AP USH C. 3
ENGLAND DISCOVERS THE VALUE
OF ITS COLONIES: EMPIRE,
LIBERTY, AND EXPANSION
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
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Because of the distance between England and the American colonies, England
adopted the policy of salutary neglect.
As a result the colonies were left to govern themselves.
Colonies created governments based on English tradition.
– Limited Government (Magna Carta, Petition of Right and English Bill of
Rights)--John Locke—natural rights and social contract theory.
– Parliament
Every colony had a governor.
– In self-governing colonies they were elected.
– In all other colonies they appointed by the King.
Every colony by 1740 had a colonial legislature. Most all were bicameral. (Pa.
was the exception).
– Assembly—elected by the landowners. Made colonial laws, appropriated
money, passed local tax laws and paid the governor’s salary.
– Council– members were chosen by the governor or King, gave advice to
governor.
• COLONIAL WOMEN
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By law and custom women were considered 2nd class citizens.
They were technically under the control of their husband or father.
In America they did have more opportunities than women in England.
Under some circumstances they could operate businesses and own property.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
• European scientific revolution beginning in the mid-1600s, that
finally reached the colonies in the early 1700s.
• Copernicus—sun centered system. (overthrew the earth
centered belief)
• Newton—theory of gravity—established a mechanistic view of
the universe. Universe governed by natural law
• —Analogy—all human relations: politics, economics and
society could be explained by natural law. (grasped by human
reason and explained by mathematics).
• Economics –Law of supply and demand—Adam Smith
• Politics—natural rights– John Locke, Jean Rousseau, Thomas
Hobbes
• Society—all environmental, born with a “blank slate” , gain
knowledge through experience. To improve both society and
human nature was by the application of reason.—John Locke
• Reason—highest virtue
ENLIGHTENMENT IN AMERICA
• Because the America people were not as tied to tradition as
Europe. The Enlightenment had a welcome audience in the
colonies. Much of American life was already based on
experimentation, observation and the trying of new ideas.
• Enlightenment figures:
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John Tillotson —morality over “dogma”—heavily influenced Harvard.
Peter Zenger —”New York Weekly” Freedom of Press, (rise of a free
press)
Ben Franklin– the American epitome of the Enlightenment
– Printer—age 24 “The Pennsylvania Gazette” (Saturday Evening
Post)
– “Poor Richard’s Almanac”
– American Colonization Society
– Public library, fire department, Fire Insurance Co.,
– University of Pennsylvania, American Philosophical Society,
Advancements in eye care (bifocal lenses), meteorology (weather
station), physics (speculations on electricity).
– Invented the Franklin Stove, the lightning rod, glass harmonica.
– Albany Plan of Union, Declaration of Independence, Treaty of
Alliance, Treaty of Paris 1783, and the Constitution.
ENLIGHTENMENT CONTINUED
• Benjamin Rush—scientific medicine
• David Rittenhouse—Orrery
• John Bartram-- scientific method
• GREAT AWAKENING
• While many were caught in expanding their knowledge of
science, many others were caught in a burst of religious
enthusiasm known as the Great Awakening.
• 1720s-1760s
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Declining church attendance.
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Decay of family authority
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Dishonest business practices.
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Increase in swearing, lying, cussing and staying out
late.
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Congregationalist minister—Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the
Hands of an Angry God”—members needed the fear of God put
back into them.
“Revival meetings” were held, and charismatic preachers from
England came to America to lead this “Awakening”.
17th and 18th Centuries overview
• 1600—England was very weak with no colonies.
• 1700—England was a global giant with 20 colonies in North
America, the West Indies and Asia with important overseas
trade routes.
• 1600 and 1700s were marked with Civil Wars, political upheaval
and religious change. Resulting in a Constitutional Monarchy.
• Representative government was taken for granted in both
England and her colonies. It was assumed colonies would
have elected assemblies that could tax, control colonial
spending and make local laws.
• Parliament had full control over the colonies, but, in practice,
rarely regulated anything except trade.
• 1600 and 1700s saw Spain continue a policy of missionary work
and exploitation of the Indians.
• And the French were engaged in the fur trade in the Great
Lakes and Gulf region and sugar production in their West
Indies possessions.
THE COLONIAL DIFFERENCES 1700
CARIBBEAN, AND
SOUTHERN
COLONIES
CHESAPEAKE,
MIDDLE ATLANTIC
COLONIES
NEW
ENGLAND
COLONIES
• Most pronounced differences were in life expectancy, gender
ratio, and family structure.
• 1 .LIFE EXPECTANCY AND POLITICAL CONTROL
About 40—2/10 kids adulthood about 45-- >3/10
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Young men ruled
Young Men
60s—8/10
Grandfathers ruled
• 2. LABOR, RELIGION, AND EDUCATION
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Large slave populations S—Large black minority.
Small black population
Maj. 1670
Pa.,Md,--N. Eur/Eng min.
