Terry Austin Office MSB 1145
Phone 298-8405
800-460-4636 extension 8405 email – taaustin@templejc.edu
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(Desire2Learn) and fill out your profile
(details to follow in a few moments)
WRITE THIS DOWN… https://templejc.desire2learn.com
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D2L with be the primary means of communicating with you as the semester progresses. You will find course files and announcements on this site.

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Microfiber cloth OR lint free cloth (ie flour-sack dish towel) for cleaning slides
** ultra-fine permanent marker (culture labeling) ** alcohol based hand cleaner ** latex ('surgical') gloves ** lab coat or apron
Safety glasses
** Many items may be shared with table partners

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Please obtain your CPS Remote from the TC bookstore before the end of the second week of classes.
This unit will be used to

Take attendance

Review for exams

Take Exams
You will need to go online to activate your CPS remote www.einstruction.com
THIS is also the site where your grades will post automatically after exams.
NOTE – this is NOT part of D2L or
Temple College

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Lecture presentations will be made available on the D2L server.
Students are encouraged to go online and print the lecture notes.
Class Online Discussion Forums are for your use to ask questions that might come up during the semester.

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It is strongly suggested that you print the chapter HANDOUT for each chapter. This file contains three slides per page and has note-taking space available. When you print, single sided you should have adequate space available to take notes in class
A printed version of the presentation will save you valuable class time allowing you to be far more efficient in your note taking. Such a printout IS
NOT an adequate substitute for a good set of notes.

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Please look at your syllabus as we go over these items

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They are present virtually everywhere in the environment, as well as in and on our bodies.
Microorganisms exist in virtually all environmental extremes

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Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful.
Beneficial examples:
 food preservation

Flavor (tangy flavors of yogurt, sour cream, blue cheese)
 food production (vinegar, yogurt, alcohol, sauerkraut…)
 biogeochemical recycling (such as cleanup of oil spills)
 vitamins (enteric bacteria produce some vitamins for you)

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Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful.
Harmful examples:

Disease – microbes make us and our animals sick
 food blights – microbes spoil crops and stored produce
 spoilage – microbes taint stored foods

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Origins of Microscopy: Early use of compound (2 lens) microscope
1665 - Robert Hooke (England)
Looking in his microscope at cork, Hooke described "little boxes" or
"cells”
Why is this important?
This was the beginning of the Cell Theory of life… all living things are composed of cells

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First to observe live microorganisms
Leeuwenhoek called his discoveries "animalcules“ ( tiny animals )
In fact, what Leeuwenhoek observed are now recognized to be… bacteria protozoa

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The next major hurdle for early biologists was
To determine precisely how new living things appeared
One early idea with much support
(now thought rather odd)

During this period (1600’s) there was a common belief that new organisms arose spontaneously from certain substances.
Manure
Mud toads
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This view persisted into the 1800’s

1668 - Francesco Redi (Italy)
(before microscopic observations of Leeuwenhoek),
Redi placed meat in jars some sealed, some jars unsealed.
He showed maggots did not arise “from” decaying meat.
EVIDENCE - No maggots grew on meat which was sealed in jars while they did appear on the meat in open jars
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Problems with this…

Opponents claimed that AIR was necessary for life
 some still believed that simple organisms could arise spontaneously

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1745 - John Needham (England) boiled meat broths and poured them into covered containers microbes still grew after heated nutrient fluids were poured into covered containers. (He said this was spontaneous)
WHY did bacteria still grow?
The answer will DIRECTLY affect YOU in lab this semester!
POOR TECHNIQUE
Organisms could have fallen in the solutions after boiling & before being transferred into the sealed containers
Organisms might have traveled into the solution from fingers or other contaminated objects

1765 - Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italy)
Spalanzani proposed that microorganisms came from air getting into Needham's samples found none in broth after heating in sealed containers
Needham countered by saying…
A ‘vital force’ needed for spontaneous generation was killed by the heating and could not enter the sealed flask
17 let’s leave this argument for now…

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Life from life…
First major challenge to Spontaneous Generation
1858 - Rudolf Virchow (Germany)
Biogenesis states that
‘All life can arise only from preexisting, living cells’

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1861 - Louis Pasteur (France)
Pasteur heated broth in open flasks with s-shaped necks

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FIRST
Broth poured into open neck of flask
THEN neck heated and bent but remains open at tip of neck
FINALLY contents heated to kill organisms

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The discoveries by Pasteur and others lead to the development of aseptic techniques…
… the most important techniques that all microbiologists use methods for preventing contamination by unwanted micro-organisms.
Asceptic Techniques
– Laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination of a sample, culture, work area or individuals.

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A process developed by Pasteur to kill particular organisms heating which kills pathogens (disease-causing) organisms, but does not damage the food (milk or other).
Classic Pasteurization: Heat to 63 o C for 30 minutes
Modern Pasteurization: Heat to 72 o C for 15 seconds
NOTE: Pasteurization is NOT sterilization
Kills pathogens and most other organisms ( not all organisms killed )

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Important business problem:
French businessmen asked Pasteur to help discover why their wine and beer soured. They hoped to prevent spoilage
Common misconception:
• air caused sugars to convert to alcohol
Pasteur discovered instead that yeast are the vital part of this process. Further that bacterial probably caused the spoilage after the process was complete.

