1) BY DEFINITION A NEUTRON HAS A CHARGE OF 0. #3
2) A BETA PARTICLE (A N ELECTRON OF NUCLEAR ORIGIN) IS THE SMALLEST, 1/1832
THE MASS OF A PROTON. #2
3) Cu HAS AN ATOMIC NUMBER OF 29, 29 PROTONS, WHICH IS SPECIFIC TO Cu. #1
4) AN ORBITAL IS THE MOST LIKELY LOCATION OF AN ELECTRON. #1
5) THE ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING
ATOMIC #. #1
6) ACCORDING TO TABLE “S”, RHENIUM HAS THE HIGHEST MELTING POINT. #2
7) ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS MUST BALANCE FOR MASS, CHARGE AND ENERGY.
8) DIAMOND AND GRAPHITE ARE COMPOSED OF CARBON YET HAVE DIFFERENT
STRUCTUURES AND THEREFORE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES. #4
9) THE GFW (MOLAR MASS ) IS GIVEN AS 48 GRAMS/MOLE, THEREFORE 1 MOLE OF THE
SUBSTANCE IS 48 GRAMS. #3
10) A CHLORINE MOLECULE ABSORBES ENERGY (BOND DISSOCIATION E) A ND BECOME 2
CHLORINE ATOMS.
A) Cl2 IS A MOLECULE IN WHICH THE 2 ATOMS ARE BONDED…(THE SUBSCRIPT
INDICATES THIS).
B) YOU MUST ADD ENERGY TO BREAK A BOND (ENDOTHERMIC, HEAT
ABSORBED). FYI-ENERGY IS RELEASED AS A STABLE BOND FORMS (BOND
ENERGY)
C) THEREFORE A BOND IS BROKEN AND ENERGY IS ABSORBED #1

+
11) THE MEASURE AF AN ATOMS TENDENCY TO ATTRACT AND HPOLD ELECTRONS IS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY, HIGH ELECTRONEGATIVITY IS INDICATIVE OF ATOMS THAT GAIN
ELECTRONS.
A) THE WEAKEST ELECTRONEGATIVITY IS FOUND IN ELEMENTS ON THE
LOWER LEFT .
B) YOU CAN ALSO ASSESS ELECTRONEGATIVITY FROM LOOKING UP THE
NUMBER ON TABLE S, HIGHER NUMBERS : MORE LIKELY TO GAIN.
C) ELECTRONEGATIVITY DECREASES AS YOU READ DOWN ANY GROUP.
D) S IS THE MOST BOTTOM LEFT OF ALL OF THE CHOICES, AND HAS THA
LOWEST ELECTRONEGATIVITY FROM THABLE S. #4
13) THE SOLUTE WILL DEPRESS THE FREEZING POINT AND ELEVATE THE BOILING
POINT OF ANY (aq) SOLUTION COMPARED TO THE PURE SOLVENT. IN THIS
QUESTION THE SOLVENT IS NaCl, WHICH WILL CAUSE THE SOLUTION TO HAVE A
HIGHER BOILING POINT AND LOWER FREEZING POINT RELATIVE TO PURE WATER.
THE ANSWER IS 4.
14) THE TEMPERATURE IS THE AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY CHOICE 1
15) KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY…DESCRIBES AN IDEAL GAS, STATES:
A) IDEAL GASES MOVE IN RANDOM STRAIGHT LINE MOTION.
B) ARE NOT ATTRACTED TO EACH OTHER.
C) THE GAS PARTILCES DO NOT DISPLACE VOLUME (AN IDEAL GAS SAMPLE
IS FUNCTIONALLY EMPTY SPACE.)
D) GAS PARTICLES HAVE COLLISIONS.
a)ELASTIC…WITH OTHER GAS PARTICLES
NO TEMP CHANGE.
b) INELASTIC…ENERGY IS GAIND OR
AS THE GAS PARTICLES COLLIDE
WITH CONTAINER WALL.
AN IDEAL GAS WILL SPREAD (EFFUSE) TO FILL THE CONTAINER AND ASSUME ITS
SHAPE, SO CHOICE 4 IS BEST.. REAL GASES DISPLAY THE KMT BEST AT HIGH T, LOW P
AND WHEN THEY HAVE LOW MOLAR MASS.
16) SOME FUNDIMANTAL EQ FACTS TO KNOW:
A) AT EQUILIBRIUM THE RATES ARE EQUAL FOR THE FORWARD AND
REVERSE REACTIONS.
B) THE CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTANT AND PRODUCTS ARE STABLE AND
CONSTANT AT EQ. THEY ARE NOT EQUAL.
THEREFORE: CHOICE THREE IS BEST.
