Note Taking Guide
Topic # 3044
Vitamins & Minerals
By: Alisa Amy Kowalski
Vitamins
● Essential organic _____________________
● Required in _____________________amounts
● _____________________be made (synthesized by the body)
● Must be obtained from an external source
○ Examples: Diet, sunshine, rumen bacteria, etc.
● Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction, & _____________________
● Not used directly to build body tissue
Classes of Vitamins
● Fat-soluble
○ can be stored in the _____________________an other fatty tissues
○ A, E, D, & K
● Water-soluble
○ only a limited amount are stored
○ must be _____________________in ration
○ deficiencies can develop in short period of time
○ B, C, & _____________________
Types of Feeds
● Animals on commercially prepared feeds do not usually have deficiencies due to feeds being fortified & balanced
● Animals on _____________________are more likely to develop deficiencies
● May be due to
○ _____________________deficiency in feed
○ _____________________or poison that “blocks” absorption
_____________________
● Development of normal, healthy skin & nerve tissue, aids in resistance to infection
● Important in rations of pregnant females
● All animals require a source
● Deficiency signs
○ retarded growth in young, _____________________blindness
● Sources
○ whole milk, carotene, animal body oils (cod fish and tuna)
_____________________forages

_____________________
● Normal reproduction and serves as the protector of _____________________ in poultry and cattle
● Utilization is dependent on ample _____________________
● Deficiency signs
○ poor growth, “crazy chick” disease, Muscular Dystrophy,
____________________ disease in ruminants and swine
● Sources
○ _____________________grains and wheat germ oil, green forages, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut and soybean)
_____________________
● Essential for proper utilization of _____________________and phosphorus to produce healthy bones
● Deficiency signs
○ retarded growth, misshapen bones, lameness and osteoporosis
● Sources
○ _____________________ milk, sun-cured hays, forage crops, fish liver oils, irradiated yeast
○ Chemical forms: Vitamin D
2
& Vitamin D
3
_____________________
● Necessary for the maintenance of normal blood _____________________
● Deficiency signs
○ blood loses its power to _____________________, serious hemorrhages can result from slight wounds
● Sources
○ green leafy forages, fish meal, liver, soybeans,
_____________________and intestinal synthesis
Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid
● Effects metabolism of _____________________
○ _____________________required in rations of farm animals
● Deficiency signs
○ none demonstrated in livestock
○ human deficiency -_____________________& brittleness of bones
● Sources
○ citrus fruits, _____________________, leafy vegetables and potatoes
_____________________
● Normal metabolism of _____________________
● Deficiency signs
○ loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general weakness and wasting
● Sources

○ raw, whole grains (especially their seed coats and
_____________________), fresh green forage; and yeast, milk and rumen synthesis
_____________________
● For normal embryo development, metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates
● Deficiency signs
○ poor reproduction, characterized by small litters and deformed young, digestive disturbances, general weakness, and
_____________________abnormalities
● Sources
○ milk and dairy by-products, _____________________, green forages, well cured hay, & whole grains
Niacin
● Prevents vitamin or black tongue factor
● Ruminants do not require due to production by bacterial synthesis in
_____________________
● Deficiency signs
○ _____________________of the skin and development of sores in the mouth
● Sources
○ dried yeast, rice bran, peanut oil meal, _____________________forage, barley grain, sorghum grains,& fish meal
_____________________
● Associated with fat _____________________
● No danger of deficiency due to most feeds are fair to good sources
● Deficiency signs
○ specific _____________________, convulsions (in swine), and anemia
● Sources
○ cereal grains, milk, cane _____________________, yeast and rice polish
_____________________Acid
● Plays essential role in basic _____________________reactions
● Synthesized by _____________________in rumen
● Deficiency signs
○ Abnormal skin condition on face & eyes, retarded growth, & poor
_____________________development
● Sources
○ fresh, small grains, _____________________hay, green pasture, wheat bran, peanut oil, dairy by-products, and yeast
_____________________

● Essential for normal growth, reproduction and _____________________blood cell formation
● Deficiency signs
○ slow growth, poor reproduction, & lack of _____________________
● Sources
○ fish meal, liver meal, dried milk products, and
_____________________synthesis
_____________________
● Transportation and utilization of _____________________acids
● Deficiency signs
○ kidney and liver damage, _____________________tendons in chicks, and development of fatty livers
● Sources
○ liver meal, _____________________yeast, fish meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean oil meal
_____________________
● Prevents slipped tendons in chicks and increases the _____________________of eggs
● Deficiency signs
○ dermatitis, hair loss, slipped tendons in chicks, and reduced hatchability of eggs
● Sources
○ _____________________feeds
Folic Acid
● Required for normal blood cell development & anti-_____________________ vitamin
● Deficiency signs
○ megaloblastic anemia, retarded growth, poor feathering,
_____________________of feathers, and poor hatchability of eggs
● Sources
○ forages, oil meals, and _____________________grains