• California
applied for
statehood as
a state that
outlawed
slavery.
• California’s
application for
statehood
provoked
much debate
in Congress.
• It became just one more sore point between
Northerners and Southerners – each intent on
winning the argument over slavery.