17) BY DEFINITION THE HEAT OF REACTION IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRODUCTS
AND REACTANTS. CHOICE 3
ENDO (END POT)
EXO
18) BY DEFINITION A CATALYST DECREASES THE ACTIVATION ENERGY, ACTIVATED
COMPLEX ENERGY CONTENT AND INCREASES RATE . #2
19) BY DEFINITION A CARBON FORMS CHAINS, RINGS AND COVALENT NETWORKS
20) ALKANES ARE SATURATED, ALKENES AND ALKYNES ARE UNSATURATED (HAVE
MULTIPLE BONDS). THE ANSWER IS #2. AT LEAST ONE MULTIPLE (DOUBLE OR TRIPLE)
ALKANE (SATURATED)
ALKENE (UNSATURATED) ALKYNE (UNSATUR)
CH2CHCH2CH3
CH3CH2CCH
CNH2N+2
CNH2N
CNH2N-2
C(4)H2(4)+2
C(4)H2(4)
C(4)H2(4)-2
C4H10
C4H8
C4H6
21) TABLE R INDICATES FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: THE STRUCTURE GIVEN
MATCHES THAT OF A CARBOXYLIC (organic) ACID, CHOICE #1-AN ACID
23) BY DEFINITION OF AN ISOMER WILL HAVE:
A) THE SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA.
B) DIFFERENT STRUCTURES.
A TERMINA DOUBLE
BONDEDOXYGEN, AN ALDEHYDE,
TABLE R
THIS ALDEHYDE IS BUTANAL.
MOLECULAR (TRUE, NOT SIMPLIFIED) FORMULA
IS:
C4H8O
THIS KETONE IS BUTANONE.
SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA
DIFFERENT STRUCTURE.
A MID CHAIN DOUBLE BONDED
OXYGEN, AN ALDEHYDE, TABLE R
C4H8O
24) THE NONSPONTANEOUS ELECTROLYTIC CELL CONVERTS ELECTRICAL (KINETIC) TO
CHEMICAL (POTENTIAL) ENERGY. # 2
25) ORGANIC ACIDS ARE ONE OF THE FEW ORGANIC ELECTROLYTES, THE
FUNCTIONAL GROUP –COOH RELEASES HYDROGEN IONS. #3
26) A BASE (METAL HYDROXIDE WITH GROUP ONE AND TWO METALS) IT HAS OHIONS. #1
27) BY DEFINITION, A TITRATION IS A REACTION BETWEEN 2 SOLUTIONS, ONE OF
KNOWN CONCENTRATION (MOLARITY) AND ONE OF UNKNOWN CONCENTRATION.
#4
28) BY DEFINITION: AN ACID IS A HYDROGEN ION (NAKED PROTON) DONOR, H+ #2
29) IN ALL NUCLEAR REACTIONS INCLUDING FISSION, MATTER IS CONVERTED TO
ENERGY. THE
LOSS IS CALLED
MASS DEFECIT. #3
30) RADIOACTIVE DECAY OCCURS WHEN UNSTABLE NUCLEI DECAY TO RELEASE
RADIATION, I-131 RELEASES BETA PARTICLES ACCORDING TO TABLE N. #4
31) AS YOU READ LEFT TO RIGHT IN PERIOD 3 YOU ARE FILLING THE THIRD SHELL,
THE VALENCE SHELL. AS THE NON METALS ARE ON THE RIGHT THEY HAVE MORE
ELECTRONS AND THE METALS HAVE LESS. #1
32) BY DEFINITION METALS ARE:
a) SOLID STATE CONDUCTORS WITH “SEA OF MOBILE ELECTRONS”
b) LOW IONIZATION ENERGY AND ELECTRONEGATIVITY, AND THEREFORE
EASILY OXIDIZED.
c) MALLIABLE, LUSTROUS AND DUCTABLE.
d) FOUND TO THE LEFT OF THE METALLOIDS. #3 IS THE ANSWER TIN, SILVER.
33) THE IONIZATION ENERGY MEASURES THE TENDENCY FOR AN ATOM TO LOSE THE
MOST LOSELY HELD ELECTRON. IT DECREASES AS THE GROUP IS READ TOP TO
BOTTOM. THE ANSWER IS RUBIDIUM # 3, WHICH IS BOTTOM MOST IN THE GROUP.
34) IN IONIC COMPOUNDS THE OXIDATION STATE OF THE METAL IS INDICATED BY A
ROMAN NUMERAL IN THE FORMULA, THEREFORE THE IRON MUST BE +3 AS BELOW
IN IRON(III)SULFIDE. #2.
EACH S is 2IN BINARY COMPOUNDS.
Fe HAS MULTIPLE
OXIDATION STATES
AND HAS NO RULE,
SOLVE FOR IT AS
THE VARIABLE X
Fe2S3
0
THE CHARGE OF THIS IONIC
COMPOUND IS 0, ALL THE
SUM OF THE OXIDATION
STATES MUST EQUAL 0. NO
CHARGE WAS GIVEN IN
QUESTION, ASSUME
NEUTRAL
2(3) + 3(-2) = 0
X = OXIDATION STATE OF Fe = 3+
35) BY DEFINITION THE PERCENT MASS IS MASS OF THE PART /MASS OF THE WHOLE
* 100. FOR A COMPOUND IT IS MASS OF THE ELEMENT OVER THE MOLAR MASS *
100.
