Name _____________________________________________
Hour _______
Unit 1: Discovery and Settlement
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
First Americans – __________________________
A. Arrived during the _____________________________
B. ____________________________________, Beringia – today’s Bering Strait
C. Three Periods – identified by their tool kits
i. ____________(NM) – 11,000-9000 BC, regarded as first human inhabitants of the New World
i. Artifacts were associated with _________________________
ii. _________________ (NM) – 9000-8000 BC; artifacts ________________________________
iii. _________________ (Great Plains) 9000-6000 BC – _________________________________
D. Native Americans – descendants of first Americans
i. Indigenous - people ______________________________________________________
ii. Nomads that moved from place to place & were hunter-gathers
E. Agricultural revolution - ______________________________________________________________
- Farming led to settlement in villages
- Grew maize, beans and squash
- Led to advancement in culture
Native Americans in the Southwest
A. __________________________________________________________________________________
i. Brought water from rivers to fields
ii. Our modern canal system mirrors Hohokam
B. __________________ – “Ancient Ones” ____________________________________
i. Known as _________________________ (Chaco Canyon) that built miles of roads
ii. Severe drought in 1200’s led to dispersement eastward
C. __________________ – lived in eastern AZ and built pit-houses; famous for ____________________
Iroquois Confederacy
A. __________________________________________________________________________________
B. Most powerful in the Northeast region
C. Utilized local resources – hunted, fished and farmed
D. Matriarchal leadership - ______________________________________________________________
i. Property inherited and ______________________________________
ii. Practiced by natives; __________________________________________________________
iii. Family relations were the heart of Native American society
Voyages of Columbus
A. In search of a ________________________________________________
B. Voyage west reached the West Indies (Bahamas) – thought it was India
C. Founded first colony for Spain, Hispanola
D. ____________________________ - sent back to Spain in chains, but was pardoned by Queen Isabella
E. Encountered Tainos –_________________________________________________________________
i. Within 100 years, ________________________________________________ (mainly disease)
F. Main result of Columbus’ voyages was that he _____________________________________________
European Impact on Native Americans
A. Europeans impacted Native American cultures with ________________________________________
B. Was Columbus a hero or villain?
i. Natives lost land and ___________________________________________________________
ii. Led a flood of explorers and colonizers
Native American Influence
A. ____________________________________
B. _______________________________________ – food, hunting, canoes, and medicine
C. __________________ – state names and rivers
D. _______________ – lacrosse and soccer
E. ____________________________________
European Colonization in America
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Nations Explored
A. British _________________________________________________________________
i. Needed a place of _________________________________________________
ii. Needed an _______________________________________________________
iii. Sought __________________________________________________________
iv. Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe (1st)
B. __________________ were friendly w/ natives because they _________________________________
i. Followed St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes
ii. Jacques Marquette explored northern part of ____________________________
iii. La Salle – journeyed to Gulf of Mexico, named Louisiana
C. Spanish ___________________________________________________________ – allowed expansion
i. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida
ii. Cabeza de Vaca reached AZ and NM
iii. Coronado explored the Grand Canyon and the SW
iv. Spanish missionaries tried to ___________________________________________________
1. Spread of ________________________________________
D. Henry Hudson searched for a _______________________________
i. Sea route through the Arctic that connects the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean (short-cut to Pacific)
ii. Found and named NY Harbor and _______________________
iii. ____________________________ developed between Dutch & French (aided by the Algonquins)
Reasons for European Colonization of America
A. Religious freedom
i. Protestant Reformation led to establishment of the Church of England (Anglican Church)
ii. __________________ were English Protestants who wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church
iii. ____________________ wanted total separation from the church altogether
iv. English were required to attend service & pay taxes, so they left for America to practice freely
B. Economic opportunity
i. _______________________________ pushed people out
ii. Farm workers were unemployed
iii. ________________________________________ in Jamestown
iv. Expanded to other parts of Virginia and the South
C. Start a new life
i. Desired ________________________
ii. ____________________ wanted a clean slate
iii. Many wanted to practice religion freely
iv. _________________ wanted a fresh start
Roanoke
A. Expedition in 1585 was led by Sir Walter Raleigh w/ 100 men
i. Landed in __________________________, but returned home within a year
B. Second attempt made by John White w/ 117 colonists; ______________________________________
C. __________________________________________________________________________________
Jamestown
A. ___________________________________________ in North America by Europeans
B. ____________________________________________________
C. Jamestown survived because:
i. Supplies & people kept coming
ii. __________________________________________
iii. Privatization of land
iv. __________________________
V.
New England Colonial Government
A. Royal colonies were under the direct rule of the Governor and ultimately the English king
B. ___________________________ was most important to the people
C. Town meetings selected delegates for colonial assemblies and set taxes
D. ________________________________________________________________
VI.
