Bellringer: 2/18
Pick up the papers by the door.
 Please begin working on your SOL
Reading and your WWI Vocab. We will
take about 15 minutes at the start of
class for you to work on these.
 Write down your HW:

 Finish WWI vocab to be checked next class
for a HW grade.
Table of Contents Update:
103: SOL Reading – WWI
 104: Notes: WWI Begins
 105: Documentary Qs: WWI – The
Death of Glory

The “War to End All
Wars”
1914-1918
Time of Peace

1896 – First
Modern
Olympics

1899 –Universal
Peace
Conference
Europe 1914
Militarism:

glorification of the military.
Military Growth

Increasing reliance by
Monarchs on “military
advisors”

As tensions increased
countries increased
troop strength
 many countries
abandoned the
“Professional Army” in
favor of conscription (the
draft) and civilian
“Reserve Units”
Distrust of one another resulted in…
Alliances:

An agreement between two or more countries to
give each other help if it is needed. When an
alliance is signed, those countries become known
as “allies”.

Sounds like a good strategy, BUT…

Downfall: They meant that some countries had no
option but to declare war if one of their allies
declared war first.
Rivalries Between World Powers Develop
Over Colonies

France & Great Britain
 Argued over control of Egypt & Sudan – nearly went to war

France & Germany
 Both wanted control of Morocco

Germany & Great Britain
 Germany’s proposed “Berlin to Baghdad Railroad”
threatened Britain’s supremacy in the Middle East.

Germany & U.S.
 Nearly went to war over control of Samoa.
Rivalries Between World Powers

U.S. & Spain – Spanish-American War 1898 – “Manifest
Destiny”
 U.S. gained control of Cuba, Philippine Islands, Guam,

Russia & Austria-Hungary
 Dispute over Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia &
Herzegovina. (1908)

Dispute over Russia’s policy of “Pan-Slavism” in the
Balkans

Austrian opposition of Serbia’s plan for a “Greater Serbia”
Alliance Map During WWI
Triple Alliance – Central Powers

1882 – Bismarck (Germany) signed a
treaty with Italy & Austria-Hungary

1914 – Germany & Austria-Hungary
fought together but Italy did not
Triple Entente – Allies

1893– France & Russia formed an
alliance

1904– France & Britain formed an
alliance

Britain later signed an agreement with
Russia
Alliances Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpu
Oa6u6HX0
Nationalism:

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion
to one’s country.
Austria/Hungary
 Hungarians resent Austrian
dominance in the Dual Monarchy
 Slavs in Austria-Hungary agitate
for independence.
○ Slavic independence movements
supported & encouraged by Serbia
 Austria-Hungary’s annexation of
Bosnia & Herzegovina frustrated
Serbian ambitions of expansion.
Imperialism:

domination by one country of the political, social, economic, or
cultural life of another country or region (1850-1914).

As industrialization grew, so did the competition for overseas
markets.

Since the German Empire was not established until 1871,
Germany had fallen behind the rest of Europe in the race to
win overseas colonies.
Assassination:

the targeted killing of a public figure may be
prompted by religious, ideological, political, or
military reasons.
Who was Archduke Francis Ferdinand?

heir to throne of Austria-Hungary

perceived as “weak”

disliked by the Hungarians

not respected by Austrians because he married
a low-level Polish princess

sent to visit politically unstable province of Bosnia

Slav “nationalists” carry out demonstrations, civil
disturbances, bombings & assassinations in Bosnia
& Herzegovina in an effort to gain independence
from Austria-Hungary
“Secret Societies” Within Serbia

The “Black Hand” a secret
Serbian revolutionary society
trains & arms “nationalists” inside
Bosnia.

Serbian government officially
denies involvement in any secret
Revolutionary societies.

Sarajevo June 28, 1914.
Gavrilo Princip fires two shots
killing Ferdinand and his wife.
STUMBLING TO WAR






KAISER WILHELM II (horrified at
assassination, urges war)
BLANK CHECK (offered from Germany to
Austria-Hungary)
ULTIMATUM (crush anti-Austrians &
punish officials)
JULY 28, 1914: Austria declares war on
Serbia
CZAR NICHOLAS II (asked Wilhelm to
ease up)
MOBILIZATION (Russia begins to
prepare its troops)
The powder keg is sparked
Declares War On…


Austria-Hungary

Serbia

Russia

France
Germany
Declares War On…



Austria-Hungary

Serbia

Russia

France

Germany
Germany
Britain
Western Front

Schlieffen Plan: German strategic plan of
attack of fighting along two fronts for a quick
victory.
 Attack France first to the west, attack Russia second
to the east.

