Don’t Forget!
AP Book Talk Dec. 9 and 10--you must
summarize the book, answer questions and ask
questions. Seminar topics must relate to U.S.
History prior to 1900.
This will be an optional food day!
Post Civil War Reconstruction
1865-1877
Began before the end of the war with
the occupation of Northern troops in
defeated Southern states
Test Essay
• Reconstruction was a paradox of successes
and failures. Comment with specific
examples.
(AP might ask it this way: To what extent did
Reconstruction illustrate a juxtaposition of
success and failure?)
Reconstruction
• Program implemented by the federal government
between 1865 and 1877 to repair the damage to
the South caused by the Civil War and to restore
the southern states to the Union.
• Consider that American forces have been in Iraq
and Afghanistan for Reconstruction just as
American forces occupied Germany and Japan
after WWII and still occupy South Korea.
• Former Secretary of State Colin Powell stated
that the rebuilding of Iraq is like shopping in
Pottery Barn: “You break it; you buy it.”
• “The winner cleans up.”
(Calabrese house rule)
Reconstruction Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Reconstruction
Freedmen*
Radical Republicans
Oath of Allegiance
Freedmen’s Bureau
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
Impeachment*
Suffrage*
Black codes
Pardon
Infrastructure*
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Sharecropping*
Tenant farming
Ku Klux Klan*
13th Amendment*
14th Amendment*
15th Amendment*
Jim Crow*
Solid South*
Martial law*
Segregation*
De jure*
De facto*
Post-War Reconstruction of the South
Atlanta in Ruins
Confiscation Act of 1861
• Allowed Northern army to take Southern
property if used in the rebellion
• Justified the freeing of slaves before the
Emancipation Proclamation and the creation
of “Contraband” armies of former slaves or
freedman.
• Justified the occupation of homes and taking
of property
Reconstruction—see film clip
• Look for positive
aspects of postwar Civil
War Reconstruction
• Simulation to follow…
• Look for negative
aspects of postwar
Reconstruction
Point of Views in Reconstruction
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Northern army
Northern politician
Southern army
Southern politician
Southern unionist
Southern secessionist
Freedman—former slave
Free Northern African American
Northern press
Southern press
Former slave owner
White southern small farmer who never had slaves
Southern women
The Political Extremes
---------------------------------------------------------
Far Left
Moderates
Far Right
Radicals
Reactionaries
Lincoln
Radical
Republicans
KKK
Lincoln’s Vision
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with
firmness in the right, as God gives us the right, let
us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind
up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall
have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his
orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish
a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and
with all nations.”
(From Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865)
Lincoln as Congressman and President
Are You Easily Discouraged?
• Business failed 1831
• Defeated for legislature,
1832
• 2nd business failed, 1834
• Sweetheart died, 1835
• Nervous breakdown,1836
• Defeated in local election
• Defeated for election to
Congress, 1843
• Defeated again, 1846
• Defeated again, 1848
• Defeated in election to
Senate, 1855
• Defeated in Election as Vicepresident, 1856
• Defeated in election to
Senate, 1858
• Experienced death of two
sons before they reached
adulthood
• Finally elected president in
1860 by half of country and
other half seceded to form
its own country in a bloody
rebellion lasting four years
Last Photograph of President Lincoln
The Death of the President
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Background on Abe and Mary
Mary’s bad press vs. hospital work
Ford’s Theater
Our American Cousin
Booth background
Prior attempts and boarding house plans
April 14, 1865
“Sic Semper Tyrannus”
Dr. Samuel Mudd
Mary Surratt
“Now he belongs to the ages.”
Mrs. Lincoln and son
Mary Todd Lincoln
“Does this
dress make
me look fat?”
Weird Coincidences
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Lincoln’s depression—death of sons & marriage
Lincoln’s son and Wilkes’ brother
Lincoln’s dream
His secretary
Mary’s interests in occult
Conspiracy theories
Funeral and burial
Connections to Kennedy assassination
Ford’s Theatre
Assassination of Lincoln
A Family of Actors
Dr. Mudd: Conspirator?