Southern Colonial Government
A. English king and the Governor ultimately had the final word
B. Colonists had __________________________
i. There was a general assembly and they made up laws
C. Virginia House of Burgesses established the precedent (example) of ___________________________
VII. New England Economy
A. Manufacturing – ________________________________________________________
B. Industries included mills for grain, distilling rum, ironworks and textiles
C. Trade and commerce – whaling and fishing
i. __________________________________________ were thriving centers
D. Subsistence farming (feed the family)
E. Most distinctive feature of NE economy was __________________________________________
VIII. Southern Economy
A. Southern agrarian economy was dominated by _____________________________________________
i. ________________ was the most valuable export
ii. Rice – knowledge brought by slaves
iii. Indigo – blue dye used for clothing and military uniforms
B. Because of cash crops, _______________________________________________________________
C. ___________________________ of Carrollton, wealthiest man in the colonies, had over 40,000 acres
D. Small farmers formed majority of the South, but _______________________________________
IX.
New England Geography
A. NE agriculture was harder to farm because of _____________________________________________
B. Forests were abundant – wild game and timber for ships
C. Accessible harbors for ___________________________________ goods - ships could easily navigate
D. Boston was most populated city
X.
New England Resources
A. Timber for shipbuilding employed 33,000 colonists
i. Less expensive to build ships in the colonies than in England
B. Fishing and trapping beavers (furs)
XI.
Southern Geography
A. Warm, humid climate was ____________________________
B. Virginia was next to Chesapeake Bay - __________________________________________
C. Carolinas had swamp lands - ideal for growing rice
D. Georgia was as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the colonies - last of the 13 Colonies
XII. Resources in the South
A. Rich farm land - ________________________________________________________
B. Fishing & forests
XIII. Religions in New England
A. Pilgrims were ___________________________________________________________________
i. Wanted religious freedom
ii. Mayflower landed at Cape Cod, MA and colony was named Plymouth
iii. Mayflower Compact was an _____________________________________________________
iv. Help from Native Americans, especially Squanto, and Thanksgiving was born
B. Puritans
i. ________________________ Bay Company was established to provide __________________
ii. Goal was to earn a profit and the laws reflected Bible
iii. John Winthrop, leader, wanted total separation from Church of England
iv. ________________________________ – Puritans 1692 (20 executed)
XIV. Religion in the Southern Colonies
A. More religious diversity - ________________________________________________________
B. Maryland was the most tolerant for religious differences
C. Early settlers were ___________________
D. Other immigrants were _______________________________________________________________
XV. Impact of Key Colonial Figures
A. John Smith ______________________________________________________________________
i. Set up _______________________
ii. Burned in gunpowder accident, so he returned to England
iii. Pocahontas helped keep the peace
B. William Penn founded Pennsylvania - joined Quakers
i. Primary purpose was to ________________________________________________________
ii. Believed all ____________________________
iii. Penn started the “Holy Experiment” - model of freedom, peace & religious faith
iv. Called for fair treatment of Natives
C. Roger Williams founded Rhode Island because Puritan Church was too powerful
i. Believed in __________________________________________
ii. Believed in religious toleration for _______________________________________________
iii. Co-founded Baptist congregation in 1638
D. Anne Hutchinson claimed believers could __________________________________________
i. Considered a heretic by the Puritans
ii. Challenged the role of women in Puritan society
iii. Imprisoned for ________________________________________________________________
XVI. Different Experiences for Different Groups
A. Property owners were ________________________________________________________________
i. Majority of farmers had small plots of land
ii. Most New England owners lived modestly
B. Colonial African Americans - forced migration from Africa
i. Had ______________________________________________________________________
ii. Once slavery began in 1625, their ____________________________
iii. No chance for freedom in the later half of 17th century
iv. Faith and religion were vital to keeping culture intact
C. Women ___________________________________________________________________________
i. Pitched in with labor as needed on the farm
ii. Very few rights – couldn’t own property, except in Maryland
D. Native Americans - Iroquois Confederacy was the most powerful in colonial times
i. ______________________________________________________________________
1. Conflict led to fighting and countless deaths
ii. Clash of cultures
E. Indentured servants included ________________________________________________________
i. Worked for a period of time (4-7 years) to repay passage to America
ii. Voluntarily bound to masters; in return, they received passage, food, shelter & land
XVII. Bacon’s Rebellion
A. Conflict ______________________________________________________________________
B. Led by Nathaniel Bacon - army consisted of former indentured servants
C. Raided native villages and burned the capital, Jamestown
D. Rebellion failed after Bacon died
E. Effect – __________________________________________________________________________
i. Shift from ________________________________________________________
XVIII. Comparing Slaves and Indentured Servants
A. Indentured servants ________________________________________________________