FAILED because:
 Russia mobilized faster than expected.
 Germany shifted troops from western to eastern front.
 British and French troops pushed back German forces
along the Marne River.
War Plans Developed

Germany invades
neutral Belgium to
get to France

Britain had
guaranteed Belgian
neutrality
Reaction of the People
Britain = labor unrest
 Russia = Revolution of 1905


War brought temporary relief to these
countries

Young men rushed to enlist and fight for
justice and a better world
Sinking of the Lusitania
What was the Lusitania?
A British ocean liner that sailed across
the Atlantic
 What happened to it?

 It was torpedoed by a German U-boat
 Was carrying passengers from many nations
(including the U.S.)
Sinking of the Lusitania
NOTICE!
“Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are
reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her
allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war
includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in
accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German
Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of
her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that
travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or
her allies do so at their own risk.”
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL
22, 1915.
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=M5z4I3aIn7E
U.S. ENTRY INTO WWI

REASONS
 Unrestrictive submarine warfare (Lusitania)
 Zimmerman Telegram

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT requires young
men to enlist
 400,000 enlist
 18-45 years old

PERSHING wants to fight in traditional way—
horses; ends up in the trenches
Contrast with WWI Technology
New Weapons Used in War
What do you see here? Why might the soldiers be wearing
gas masks? How are machine guns different from older guns?
How might machine guns affect military strategy?
Machine guns and Submachine guns
(Automatic rifles)
Flamethrowers
Kleinflammenwerfer
Grossflammenwerfer
Armored Cars
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
 emerged
in the first few months of WWI due
to heavy machine gun and artillery fire
 used
as shelter and survival from constant
enemy fire
 dug
in a zigzag pattern
 cramped,
muddy, wet, rat infested, disease
prone (trench foot), and dull – HORRIBLE!!
Viewer Discretion is Advised!
Typical WWI Trench Layout
This aerial photograph shows the way
in which the battlefield was set up. In
between the front lines lies “no-man’s
land,” and also visible is the zig-zag
pattern of the trenches, made such
that an enemy could not enter and
begin firing straight down the entire
length of the trench. Communication
trenches run back to the second and
third lines, and then right back to the
rear. The white marks are shell holes.
http://www.worldwar1.com/tlbtw.htm
Airplanes
Airplanes

First used to observe enemy troop
movements “scouting.”

As technology developed
throughout WWI, planes became
faster and more capable of
carrying heavy bomb loads.

Pilots known as “flying aces”
confronted one another in mid-air
battles known as “dogfights.”

In 1915, Germany used
zeppelins, large gas filled
balloons to bomb the English
coast.
Zeppelins
Tanks
GAS—mustard gas
Chemical warfare

Used first by Germany and then
the Allies in 1915.

Poisonous gas blinded or
choked its victims or caused
agonizing burns and blisters,
even death.

Dangerous to everyone
because winds often shifted
blowing the gases in all
directions.

Gas masks were used by
soldiers to protect their lungs
from being poisoned.
Gas Masks
Motorcycles
WWI Listening Radio
Listening Devices
Radio reporting news of WWI
Parachutes
Submarines
German U-Boats
Battleships
Dreadnaught Battleships
 WWI
was supposed to be a
“quick war,” but with daily
advances in technology most
battles ended in stalemate with
tens to hundreds of thousands of
soldiers dying…
Casualties of Modern Weaponry

Tactics of sending masses of men
toward enemy didn’t work against
modern weapons

British suffered 57,470 casualties on the
first day of the Battle of Somme

Total losses for World War I exceeded
10 million
A new kind of war: Life on the Front Lines of WWI
The Reality of Soldier’s Lives
War takes a toll on soldiers

“war of attrition”

Once, young and eager
soldiers proud to serve
their country, now had
little faith in their cause.

Some soldiers were
mentally or physically
wounded while many
others lost their lives.
Effects of the War of the Home Front
Wartime Propaganda
Women and the age of “Total War”

Women poured into
the workforce
replacing men who
went off to war

Jobs:
 Ran farms
 Factory workers
 Office assistants
 Nurses
Women continued

Middle and upper class women:
paramilitary organizations
 40,000 nurses
 Cooks
 Drivers
 Mechanics
 13,000 Women’s Land Army
Women’s Wages and Changing Roles

Paid less than men

After the war, women were “demobilized” to make
room for men in their jobs.

