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The observed result of the
independent variable being
manipulated
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The variable representing the value
being manipulated or changed
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
A large volume of air that has
nearly the same temperature
and humidity at different
locations at the same altitude.
AIR MASS
The force of air molecules
pushing on an area
AIR PRESSURE
A heavy odorless colorless gas
formed during respiration
CARBON DIOXIDE
Gases such as carbon dioxide and
methane, which absorb and give
off infrared radiation as part of
the Greenhouse Effect
GREENHOUSE GASES
The amount of water vapor in
the air
HUMIDITY
A tropical low-pressure system
with winds of 74 mph +
HURRICANE
Coldest layer; meteors burn up
here
MESOSPHERE
A colorless, odorless, tasteless
gas; 78% of atmosphere
NITROGEN
A colorless, odorless, tasteless
nonflammable gas; 21% of
atmosphere
OXYGEN
A gas molecule that consists of
three oxygen atoms
OZONE
Energy that travels across distances
as certain types of waves
RADIATION
Clear, dry layer; contains Ozone
layer
STRATOSPHERE
The transfer of heat energy from
one substance to another
through direct contact
CONDUCTION
Hottest layer of the atmosphere
where the air is very thin, but
can feel cold
THERMOSPHERE
The transfer of energy from place
to place by the motion of heated
gas or liquid
CONVECTION
A violently rotating column of air
stretching from a cloud to the
ground
TORNADOES
We live here; weather occurs here;
contains 80% of the atmosphere’s
mass
TROPOSPHERE
The influence of Earth’s rotation
on objects that move over Earth
CORIOLIS EFFECT
Water in its gaseous state; totally
invisible
WATER VAPOR
The process by which certain gases
in a planet’s atmosphere absorb and
emit infrared radiation, resulting in
an increase in surface temperature
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The rate at which velocity
changes over time
ACCELERATION
A machine that is made up of
two or more simple machines
COMPOUND MACHINES
The ability to do work or to cause
a change
ENERGY
A push or pull; something that
changes the motion of an object
FORCE
A force that resists the motion
between two surfaces in contact
FRICTION
The force that objects exert on each
other because of their masses
GRAVITY
The resistance of an object to a
change in the speed or the
direction of its motion
INERTIA
The energy of motion
KINETIC ENERGY
A body, as a piece of iron or steel
that possesses the property of
attracting certain substances, as iron
MAGNET
The number of times a machine
multiplies the input force; output
force divided by input force
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
A combination of the kinetic energy
and potential energy an object has
MECHANICAL ENERGY
A change of position over time
MOTION
A scientific law stating that objects
at rest remain at rest, and objects in
motion remain in motion with the
same velocity, unless acted on by an
unbalanced forced
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
A scientific law stating that the
acceleration of an object increases
with increased force and decreases
with increased mass
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
A scientific law stating that every
time one object exerts a force on
another object, the second object
exerts a force that is equal in size
and opposite in direction back on
the first object
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Stored energy; the energy an
object has due to its position,
molecular arrangement, or
chemical composition
POTENTIAL ENERGY
A location to which another
location is compared
REFERENCE POINT
One of the basic machines on
which all other mechanical
machines are based
SIMPLE MACHINES
A measure of how fast something
moves through a particular distance
over a definite time period; distance
divided by time
SPEED
Speed in a specific direction
VELOCITY
The use of force to move an
object over a distance
WORK
A condition needed for health and
functioning in which an organism or
cell maintains a relatively stable
internal environment
HOMEOSTASIS
The smallest unit that is able to
perform the basic functions of life
CELL
Outer boundary of the cytoplasm
and the environment outside;
semi-permeable
CELL MEMBRANE
Protective outer covering, outside of
the cell membrane; plant cells only
CELL WALL
Fluid that fills cell (gelatin-like) in
which many organelles are found;
carries out the work of the cell
CYTOPLASM
Contains genetic material a cell
needs to reproduce and function;
controls eating, movement, etc…
- directs all activities
NUCLEUS
Plant cell organelle, contains
chlorophyll that captures sunlight
and turns it into food
CHLOROPLASTS
Produces most of the cell’s energy;
cellular respiration occurs here
“Powerhouse of the Cell”
MITOCHONDRIA
Storage bubbles in cells within
cytoplasm
VACUOLE
Packages up proteins “UPS”
GOGLI APPARATUS
Moves materials around the cell and
between cells, it’s the transportation
system “highway” of the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM “ER”
Breaks materials down with the
