PRIMITIVE EARTH had no oxygen
THE
RELATIVE
SIZES OF
LIVING
THINGS
DNA ties all Kingdoms together
------E u k a r y o t e s----
Evolution with 5 Kingdoms
Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the
Earth’s Natural Capital
•
•
•
•
•
Vital renewable resource
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Functional diversity
The biodiversity found in the earth’s genes,
species, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes
is vital to sustaining life on earth.
How Do Speciation, Extinction, and
Human Activities Affect Biodiversity?
• As environmental conditions change, the
balance between formation of new species
and extinction of existing species determines
the earth’s biodiversity.
KINGDOM MONERA
=PROKARYOTES
= bacteria
Characteristics:
• Tiny cells
(1-10 um = microns)
• complex cell wall
• unicellular,
• no nucleus,
no organelles
KINGDOM MONERA =
PROKARYOTES = bacteria
Characteristics:
•For food = Eat “stuff” or
decomposers or photosynthetic
• Anaerobic (live without oxygen) or
Aerobic (can live with oxygen)
CYANOBACTERIA: Likely the 1st photosynthetic
Organisms (make O2) and are responsible for our
Oxygen atmosphere.
Bacteria are tiny = 1-10 um (microns)
BACTERIA ON THE HEAD OF A PIN
Symbiotic bacteria in legume roots provide
Nitrogen to Plants
The bacterium
"communicates"
with the host plant
and that leads to a
symbiotic
partnership.
The bacterium will attach to
root hairs and release
compounds that cause the
roothairs to curl.
bacterium Escherichia coli
Inside a cows
stomach
region, there
are 4 digestive
departments
About 100 strains of E. coli are common in animal intestines –
and mostly beneficial. Some produce Vitamin K2, while others
fight harmful intestinal bacteria.
The dangerous strain is quite rare, Escherichia coli O157:H7,
discovered in 1982, and can cause bloody stools, abdominal
cramps, and even death via kidney failure. It’s totally safe to
the original host animal (cows, sheep, chickens, etc).
SOME BACTERIUM HAVE DRUG
RESISTANCE BECAUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS
OVERUSED ON LIVESTOCK
A strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
bacteria that humans was originally a human strain.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-02/asfm-mil021612.php
Nationwide study finds U.S. meat + poultry is widely contaminated
Multi-drug-resistant Staph found in nearly 1 in 4 samples.
April 15, 2011 — Drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, a
bacteria linked to a wide range of human diseases, are present in
meat and poultry in stores across the US.
In 136 samples of beef, chicken, pork and turkey of 80 different
brands, 47% were contaminated by S. aureus and 52% of those were
resistant to "at least 3 classes of antibiotics" and as high as 9
(Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases).
http://www.tgen.org/news/index.cfm?pageid=57&newsid=1948
KINGDOM PROTISA
Characteristics:
*Unicellular Eukaryotes
*Protozoa + algae
*maybe cell wall
*eat “stuff” and/or
photosynthetic
size = 10 - 100um
Paramecium
protozoa
cell with
cilia
Kelp – a brown algae is a Protista
Hydra. This
small aquatic
animal is green
because of the
numerous green
algal cells living
symbiotically
within its tissues.
Diatoms are Protista
Red Tides are caused by a marine
dinoflagellate, a Protista !
Characteristics:
*Eukaryotes
*multicellular (except yeast)
*cell walls of chitin
*decomposers
KINGDOM FUNGI
Bread mold
sporangium
Yeast cells are single-celled
Fungi that make beer
alcoholic and bread rise
Lichens : a symbiotic relationship between 2
kingdoms (a Protista and a Fungus)
A “Mycorrhizal” symbiotic fungi helps
a conifer grow better by fixing nitrogen
NO
YES
WHO WERE THE FIRST FARMERS?
Over 50 million years of evolution, leafcutter ants in central america
have evolved a mutualism where ants are successful farmers growing
huge underground fungus gardens which are the only source of nutrition
for huge colonies with millions of ants. http://www.news.wisc.edu/18956 /
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi + Plant Symbiosis
AM fungi have symbiotic
associations with almost
80% of plants, mainly
herbaceous ones, including
cultivated crops that feed
the world (cereal crops,
market garden products,
Field culture of mycorrhizal leek fruits and vegetables).
plants
http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher.do?id=1236712919454&lang=eng
KINGDOM - PLANTS
Characteristics:
•Eukaryotes
•cell wall of cellulose
•photosynthetic
a. Moss
b. Club Moss
D. Gymnosperm = Conifers
c. Fern
E. Angiosperm = Flowers
Diversity of the Plant Kingdom
Moss
Club
Moss
Fern
Conifers + cycads +
Flowering Plants
Mosses are primitive land plants
that reproduce with spores
Horsetails are primitive land plants
Strawberry’s have seeds + belong to the
Rose family, which include apples, pears,
blackberries and other foods.
This monstrous flower
has what for
pollinators?
KINGDOM ANIMALS
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotes
• No cell walls
• “eat stuff”
ANIMALS without backbones = Invertebrates
We can compare genes coding for blood
Hemoglobin to build evolutionary lines.
Adaptive Radiation
= splitting of a lineage to form many species with
different ecological niches
145-251 MYA
65 MYA to Present
MYA = million years ago
Continental Drift affected species
movement and diversity
Fig. 5–6
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Plants and Animals evolved
through interactions
Bees + other insects
provide over $150
billion worth of
pollination to
farmers worldwide
every year.
Soils are rich and diverse Ecosystems
Soil is a complex living food web, where organisms interact to
process organic matter, recycle nutrients, and nurture plants.
Although we may not see all
of them in action, microorganisms and invertebrates
make enormous
contributions to food and
agriculture.
They pollinate plants,
recycle nutrients in
soils, ferment bread
and cheese, help
animals digest forage,
and provide natural
protection against
plant pests.
Hey! Who are you callin’ an Animal ?!?
aquatic fungiAllomyces