Animal Transport
Transport is the circulation and distribution of materials.
Ameba
Paramecium
Transport is based on:
Passive Transport: diffusion and osmosis
Active Transport: contractile vacuole
Cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming)
Cnidarians
Coelenterates
Hydra, jellyfish
Simple since cells
are in close
contact with
environment
Multicellular animals require efficient systems for exchange and transport.
Open System: Transport fluid flows through freely through body cavities
Closed System: Transport tissue flows within vessels
Vertebrates have closed systems but vary in the heart chambers
Fish: 2
Amphibian: 3
Mammal and Bird: 4
The four chamber heart separates oxygen rich from oxygen
poor blood
Human Circulation
Trace the path of
blood in the human
system.
Arteries:
Arterioles:
Capillaries:
Veinioles:
Veins:
Intro to Circulation video
Label the diagram of the heart. Oxygen rich/ oxygen poor?
Heart video
Control of the Heart Cycle
Nerves send impulses to the “pacemaker” on the right atrium of the heart.
Accelerator increases rate
Vagus decreases rate
Hormone adrenaline increases rate during the “fight / flight mechanism”
How does the structure of the blood vessels compare?
Vein
Artery
Blood Vessels Video
Blood flow in the veins is aided by the surrounding muscles
and valves that prevent back flow.
Blood in the arteries is
under pressure from the
heart.
Look at what happens to
the blood flow as it
passes through the
vessels.
Blood Pressure video
How is blood pressure measured?
Systolic is the pressure of the ventricles contracting
Diastolic is the pressure during the relaxation or ventricles refilling.
Pressure cuff is called a sphygmomanometer.
Body blood flow is
regulated by precapillary
sphincters.
Helps regulate heat
exchange.
What happens to your skin
when you are cold? Hot?
Components of the Blood
Components of Blood Video
Blood Clotting
When does clotting occur?
Leading Causes of Death
(All figures are for U.S.)
Final 2000 data
Ten Leading Causes of Death in the U.S.:
Heart Disease: 710,760
Cancer: 553,091
Stroke: 167,661
Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease: 122,009
Accidents: 97,900
Diabetes: 69,301
Pneumonia/Influenza: 65,313
Alzheimer's Disease: 49,558
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 37,251
Septicemia: 31,224
Final 2000 data: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm
Incidence
per Year
Major Originating Factors
1. Heart Disease
769,353
diet, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, poor health
education
2. Cancer
476,927
diet, smoking, environmental pollution, poor health
education
3. Cerebrovascular
Disease
149,835
diet, smoking stress, lack of exercise, poor health
education
4. Accidents
95,020
alcohol, education, lack of governmental and business
safety protection
5. Pulmonary
Diseases
78,380
smoking, lack of exercise, nutrition, air pollution
6. Pneumonia and
Influenza
69,225
nutrition, poverty, stress, poor health education
7. Diabetes mellitus
38,796
nutrition, poverty, stress, poor health education
8. Suicide
30,796
psychological stress, poverty, nutrition
9. Liver Disease
26,201
alcohol, stress, poverty, nutrition, poor health education
10. Athleroschlerosis
22,474
nutrition, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, poor health
education
11. Kidney Disease
22,052
diet, alcohol, smoking, poverty, poor health education
12. Homicide
21,103
poverty, psychological stress, alcohol, drugs, gun
availability
13. Septicimia
19,916
nutrition, hospitals, poverty, poor health education
14. Perinatal
Condition
18,222
poverty, nutrition, poor health education
15. Congenital
Anomalies
12,330
alcohol, drugs, poverty, poor health education
Health Problem
Comprehensive Health Care for Everyone: A Guide for Body, Mind, and Spirit
by Thomas M. Collins (1995)
Malfunctions of circulatory system:
Heart attack: coronary arteries blocked
Stroke: aneurism or clot in brain
Hypertension: high blood pressure
Normal Artery
Atherosclerosis
Coronary Arteries
Bypass surgery
Stroke Fact Sheet
The Body’s Defense System
Chapter 31
Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
The Germ Theory of Disease
Diseases that are caused by pathogens are known as infectious
diseases. Pathogens include certain bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and
worms, and viruses.
In the mid 1800’s, Louis
Pasteur demonstrated the
importance of
microorganisms.
Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reduced infections in patients
by washing hands and sterilizing equipment. Lister hypothesized
that microorganisms caused infections that was killing 50% of his
patients following surgery.
Koch’s Postulates
Robert Koch, a German physician,
built upon the previous work of
Pasteur and Lister. His method is
used to identify the pathogens that
cause specific diseases.
