KEY
Note Taking Guide
Topic # 3044
Vitamins & Minerals
By: Alisa Amy Kowalski
Vitamins
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Essential organic nutrient
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Required in minute amounts
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Cannot be made (synthesized by the body)
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Must be obtained from an external source
○
Examples: Diet, sunshine, rumen bacteria, etc.
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Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction, & lactation
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Not used directly to build body tissue
Classes of Vitamins
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Fat-soluble
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can be stored in the liver an other fatty tissues
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A, E, D, & K
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Water-soluble
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only a limited amount are stored
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must be provided in ration
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deficiencies can develop in short period of time
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B, C, & Choline
Types of Feeds
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Animals on commercially prepared feeds do not usually have deficiencies due to
feeds being fortified & balanced
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Animals on pasture are more likely to develop deficiencies
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May be due to
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seasonal deficiency in feed
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toxin or poison that “blocks” absorption
Vitamin A
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Development of normal, healthy skin & nerve tissue, aids in resistance to
infection
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Important in rations of pregnant females
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All animals require a source
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Deficiency signs
○
retarded growth in young, night blindness
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Sources
○
whole milk, carotene, animal body oils (cod fish and tuna) legume
forages
Vitamin E
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Normal reproduction and serves as the protector of vitamin A in poultry and
cattle
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Utilization is dependent on ample selenium
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Deficiency signs
○
poor growth, “crazy chick” disease, Muscular Dystrophy, white-muscle
disease in ruminants and swine
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Sources
○
cereal grains and wheat germ oil, green forages, protein concentrates, oil
seeds (peanut and soybean)
Vitamin D
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Essential for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus to produce healthy
bones
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Deficiency signs
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retarded growth, misshapen bones, lameness and osteoporosis
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Sources
○
whole milk, sun-cured hays, forage crops, fish liver oils, irradiated yeast
○
Chemical forms: Vitamin D2 & Vitamin D3
Vitamin K
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Necessary for the maintenance of normal blood coagulation
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Deficiency signs
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blood loses its power to clot, serious hemorrhages can result from slight wounds
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Sources
○
green leafy forages, fish meal, liver, soybeans, rumen and intestinal
synthesis
Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid
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Effects metabolism of calcium
○
not required in rations of farm animals
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Deficiency signs
○
none demonstrated in livestock
○
human deficiency -scurvy & brittleness of bones
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Sources
○
citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and potatoes
Vitamin B1 Thiamin
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Normal metabolism of carbohydrates
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Deficiency signs
○
loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general
weakness and wasting
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Sources
○
raw, whole grains (especially their seed coats and embryos), fresh green
forage; and yeast, milk and rumen synthesis
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
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For normal embryo development, metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates
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Deficiency signs
○
poor reproduction, characterized by small litters and deformed young,
digestive disturbances, general weakness, and eye abnormalities
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Sources
○
milk and dairy by-products, yeast, green forages, well cured hay, &
whole grains
Niacin
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Prevents vitamin or black tongue factor
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Ruminants do not require due to production by bacterial synthesis in rumen
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Deficiency signs
○
reddening of the skin and development of sores in the mouth
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Sources
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dried yeast, rice bran, peanut oil meal, green forage, barley grain, sorghum
grains,& fish meal
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine
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Associated with fat metabolism
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No danger of deficiency due to most feeds are fair to good sources
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Deficiency signs
○
specific dermatitis, convulsions (in swine), and anemia
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Sources
○
cereal grains, milk, cane molasses, yeast and rice polish
Pantothenic Acid
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Plays essential role in basic biochemical reactions
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Synthesized by bacteria in rumen
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Deficiency signs
○
Abnormal skin condition on face & eyes, retarded growth, & poor
feather development
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Sources
○
fresh, small grains, alfalfa hay, green pasture, wheat bran, peanut oil,
dairy by-products, and yeast
Vitamin B12
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Essential for normal growth, reproduction and red blood cell formation
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Deficiency signs
○
slow growth, poor reproduction, & lack of coordination
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Sources
○
fish meal, liver meal, dried milk products, and rumen synthesis
Choline
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Transportation and utilization of fatty acids
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Deficiency signs
○
kidney and liver damage, slipped tendons in chicks, and development of
fatty livers
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Sources
○
liver meal, brewer’s yeast, fish meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean oil
meal
Biotin
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Prevents slipped tendons in chicks and increases the hatchability of eggs
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Deficiency signs
○
dermatitis, hair loss, slipped tendons in chicks, and reduced hatchability
of eggs
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Sources
○
ordinary feeds
Folic Acid
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Required for normal blood cell development & anti-anemia vitamin
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Deficiency signs
○
megaloblastic anemia, retarded growth, poor feathering, bleaching of
feathers, and poor hatchability of eggs
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Sources
○
forages, oil meals, and cereal grains