Surratt Boarding House
The “Conspirators” were Hanged
Books
• Assassination Vacation by Sarah Vowell
• Team of Rivals by Doris Kearns Goodwin
• The Lincoln Conspiracy by Balsiger and Sellier
• Booth’s Daughter
Types of Reconstruction
• Southern Political
• Presidential—Johnson’s efforts to fulfill
Lincoln’s vision
• Congressional—dominated by Radical
Republicans
Views of Reconstruction
• Lincoln had a moderate view
• Johnson tried to fulfill Lincoln’s moderate view
but was distrusted by Northerners,
Southerners, Democrats and Republicans
• The Radical Republicans had a radical view
• The Southern Democrats had a
conservative/reactionary view
• Most of the country just wanted to clean up
the South and get the military out asap
President Andrew Johnson
“The Tailor President”
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Emancipation
Which is worse: freedom or slavery?
Southern Economic Problems
The Northern Occupation
Martial Law— “Reconstruction
by the Sword”
Freedmen’s Bureau
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
Military Districts
Southern Legislation
Before Civil War: Slave Codes
• Movements restricted
• Assembly restricted
• Education restricted
• Jobs restricted
• Housing restricted
• Laws restricted
• Religious worship restricted
• Citizenship denied
• Voting denied
Soon After Civil War: Black Codes
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Movements restricted
Assembly restricted
Education restricted
Jobs restricted
Housing restricted
Laws restricted
Religious worship restricted
Citizenship denied
Voting denied
Impeachment of Johnson
“The political death of the bogus Caesar”
Suffrage
Post-War Congress
The Klan
Thomas Nast
• Cartoonist known for controversial topics
Sharecropping
From plantations to sharecropping
“Exodusters”
U.S. Grant
Election of Rutherford B. Hayes
• Compromise of 1877
• Called “Rutherfraud”by
political opponents
“African American history…
is filled with many cruel ironies. Following the
Civil War, thousands of skilled Black tradesmen
were forced to abandon finely honed skills to
become servants. During slavery, many Blacks
worked at crafts and became masters. Entire
families of slaves were engaged in highly skilled
trades, one generation after another. Beyond
farm labor, male Blacks were trained as
ironworkers, carpenters, wheelwrights, coopers,
tanners, shoemakers and bakers.
“As for female slaves, they were capable of
more than household chores. Many were
skilled at sewing, spinning, weaving,
dressmaking, potter, nursing, and midwifery.
Upon emancipation, Black artisans became a
threat to White workers.
“When freed Black tradesmen…
were thrown into competition with White
workers, there was often open social conflict.
White workers, in both the South and north,
reacted violently. They wouldn’t permit one of
their own to be displaced by a Black worker,
regardless of how skilled he might be. Despite
their newfound freedom, few employers risked
hiring skilled Blacks, regardless of how cheap
they’d work, for fear of reprisals by White
workers.
African-American historian E. F. Frazier found that
at the end of the Civil War there were
approximately 100,000 skilled Black tradesmen in
the South as compared with 20,000 Whites.
Between 1865 and 1890 the number of Black
artisans dwindled to only a handful. That such a
large reservoir of talent was permitted to dry up
confirms the ignorance and inutility of racial
prejudice (36-37).”
Johnson, Nelson. Boardwalk Empire. Medford,
New Jersey: Plexus Publishing, Inc., 2002.
Jim Crow Laws—1877-1964
Segregation—What kind is
illustrated in the photo?
De Facto--North
De Jure--South
The new segregation?
Conclusions: Freedmen and The Vote
From 1877 to 1965, what might keep African
Americans from voting at the polls in Southern
states?
1. intimidation by the KKK
2. literacy test
3. poll tax
4. grandfather clause (did Grandpa vote? If not,
neither can you!)
Voting…
• When Southern African Americans did vote
(often protected by the Freedmen’s Bureau and
carpetbaggers), they would vote Republican in
homage to the efforts of Lincoln and the Radical
Republicans.
• After many migrated northward and westward,
they would vote either party. By the 1920’s and
1930s, many gave their loyalty to the Democratic
Party due to Civil Rights and other progressive
legislation.
Terms to Know
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Reconstruction
Freedmen
Freedmen’s Bureau
Martial law
Radical Republicans
Infrastructure
Pardon
Oath of allegiance
Suffrage
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
Ku Klux Klan
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13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Sharecropping
Tenant farming
impeachment
Black codes
Jim Crow
Segregation
De facto
De jure
Solid South
Open-Ended Essay
Prompt: To what extent did Reconstruction
illustrate a juxtaposition of failure and success?
Write your thesis with your two main topics (or
categories). Plan your essay with an outline or
chart. Include as many details as possible for
full credit.