cell – cleans up the cell “Lysol”
LYSOSOME
Unicellular only – No nucleus or
organelles with DNA that are not
organized into chromosomes
PROKARYOTE
A structure in a cell enclosed by
membrane that performs a
specific function
ORGANELLE
Multicellular only – Genetic
material in nucleus, surrounded
by its own membrane
EUKARYOTE
Protein builders of the cell –
produce proteins
RIBOSOMES
The structures in the body that
work together to transform the
energy and materials in food into
forms the body can use
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A system that interacts with the
environment and with other body
systems to bring oxygen to the body
and remove carbon dioxide
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A system of organs within an
organism which work together for
the purpose of reproduction
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The group of organs, consisting of
the heart and blood vessels, that
circulates blood through the body
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A group of organs that filter
waste from an organism’s blood
and excrete it in a liquid called
urine
URINARY / EXCRETORY SYSTEM
A process in which cells use oxygen
to release energy stored in sugars
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Wavelike contractions of smooth
muscles in the organs of the
digestive tract; the contractions
move food through the digestive
system
PERISTALSIS
Mostly unicellular organisms that
have a nucleus (prokaryotic) and
do not belong to animal, plant or
fungi kingdoms
PROTISTA
Unicellular organism; moves using
its flagella; asexual reproduction;
have chloroplasts to absorb sunlight
EUGLENA
Unicellular organism; moves by
stretching and bending; asexual
reproduction; engulfs and wraps
around its food
AMOEBA
Unicellular organism; moves to eat
using its cilia; asexual reproduction;
sweeps food into its “mouth”
PARAMECIUM
Green algae that form communities
of multicellular spheres; moves by
“waves”; mostly asexual
reproduction; makes food from
sunlight; supplies oxygen to the
atmosphere
VOLVOX
Slender threadlike structure that
enables many protozoa to swim
FLAGELLA
A method of asexual reproduction;
the reproduction of a cell or a onecelled organism by division into two
nearly equal parts
BINARY FISSION
A physical characteristic that is
not inherited but may be an
effect of the environment
ACQUIRED TRAIT
An alternate form of a gene for a
specific trait or gene product
ALLELE
The physical structure in a cell that
contains the cell’s genetic material
CHROMOSOME
The dominant gene completely
masks the effect of the recessive
gene; heterozygous
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
The genetic material found in all living
cells that contains the information
needed for an organism to grow,
maintain itself, and reproduce
DNA
The allele that determines the
phenotype of an individual organism
when two different copies are
present in the genotype
DOMINANT ALLELE
A sperm or egg cell, containing half
the usual number of chromosomes
of an organism; found in the
reproductive organs of a plant or
animal
GAMETE
The basic unit of heredity that
consists of a segment of DNA on a
chromosome
GENES
The genetic makeup of an organism;
all the genes that an organism has
GENOTYPE
The state of having different alleles
in regard to a given character
HETEROZYGOUS
The sate of having identical alleles in
regard to a given character(s)
HOMOZYGOUS
Heterozygous condition in which
both alleles are partially expressed
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
The genetic transmission of
characteristics from parent to
offspring
INHERITED TRAIT
A part of sexual reproduction in which
cells divide to form sperm cells in a
male and egg cells in a female – only
occurs in reproductive cells
MEIOSIS
The phase in the cell cycle during
which the nucleus divides
MITOSIS
Any change made to DNA
MUTATION
An individual thing, made up of
one or many cells, that is capable
of growing and reproducing
ORGANISM
Shows family relationships, including
two or more generations
PEDIGREE CHART
The observable characteristics or
traits of an organism
PHENOTYPE
A chart used to show all the ways
genes from two parents can
combine and be passed to offspring
PUNNETT SQUARE
An allele that is not expressed
when combined with a dominant
form of the gene
RECESSIVE ALLELE
A type of reproduction in which male
and female reproductive cells
combine to form offspring with
genetic material from both cells
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The process by which a single
organism produces offspring that
have the same genetic material;
makes a copy of itself
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Part of the process of sexual
reproduction in which a male
reproductive cell and a female
reproductive cell combine to form a
new cell that can develop into a new
organism
FERITILIZATION
The new organisms produced by
one or two parent organisms
OFFSPRING
A disease/disorder that is
inherited genetically
GENETIC DISEASE
Formation of an outgrowth from
an organism that is capable of
developing into a new individual
BUDDING