% MASS COMP. = 1 X S * 100.
MgSO4
% MASS COMP. = 1 X 32 g
= 27%
120 g/mol
36) GASES BECOME LESS SOLUBLE AS TEMP INCREASES. LOOK ON TABLE “G” FOR THE
NEGATIVE SLOPE, THE GAS HCl IS THE ANSWER THEREFORE, #1.
37) ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS (IN A CHEMICAL
REACTION) , THE MASS OF THE REACTANTS (10.0 (H2)+ 80.0 (O2)) MUST EQUAL THE
MASS OF THE PRODUCTS. HERE IT IS 90, CHOICE 2
39) NOTICE THE Zn IS ELEMENTAL (0) AS A REACTANT AND POSITIVE AS A PRODUCE.
H2 IS ELEMENTAL AS A PRODUCT AND POSITIVE AS A REACTANT…THIS IS A HINT OF
REDOX. REMEMBER SINGLE REPLACEMENT IS REDOX, CHOICE #3
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
0 1, 6, -2
2, 6,-2
0
38) FORMULA B CAN BE SIMPLIFIED TO LOWER TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTS, C2H6
SIMPLIFIES TO CH3. THEREFORE FORMULA A IS THE EMPIRICAL (SIMPLE) FORMULA
AND B IS MOLECULAR (TRUE) FORMULA. CHOICE 3.
40) HEAT MOVES FROM THE WARMEST TO COOLEST OBJECT, HERE THE CYLINDER
(HEAT SOURCE) WARMS THE WATER(HEAT SINK), THEN THE WATER (HEAT SOURCE
NOW) WARMS THE AIR (HEAT SINK). CHOICE 4
41) THE 2 SYMBOLS SHOULD BE INDEPENDENT AND MIXED AFTER THE PROCESS, NO
NEW GROUPINGS (MOLECULAES) HAVE FORMED. CHOICE 1
42) THREE AND FOUR ARE THE IS THE ONLY CHOICE WHERE THE CONCENTRATION
ONLY IS CHANGED, THE SAMPLES ARE BOTH STILL LUMPY, ONLY ONE FACTOR AT A
TIME CAN VARY. CHOICE 4
43) AT CONSTANT PRESSURE TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME ARE IN A DIRECT
PROPORTION, IF T DOUBLES, V DOUBLES…CHARLES LAW. 200 TO 400 IS A
DOUBLING, #2.
44) THE HEATING OF WATER WITH A CHANGE IN TEMP IS CALCULATED BY:
q = MC∆T
OR GET ∆T ; 1200= 36(4.18)∆T
q = MC(T2 –T1)
∆ T = 8, THUS THE TEMP REACHES 30 C
1200 = 36g (4.18) ( T2 – 22) = 30 C
45) Br2 HAS AN IONIC CHARACTER OF 0, THERFORE ITS BONDS ARE NON POLAR AND
THE MOLECULE IS NON POLAR . IODINE IS ALSO NON POLAR.
A)NONPOLAR MOLECULES HAVE VAN DER WAALS WEAK INTERMOLECULAR
ATTRACTIONS
B) VAN DER WAALS BECOME STRONGER AS MASS INCREASES, IODINE IS
MUCH HEAVIER THAN BROMINE., THUS IODINE HAS THE STRONGER
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE, CHOICE 4
46) IN NUMBER THREE, AN ELEMENTAL METAL AND ELEMENTAL NON METAL GO
FROM 0 (ELEMENTAL) TO AN OXIDATION STATE: CHOICE 3
Fe + S  FeS
0 0  +2, -2
47) BY DEFINITION AN ACID REACTS WITH A BASE TO GIVE SALT AND WATER. LiOH IS
A METAL HYDROXIDE, A BASE. THEREFORE LOOK FOR THE ACID IN AN ANSWER
CHOICE. #4, H2SO4 YOU CAN ALSO USE TABLE K AND L TO FIND ACID/BASE.
48) THE WORD NEUTRALIZE INDICATES A TITRATION:
MAVA = MBVB
(1.0) (24) = (2.0) (X)
12 Ml = X VOL OF BASE NEEDED.
49) NUCLEAR FUSION IS THE MOST EXOTHERMIC PROCESS KNOWN, AND IT IS A
NUCLEAR REACTION. THE OTHER THHREE ARE CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EVOLVE
FAR LESS ENERGY. CHOICE 3.
50) NATURAL TRANSMUTATION HAS ONLY ONE REACTANT, THERE WILL BE NO
BOMBARDMENT PARTICLE. CHOICE 4