B. Slaves earned no wages, received no land and were not freed
C. Slavery was an economic benefit for farmers, since indentured servants were too restless
D. Indentured servants were treated with more dignity than slaves
i. Slave families were separated
ii. Slaves were bred & brutally beaten
E. Stono Rebellion – South Carolina _____________________________________________________
i. Apprehended and executed
ii. Slavery still continued
F. Indentured servants declined in 1670s because of:
i. _____________________________________
ii. decrease in English birth rate
iii. increase in English prosperity
iv. increase in life expectancy in the colonies
XIX. Triangular Trade
A. Ships with rum went from ____________________________________________________________
B. Slaves traveled from _________________________________________________________________
i. This was the ___________________________ and it was a horrific journey
C. Then ships from West Indies went to New England with sugar and molasses (for rum)
D. Benefited both Southern and New England colonies
XX. The French and Indian War
A. French allied with ____________________________________________________ to protect fur trade
B. French had home field advantage because native allies were familiar w/ land
C. British advantages were larger population (20x), assistance of the Iroquois Confederacy
D. Causes of the war
i. Both sides wanted to ___________________________________________________________
ii. Long-standing dispute between ___________________________________________________
iii. War started in colonies, but spread to Europe as part of the Seven Years War
E. Albany Plan of Union - planned united defense with the Iroquois to help against the French
i. Proposed by ____________________________
ii. Called for Grand Council w/ reps from each colony
iii. For laws, taxes and defense
iv. Rejected by colonial assemblies
v. Albany Plan was significant because ______________________________________________
XXI. Key Events of the French and Indian War
A. ________________________ was sent by VA Governor Dinwiddie to protect upper Ohio River Valley
B. French had built Fort Duquesne at that location
C. ________________________________________________ that defeated the French
i. Washington & Virginians __________________________________________
D. Later, French trapped and surrounded Fort Necessity, so Washington was forced to surrender
i. __________________________________________
E. William Pitt, British Secretary of State, sent __________________________________________
i. Pitt also ________________________________________________________
ii. Tide of war turned in favor of British
iii. Lord Jeffrey Amherst captured fort at Louisburg
F. Iroquois convinced the Delaware to stop fighting
G. French couldn’t hold Ft. Duquesne…____________________________________________________
H. British took Fort Niagara
I. Quebec was the turning point in the war
i. Gen. James Wolfe was sent to take Quebec, capital of New France
1. Key to controlling ____________________________
ii. Quebec was well defended atop steep cliff and French Gen. Montcalm was prepared
iii. Wolfe’s daring plan - climb at night & surprise them at dawn
iv. Wolfe and Montcalm both killed in battle
v. British ______________________________________________________________________
vi. British took Montreal in 1760 and the war ended  British controlled Canada
XXII. Effects of the French and Indian War
A. The Treaty of Paris 1763 - ____________________________________________________________
B. Proclamation of 1763 drew a line along Appalachian Mountains
i. British forbade colonists to __________________________________________
ii. Meant to protect ______________________________________________________________
iii. Colonists were outraged!
C. Salutary Neglect - __________________________________________________________________
i. British Parliament ____________________________________________________________
ii. America existed in relative political isolation
iii. British Prime Minister Walpole believed relaxed trading restrictions stimulated commerce and
benefited England
iv. Colonial assemblies had the power to tax and pass laws
v. In 1763, the __________________________________________________________________
D. Taxes - British were deeply in debt and began _____________________________________________
i. “No taxation without representation”
XXIII. Life in the Colonies
A. The Enlightenment led to __________________________________
i. Scientific method introduced
ii. Newton and gravity
B. John Locke was a great English philosopher
i. Govt. duty was to _______________________________________________________
ii. Social contract - ____________________________________________________________
C. Baron de Montesquieu –____________________________________________ (separation of powers)
D. Later Americans such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and James Madison
made vital contributions to Enlightenment traditions
E. The Great Awakening was a religious revival – materialism was replacing spiritual values
i. Jonathon Edwards emphasized ____________________________________________
ii. George Whitefield’s sermons got the ____________________________________________
iii. United the colonies for the first time
iv. Created centers of learning – Princeton, Brown and Rutgers
F. FYI…
i. African American culture – religion was center of community
ii. Half the farmers in the colonies did not even own a plow
iii. Many households had few, if any, pots for cooking, guns or rifles and candles
iv. The most commonly owned tool on farms was the axe
v. Few colonists were self-sufficient in late 17th and early 18th centuries
vi. Few colonial families owned spinning wheels or looms, so most purchased their yarn or
clothing from merchants
vii. Cities had libraries, bookshops, theatres for plays and concerts and schools
viii. Neighborhood gatherings for music and dancing
ix. Communications mainly through newspapers and books
1. Postal service was improved by Benjamin Franklin
2. John Peter Zenger won a case to help secure freedom of the press