Modern life has evolved in a world of microbes. Some are
symbiotic and benefit metabolism but others are pathogenic
TERMITES (Reticulitermes flavipes)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the
roots of legumes
Anthrax spores
Enemy Within: Bacteria video
Viruses are “non-living” without a host. A protein coat and
nucleic acids
Virus video
Diversity of animal viruses
Measles
Influenza Viruses
1918 Flu Epidemic
Infectious disease video
The Body’s Defense
1. Nonspecific defense against infection
a. Barriers external and internal
b. Phagocytic cells, complement proteins
c. Inflammatory response
2. Specific defense (immune system)
First line of defense: Barriers
1. Intact skin: secretions create a pH
of 3-5
2. Mucous membranes
3. Tears, saliva contain antimicrobial
proteins
4. Digestive system contains acids
5. Ciliated cells in trachea with
mucous traps microbes prevents
them from entering lungs
Lining of trachea shows mucous
producing cells and ciliated cells
Second line of defense: Phagocytic Leukocytes (WBC)
1. Neutrophils 60-70% of all WBC short-lived phagocytes
2. Monocytes 5%, develop into macrophages
3. Basophils involved in the inflammatory response
4. Eosinophils involved in parasitic invaders
5. Natural killer cells destroy viral infected body cells
Nonspecific defense
Monocytes give rise
to Macrophages
Phagocytosis by macrophage
The scanning electron
micrograph above, shows a
human macrophage (gray)
approaching a chain of
Streptococcus pyogenes
(yellow). Riding atop the
macrophage is a spherical
lymphocyte.
Inflammatory Response
•During an inflammatory response, chemical signals trigger changes in
blood vessels and attract white blood cells that help destroy the
invaders
•Histamines are released by basophils and mast Increased blood flow
•Chemokines attract WBC
•Increased Phagocytic activity
Specialized Proteins
Infected cells produce interferon, which stimulates noninfected cells to
manufacture substances that block virus reproduction. This limits the
spread of virus to neighboring cells.
The Third Line: Targeted Defense is specific immunity
provided by Lymphocytes
Antigens are the foreign molecules that elicits a specific
response
B and T lymphocytes have specific antigen receptors
Development of
Lymphocytes
B cells are produced in bone
and make antibodies
T cells are produced in
thymus and are known for the
cellular response
Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Both cells produce memory
cells that give “permanent”
immunity
Pathway to specific immunity involves recognizing self
from non-self.
Macrophages or infected cells present antigens (non-self
molecules) to the lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes are specific to the antigens
•B cells produce antibodies
•Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells
•Helper T cells stimulate other cells and defenses
Pathway of a specific response to antigens
Macrophages engulf and then display the antigens of pathogens
they have "eaten." This display activates a specific version of
helper T cells. The activated helper T cells in turn stimulate
cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
Macrophage and T cells interact to stimulate
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells
CD4 is one of the receptor sites used by HIV virus.
Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy infected body cells
B Lymphocytes are selected by specific antigens (foreign
particles). Specific selection results in the cloning of the B cells
and production of antibodies that “match” the antigen.
Antibodies secreted by the B cells bind to antigens
that have a complementary or matching shape.
Antibodies have lots of different shapes that
have the potential to bind to antigens.
Antibodies interact with antigens and aid in elimination several
ways.
T Dependent Response
Follow the steps that
stimulate the production
of antibodies
Overview of the Immune Response
Primary and Secondary
Immune Responses
The first exposure to a
pathogen produces B and T
memory cells specific to that
pathogen. A second exposure
activates those memory cells.
Vaccinations provide long term immunity.
A vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies
and memory cells that protect against future
exposure to the pathogen.
The introduction of the measles vaccine in the early 1960s helped
to greatly reduce the number of reported cases of measles.
Immunity can occur naturally or artificially
1. Active Immunity: stimulates the infected person’s
immune system, generally considered permanent
a. Immunization by vaccination give the person a
weakened, dead, fragment of the pathogen
b. Recover from the infection
2. Passive Immunity: person receives antibodies only so it is
temporary
a. Maternal immunity occurs when antibodies pass
from mother to baby through placenta and breast
milk
b. Artificial injection of antibodies gives short term
immunity
Defending the Body Against Disease video
Immune System Failures
Allergies: immune reaction involving histamines to a
“harmless”allergen.
Autoimmune diseases: immune system destroys body cells,
type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Disease
Beta cells normally synthesize the insulin
Closer Look at Some Diseases video
Allergy: abnormal immune system sensitivity to an otherwise
harmless antigen
An allergic reaction releases histamines, which cause the
characteristic allergy symptoms. These symptoms may include
a runny nose and watery eyes.
Allergins cause
allergic reactions.
Histamines are released
and the inflammatory
response occurs
Beware of Dust Bunnies!
HIV Virus animation
Review of Defense video
HIV enters T cell
Stages of HIV Infection