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Pasteurization developed in order to save the beer/wine industry!
(and you thought it was to protect your milk…)
This major link between microorganisms and spoiled foods lays the groundwork for the next step of relating diseases to microorganisms
This idea that ‘germs’ or microorganisms might be involved in diseases is referred to as the

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Ignaz Semmelweis (1840's, Hungary)
Joseph Lister (1860, England) don’t shudder when you see these…
Semmelweis showed that simply washing hands by doctors between obstetrical patients reduced the incident of childbirth fever
Lister applied germ theory to other medical procedures, using phenol (an organic acid) to treat wounds (found less incident of infections, many other doctors applied this technique).

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Robert Koch (1876, German physician)
First direct proof of bacteria causing disease
What did Koch do???
Linked a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis , to anthrax.
Developed steps to experimentally determine if a microorganism is involved in a disease – Koch’s Postulates

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1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and then grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal
4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

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VACCINES - 1796 (before Koch) Edward Jenner (British physician)
Developed first vaccine –
Jenner was told by a young milkmaid that she couldn’t get smallpox because she had already been sick from cowpox (milder disease)
He decided to test her tale… collected scrapings from cowpox blisters and inoculated a healthy 8-yr old volunteer with these scrapings.
Scratched arm with contaminated needle. On later exposure to smallpox this volunteer did not contract smallpox
WHY doesn’t this bright milkmaid get credit for her observations?

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Jenner’s efforts with smallpox/cowpox inoculations were the:
Origins of immunology – Jenner’s use of body's own defense mechanisms to fight disease

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Paul Ehrlich (Germany), early 1900's. Speculated about a “magic bullet”
"Magic Bullet" - medicine for particular diseases that would ‘hunt/kill’ disease organisms without harming the patient.
Ehrlich tested hundreds of chemical agents before finding Salvarsan
(an arsenic derivative) which was effective against syphilis.

Alexander Fleming (Scotland), 1928)
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Fleming tossed out some cultures that were contaminated by mold ...
When taking out the garbage later, taking a second look noticed a clear around the mold where no bacteria were growing.
he had accidentally discovered a mold which inhibited bacterial growth
Mold was Penicillium notatum
– A.F. named the compound
Penicillin
Serendipity = the faculty or phenomenon of finding valuable or agreeable things not sought for.

1892, Dmitri Iwanowski speculated about tobacco mosaic virus.
Attempted to isolate the agent responsible for this economically disastrous plant disease
Tried to isolate by using filtration (common technique at the time)
He reported that the factor causing the disease was so small that it was not filtered out by filters small enough to stop all known bacteria .
‘this is something smaller than any know bacterium
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IMPORTANT: He did NOT understand the organism as a virus as we now understand the concept

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1935, Wendel Stanley crystallized TMV – in doing so, he showed that it was something different than cellular life.
1940's - electron microscope allowed direct visualization of virus particles. These things looked like nothing we had seen before!

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Our system of naming = Binomial nomenclature
Binomial bi = two & nomial = names TWO NAMES
1735, Carolus Lennaeus: Names usually based on Latin and consists of: Genus species

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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5 Kingdoms: as defined by Whittaker
Monera - archae (‘blue-green bacteria’) and true bacteria
Protista – protozoans ( Paramecium , Amoeba etc.)
Fungi – fungi and molds
Plantae - plants
Animalia - animals

3 Domains: 1978, Carl Woese
(Domain = a level of classification above Kingdoms)
Archaea – ancient ‘bacteria-like’ organisms (more on this subject in a moment)
Eubacteria
– ‘true bacteria’
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Eukarya
– organisms whose cells have a nucleus
(the previous two DO NOT have nuclei)

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The difference? Some have a nucleus, some don’t
Prokaryotes
– HAVE NO NUCLEUS
Examples = Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes
– DNA enclosed in membrane called the nucleus.
Examples = Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Multicellular animal parasites

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Bacteria
•single celled
•no nucleus,
•cell walls contain peptidoglycan (structural molecule of sugar & amino acid combination)
•Reproduce by binary fission
•Some derive nutrients from organic materials, which can come from living or dead organisms.
•Some make food via photosynthesis
•Some can use inorganic compounds as a food source

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Archae Similar to bacterial (no nucleus).
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan .
Often found in extreme environments (Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, hot springs, thermal vents)

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methanogens – produce methane as a waste product
-gen = ‘producing’ extreme halophiles
– thrive in high salt environments
-phile
= ‘loving’ extreme thermophiles
– thrive in hot waters

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Fungi– are eukaryotes. HAVE NUCLEI..
Unicellular or multicellular
Cell wall of chitin.
Reproduce sexually or asexually (eg. budding)
Yeast is a unicellular fungi larger than bacteria.
Other fungi include molds which form visible mycelia. Obtain nutrients from organic material in their environment.

Protozoa – unicellular, eukaryotic microbes. Remember, eukaryote means that these HAVE a nucleus.
Includes organisms like Amoeba , Paramecium etc.
Reproduce sexually or asexually, many shapes, some are parasites, derive nutrients from environment.
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Many are mobile moving by flagella , cilia , or pseudopods (flowing),

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Algae – photosynthetic eukaryotes many have cell wall made of cellulose (like plants) present in soil, water (fresh & salt)..
Unicellular or multicelluar/colonial

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These are not strictly microorganisms, but are medically important
‘small things’ so they will be mentioned in this class.
Includes flatworms and roundworms

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Viruses are vastly different from other life forms. They are NOT cellular life forms
Contain a core of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) genetic material. This core is often surrounded by protein coat.
Viruses can not reproduce on their own. They must use the cellular machinery of other organisms to reproduce.

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Infections protein particles
These odd agents have only been partially understood in the past decade.
Responsible for such diseases as: (nine identified)
Mad-Cow Disease
Creutchfeld-Jakob

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