Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Requirements of Organisms:
•
Life depends on the availability of the
following:
a. Water (required for metabolic reactions, for
transport of substances, for temperature
regulation)
b. Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and
raw materials for building new living matter)
c. Oxygen (used in releasing energy from
nutrients)
d. Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its
presence governs the rate at which
reactions occur)
Homeostasis:
• Maintenance of a stable internal environment is
called homeostasis.
• Homeostasis is regulated through control systems
which have receptors, a set point and effectors in
common. Examples include:
a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body
temperature in a manner similar to the
functioning of a home heating thermostat.
b. Another homeostatic mechanism employs
pressure-sensitive receptors to regulate blood
pressure.
Skeletal/Muscular Systems
Function: Enable movement, provide
support and protection for tissues & organs
Skeletal/Muscular Systems
Major Organs Involved:
• Bones!
• and
• Muscles!!
• Bones are attached to other bones by
ligaments
• Muscles are attached to bones by tendons
Skeletal/Muscular Systems
More stuff:
• Actin & myosin are
2 protein fibers in
muscle cells that allow
them to contract and
relax
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kFmbr
RJq4w
Skeletal/Muscular Systems
More stuff:
• There are three types of muscle tissue:
1. Skeletal muscle tissue – found in muscles that
attach to bones (bicep, tricep)
2. Smooth muscle tissue – found in muscles of
organs (stomach, intestines)
3. Cardiac muscle tissue – specific type of
muscle tissue of the heart
Integumentary System
Functions:
• Retain fluids
• Protection – 1st line of defense
• Temperature control – sweat glands
• Eliminate wastes – sweat and oil glands
Integumentary System
Major Organs:
• Skin
• Sweat and oil glands
• Hair
• Nails
Integumentary System
More Stuff:
Layers of the skin:
• Epidermis – outer most layer
• Dermis – thick middle layer
• Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer – inner
most layer
Nervous System
Functions: relay chemical-electrical
impulses to all the muscles of the body
Nervous System
Two Main Parts:
1. Central Nervous System – brain & spinal
cord
2. Peripheral Nervous
System – nerves of
the body
Nervous System
Nerve Cells: called neurons, the
transmitting cells of the body
Endocrine System
Functions:
• Regulates water & electrolyte balance
• Maintains metabolism
• Controls response to stimuli
• Regulates growth, development, &
reproduction
• Produces hormones
Endocrine System
Major Organs: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,
pineal, and parathyroid glands, pancreas,
males & female
reproductive
organs
Endocrine System
More Stuff:
The chemical messengers secreted by one
part of the body, travel in the blood, and
target another part of the body are called
hormones.
Two types: steroid and non-steroid
Digestive System
Function: mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food so nutrients can be
absorbed by the
body’s cells.
Digestive System
Major Organs:
Digestive System
More Stuff:
• Food is mostly absorbed in the small
intestines
• Water is mostly absorbed in the large
intestines
Excretory/Urinary System
Function: filters the blood and removes
wastes (salt, acids, etc.)
Excretory/Urinary System
Each Kidney is made of functional units
called nephrons.
Respiratory System
Function: exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Respiratory System
• When oxygen is inhaled it goes down the
wind pipe, also called the trachea.
• The trachea splits into two tubes called the
bronchial tubes, which lead into the lungs.
• The bronchial tubes end in air sacs (within
the lungs) called alveoli.
• Every cell in our body needs oxygen to go
into the mitochondria to perform cellular
respiration.
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Function: carries nutrients, oxygen,
hormones, and wastes
through the body and
distributes heat to
maintain homeostasis.
Circulatory System
Major Organs:
• Arteries carry oxygen rich blood away
from the heart
• Veins carry blood with carbon dioxide
back to the heart
• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels
& is where gas, nutrient, and heat
exchange occurs
Circulatory System
Types of Cells in Blood:
1. Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) – carry oxygen
and carbon dioxide
2. White Blood Cells (WBC’s) – fight
infections, respond to allergies
3. Platelets – cell fragments that stick
together to form clots
Immune/Lymphatic System
Function: helps fight infections throughout
the body
Immune/Lymphatic System
A vector is something that carries a
pathogenic disease.
• Insects
• Body fluids
• Viruses
• Plasmids (ring of bacterial DNA)
Human Eye
Human Eye - Anatomy
A. The Outer Layer – fibrous outer layer
1. Cornea – transparent “window” at the
front of the eye; focuses entering light
onto the retina (retina is a part of the
inner layer).
2. Sclera – “whites” of the eye; protects eye
and is attachment for extrinsic muscles
3. Optic nerve and blood vessels pierce
the sclera at the back of the eye; carries
sensory impulses to the brain
B. Middle Tunic – vascular layer
1. Choroid Coat – joined to sclera, contains
many blood vessels that nourishes other
tissues of the eye; produces pigments that
absorb excess light to keep the inside of
the eye dark.
2. Ciliary Body – forms a ring around the
front of the eye and is made of small
muscles and suspensory ligaments that
hold the lens in position and change its
shape (focus).
3. Lens – focuses light onto retina
4. Iris - thin, smooth muscle anterior to
the ciliary body that adjusts the
amount of light entering the pupil, a
hole in the iris’s center
5. Aqueous Humor – watery fluid that
fills space between cornea and lens;
nourishes these parts and maintains
shape of the eye
C. Inner Tunic – nervous inner layer
1. Retina – contains visual receptor cells
a) Rods – very sensitive to light, so can
provide vision in dim light; Produce
colorless vision; give less precise
images (outlines of objects)
b) Cones – provide sharper images of
color
• 3 types of cones: 1 is sensitive to red
light, 1 is sensitive to green, & the
other is sensitive to blue
2. Fovea Centralis – depression in the
center of the retina where there are only
cones; region where retina produces
sharpest vision
3. Optic Disc – area where nerve fibers of
the retina converge and join the optic
nerve; this area lacks rods/cones, and is
known as your “blind spot”
4. Posterior Cavity – contains lens, ciliary
body, and retina; filled with vitreous humor
5. Vitreous Body – collagenous fibers
support internal parts of the eye
Human Eye