Organ Systems
Digestive system
Organs

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

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

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Esophagus
Liver
Gall bladder
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine
Pancreas
Appendix
Why is it important?
 Our
food and drink must be changed
into smaller molecules of nutrients
before they can be absorbed into the
blood and carried to cells throughout
the body.
Function:
 Digestion
is the process by
which food and drink are
broken down into their smallest
parts so that the body can use
them to build and nourish cells
and to provide energy.
Movement of food through the
system

The large, hollow organs of the digestive
system contain muscle that enables their
walls to move, like a wave

These waves of narrowing push the food
and fluid in front of them through each
hollow organ.
 The
first major muscle movement
occurs when food or liquid is
chewed up (mastication) and
swallowed. Initially we start
swallowing by choice, once the
swallow begins, it becomes
involuntary and proceeds under the
control of the nerves (peristalsis).
The steps of the
digestive system are:
1.
2.
Food travels down the esophagus.
Food enters the stomach where it
stores food and water, mixes up the
food, liquid, and digestive juice
produced by the stomach, and finally
it needs to empty its contents slowly
into the small intestine.
3. As the food is digested in the small intestine
and dissolved into the juices from the pancreas,
liver, and intestine, the contents of the intestine
are mixed and pushed forward to allow further
digestion.
4. Finally, all of the digested nutrients are
absorbed through the intestinal walls. The waste
products of this process include undigested
parts of the food, known as fiber, and older cells
that have been shed from the mucosa. These
materials are propelled into the colon, where
they remain, usually for a day or two, until the
feces are expelled by a bowel movement.
Chicken vs. Horse
Digestive juices are crucial!
1.
2.
3.
4.
Saliva-begins the digestion process
(produced by salivary glands)
Stomach acid
Once the food is in the small intestine it
secretes juices to help digest the food
The liver produces yet another digestive
juice—bile.
How is the digestive process
controlled?
Hormone and Nerve regulators.
If you body needs more digestive
enzymes to help breakdown your dinner
then your nerve and hormone regulators
send out a message to the liver or
gallbladder to make or secrete enzymes.
Cracker Lab: Food vs. Liquid
 Directions:
With your lab partner you
need to determine how long it takes
for food to travel down the esophagus
vs. water. Analyze your data by
making a line graph.
VS.
YOU NEED
1.
2.
3.
Stethoscope
6 saltine crackers (3 for you and 3 for
your lab partner)
Cup of water or liquid (1 for you and
your lab partner)
FIRST:
 Make
a hypothesis: Which one will
take longer? How long will each one
take to travel down your esophagus
and dump into your stomach?
NEXT:
 Collect
Data: You will eat 3 crackers
and time all three. Then make a bar
graph shoeing the three different data
points. Repeat the same procedure for
water, drink 3 times and make a bar
graph.
FINALLY:
 Write
what actually took place. Which
one was longer and what were the
average times for both.
 When
finished bring it up for a
STAMP!!
Skeletal System
 Major
Organs:
Bones, cartilage,
tendons and
ligaments.
Major Role

To provide support for
the body, to protect
delicate internal organs
and to provide
attachment sites for the
organs.
 Label
the
skeleton
found on
page 9
Circulatory System

Major Organs:
Heart, blood
vessels and blood
Major Role

The
main role of the
circulatory system is to
transport nutrients, gases
(such as oxygen and CO2),
hormones and wastes
through the body.
 This
is the first system that develops in
the body! Embryo can’t grow with out
it’s own system transporting materials
to the new parts of the body.
Muscular System
 Major
Organs:
Skeletal muscles
and smooth
muscles
throughout the
body.
Major Role
 The
main role of the muscular
system is to provide movement.
Muscle: front and back view
 Muscles
work in pairs to move limbs
and provide the organism with
mobility. Muscles also control the
movement of materials through some
organs, such as the stomach and
intestine, and the heart and circulatory
system.

Label
the
muscle
man
found
on
page 9.
Endocrine System

Major Organs:
Many glands exist in the
body that secrete
endocrine
hormones. Among these
are the hypothalamus,
pituitary, thyroid,
pancreas and adrenal
glands.
Major Role

The main role of the
endocrine system is to relay
chemical messages through
the body. In conjunction
with the nervous system,
these chemical messages
help control physiological
processes such as nutrient
absorption, growth, etc.


The hypothalamus is located in the brain, at
the base of the optic chiasm. It secretes
hormones that stimulate or suppress the release
of hormones in the pituitary gland, in addition
to controlling water balance, sleep, temperature,
appetite, and blood pressure.
Thyroid and parathyroids: The thyroid gland
and parathyroid glands are located in front of
the neck, below the larynx (voice box). The
thyroid plays an important role in the body's
metabolism. Both the thyroid and parathyroid
glands also play a role in the regulation of the
body's calcium balance.
Lymphatic System
 Major
Organs:
Lymph, lymph
nodes and
vessels, white
blood cells, Tand B- cells

Major Role:
The main role of the
immune system is to
destroy and remove
invading microbes
and viruses from the
body. The lymphatic
system also removes
fat and excess fluids
from the blood.
Nervous System
 Major
Organs:
Brain, spinal cord
and peripheral
nerves.

Major Role:
The main role of the
nervous system is to relay
electrical signals through
the body. The nervous
system directs behaviour
and movement and, along
with the endocrine
system, controls
physiological processes
such as digestion,
circulation, etc.
How Good is Your Reaction Time?

Visual reaction time:
Between you and your lab partner you need
one ruler. Place the ruler at the edge of
your desk on the 100 mm mark. Your lab
partner will be holding the ruler and the
subject will place thumb and forefinger on
either side of ruler, near, but not touching
it. The experimenter asks the subject if
they are ready, then within a few seconds
releases the ruler as cleanly as possible.
 Subject
grasps ruler as soon as
possible after it’s release and holds it
against the side of the desk. The
experimenter will then read the
position of the line the ruler reached
by the side of the desk to the nearest
whole number and records the results
in their lab partners lab book. Make
sure you subtract the original 10 mm.
You repeat 10 times.
 When
finished you need to calculate
the time of reflex by using the formula
above the table in your lab book.
 If
the ruler dropped 16.0 cm I would
then use the following steps:
1. 2 x 16cm = 32cm
2. 32cm / 980cm/sec² = 0.03265 sec²
3. the square root of 0.03265 sec² =
0.1807
4. 0.1807sec x 1000msec/sec =
180milliseconds visual reaction time
Respiratory system
 Major
Organs:
Nose, trachea
and lungs.
Major Role

The main role of the
respiratory system is to
provide gas exchange
between the blood and the
environment. Primarily,
oxygen is absorbed from
the atmosphere into the
body and carbon dioxide is
expelled from the body.
Male & Female reproductive System
 Major
Organs:
Female (top): ovaries, oviducts,
uterus, vagina and mammary
glands.
Male (bottom): testes, seminal
vesicles and penis.
Major Role

The main role of the
reproductive system
is to manufacture
cells that allow
reproduction. In the
male, sperm are
created to inseminate
egg cells produced in
the female.
Urinary/Excretory System
 Major
Organs:
Kidneys, ureters,
bladder and
urethra
Major Role

The main role of
the excretory
system is to filter
out cellular wastes,
toxins and excess
water or nutrients
from the
circulatory system.