Women discovered benefit of financial autonomy

Some refused to return to domestic service

Women won the right to vote throughout Europe
Wartime economics

WWI left the world
financially stressed

To finance war costs
governments:
 Raised taxes
 Took out loans
 Rationed food, clothing,




gasoline
Set prices
Forbid strikes
Forced civilian labor
Enforced “drafts”
Mobilizing for Total War

Citizens back home made huge
sacrifices (“Victory Gardens”)

Governments controlled industries,
rationing
The War Ends
 Bulgaria
and the Ottoman Empire were
first Central Powers to be defeated
 Revolts
inside Austria-Hungary and
Germany helped end the war quickly
 November
11, 1918 11 A.M.
 Armistice Day!
Propaganda Poster - PROJECT
 During WWI
almost every other nation
involved in the war participated in propaganda
advertising to garner (gain) support for the war
effort. Propaganda tried to encourage the people
to participate in the war effort in some form.
Propaganda art usually only outlines some of the
facts in order to make a point.
Propaganda Poster - PROJECT

WHAT YOU NEED TO DO:
Create propaganda poster that would have appeared at the post office,
grocery store, bank or any other public place during WWI. When
creating the poster consider the following:

 Color: Is it patriotic or just colorful and eye catching?
 Words: Who is the poster speaking to…rich intellectuals, small children, or




someone in between.
Symbols: Are there any symbols that mean or stand for other things. (e.g. an eagle
is a symbol of freedom)
Message: Simple……..what is it going to say?
Audience: Who are you addressing in your poster? Who do you want to be reading
this poster?
Purpose: Which branch of the military or government agency is this poster created
to support?
Propaganda Poster - PROJECT

REQUIREMENTS:

Must work by yourself to complete the poster.

Must contain at least 1 image.

Must contain a reference to a particular nation

Must contain correct information about WWI. (1914-1918)
Page 2 of notes
The Paris Peace Conference
Meeting at Versailles:
In 1919, the Big 4 met in Paris to negotiate
the Treaty; Lloyd George of Britain,
Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France,
and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.

Russia was not
invited

Central Powers
were given a small
role
Paris Peace Conference

Dominated by the
leaders of the four major
Allied Powers:
 Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
 David Lloyd George
(Britain)
 George Clemenceau
(France)
 Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
“The Big
Four”
What They Wanted:
France
Great
Britain
America
Italy
Georges
Clemenceau
Lloyd George
Woodrow Wilson
Vittorio Orlando
14 Points
designed to
establish lasting
peace in Europe
Territory
Make Germany
pay!
Similar to French
but worried it was
too harsh
Germany has to
be stopped from
invading again
Treaty might
cause hostility in
the future
Revenge
Wilson’s Plan for a
Lasting Peace:
Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissions in Paris to
negotiate the Versailles treaty
The 14 Points:

Self-determination:
boundaries decided based
on people & they establish
their own governments

Mandate System:
Colonial policies should
consider the interests of
the people

Freedom of Seas: open
trading to all peaceful
nations, remove tariffs

League of Nations: to
provide peaceful means
of solving disputes rather
than war

No secret treaties or
alliances formed

Arms should be reduced
Sooooo….
Treaty of Versailles

Signed June 28, 1919

Made Germany agree to a “Guilt Clause”

Pay war reparations of $33 Billion

Carved large chunks of territory from Germany and
placed many restrictions on the German government.

Provided for the formation of the League of Nations.
Germany’s Restrictions

Not allowed to manufacture heavy artillery, tanks,
or airplanes.

Navy could have FEW warships, but NO
submarines.

Rules/Restrictions meant to ensure Germany was
unable to start a war.

Allies lacked ability to enforce imposed
restrictions.
Territorial Changes at Germany’s
Expense
 Alsace-Lorraine returned to
France.

Belgium gained some small
territories along its boarders.

Poland restored as an
independent nation.
Rhineland
 Was
to be kept free of German military and
weapons
 Allied troops occupied it
Weakness’ of the Treaty
 Germany
was humiliated and destroyed
 Allies
ignored the needs of the new Soviet
Government
 International
instability was created in the
new nations and mandates
 U.S.
returned to isolationist policies
America Opposed the Treaty

Felt it was too
lenient

Objected to foreign
policy decisions
being made by
international
organizations

Senate refused to
ratify the treaty &
join the League
Results of WWI:

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

Colonies’ participation in war increased
demands for independence.

End of Russian Imperial, Ottoman, German
and Austro-Hungarian empires

U.S. - economic giant
More RESULTS of WWI:

10 million soldiers and 10 million civilians are
DEAD=20 million

Europe and its colonies are devastated

Allies won the war, but lost hopes for peace

Spanish Influenza spread during war—20-100 million
died (estimated) worldwide

Empires broken up—mandates made in the Middle
East
MANDATES – territory under temporary control

Ottoman Empire is GONE
 France and Great Britain divide former Ottoman Empire
 Britain-
Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine
 France
Syria and Lebanon
THIS DIVISION PLANTED SEEDS FOR FUTURE
CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST!!!
Destruction never seen before

Many towns across Europe lay in ruin due to
widespread destruction by mechanized warfare.

Families suffered great losses both human and
material.

The once great Austro-Hungarian Empire now lay
destroyed.

The political shape of Europe was forever changed.
http://www.the-map-ashistory.com/demos/tome03/index.p
hp
Europe 1914
Europe 1918