Mostly English
***Regions that relied heavily on cash crops had large black populations
Religiously indifferent
Nominal Anglicans
Strict Puritanism
Quaker and Catholics
Baptists
Few ministers
Some preachers
Public support clergy
Tutors
Little education
Public education
DIFFERENCES CONTINUED
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SOUTHERN/CARIBBEAN
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NEW ENGLAND
3. LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS
Parish courts
Royal governors
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CHESAPEAKE
County Courts and Parish
Proprietary leaders
Town meetings
Elected leaders
4. UNIFYING TRENDS: LANGUAGE, WAR,
• LAW AND INHERITANCE
1. Predominantly “London” English spoken but with large enclaves of German.
(Especially Middle Atlantic)
2. War fought with volunteer soldiers (militias) instead of conscripts.
3. Colonial law based on simple English “Common Law”.
4. Some inheritance laws allowed women to own some types of property.
5. And primogeniture was not strictly enforced in many colonies.
• THE BEGINNINGS OF EMPIRE
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1640s—Due to the English Civil Wars there was no effective control of the
American colonies.
DURING THIS PERIOD:
Indians resisted settlers, settlers short on muskets and ammunition.
Successful Indian raids in New Netherlands, Md. Va. And NC, SC
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New England escaped Indian attack because of:
– Creation of New England Confederacy— defense alliance between NE colonies 16501683.
ENGLAND “DISCOVERS” THE COLONIES
From 1651 on, Mercantilism was adopted by England.
– 1. From 1659 England’s power was based on the strength of their economy.
– 2. The Crown must completely control commerce.
• Control trade
– English favored regulated trade and economic policies.
• Create colonies
– 3. Create economic monopolies
– 4. General belief held that trade is virtuous: makes countries interdependent, reduces
the risk of war and creates unending progress
Navigation Acts: (aimed at Dutch competition)
– 1651—Imported goods had to be shipped on English-owned ships
– Prohibited foreign (colonial) vessels from going to one British port to another.
– Angered NE merchants involved in West Indies trade. Eventually England ignored the
trade rules.
Restoration period—England extended Navigation Acts.
• Navigation Acts 1660.
– All colonial trade carried on English owned ships.
– Boat captain and 75% of crew English.
– All enumerated items had to be shipped to England first before being shipped to other
destinations.
– Colonists could ship non-enumerated goods anywhere.
– Plantation Duty Act 1673—colonial shippers post bond guaranteeing that they were
obeying enumerated goods law.
• Wheat, fish, corn not enumerated—could be sold anywhere as
long as the other laws were followed.
• All cash crops were enumerated: indigo, sugar cane, rice,
naval stores, tobacco, cotton, etc.—had to be sold to English
merchants.
• English manufacturers could only purchase enumerated goods
from English colonies.
• Manufacturing was illegal in the colonies—iron forges, textile
mills, clothiers, rum, etc.
• England produced the finished product—colonies supplied the
raw materials—all benefitted and no gold was leaving the Br.
Empire.
COLONIAL EFFECTS ON THE INDIANS
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1660s--Coastal tribes had been devastated by disease.
Indian Wars were fought to gain captives to replace lost tribe members
– Iroquois—”mourning wars”
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Indian culture changed by
Knives, guns, liquor.
– Frontier settlements depended on the Indian trade.
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Puritan Mission Indians 1640s.
Attempt to bring protestant beliefs into the tribal structure.
“praying Indians”.—Thomas Mayhews Jr. / Sr., and John Eliot
– 1675, 2,300 Indians had converted or in the process of conversion
to Christianity.
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King Philip’s War (Metacom)
– (Wampanoag) Indian sachem. Resisted Christianity.
– 1675 war broke out in Plymouth settlement.
– Settlers attack Narragansetts “Great Swamp Fight” Dec. 1675
– Conflict very bloody with hostilities on both sides.
– Settlers demanded death to all Indians. 1676 colonial alliance with
Mohawks destroyed Metacom’s alliance. 100s killed or sold into
slavery.
LIFE IN COLONIAL AMERICA 1680-1720
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Northeast–
Most people lived in towns or villages near the coast
line.
Most were farmers but since arable land was scarce
many became “day laborers”. Regardless their lives
were connected to shippers.
The merchant class ruled and displayed their wealth.
NY, Philadelphia and Boston had “Alms Houses” for
the poor.
There was upward mobility “Yankee Ingenuity”
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South—
Most people lived on isolated farms and used the
broad slow-moving rivers as transportation. Strangers
were welcome--”Southern Hospitality.”
Women and children worked with the men on the farm,
but a woman was also the doctor, the mender of
clothes, cooked, took care of the children. Normally
married by 13, she would have 10 children (2-3 would
survive to adulthood), died in her 30s.
• SOUTH—(DEEP SOUTH AND CHESAPEAKE)
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Southern hierarchy:
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Great Planter “FFV”
free landowning farmer (yeoman)
Landless whites
Indentured servants
Indians
Slaves
• AFRICAN SLAVERY “Peculiar Institution”
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Virginia 1619
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Why?
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1. Indians—disease, run away, start Indian Wars, not
good workers.
2. Indentures—became your competition, limited time
period.
3. African slaves- knew farming, had immunity to
European diseases, no where to run, lifetime.
4. By 1750 all colonies practiced slavery.
SLAVE LIFE
• SLAVE PSYCHOLOGY
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Capture
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“Middle Passage”
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Slave auction
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Plantation life
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Field hand
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House slave
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Skilled slave
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Slave Revolts
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NY City 1712
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Stono Rebellion 1739
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Slave Codes
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DOCTORS, LAWYERS AND CLERGYMEN
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poorly trained, low esteem
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1st Medical school 1765
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Popular remedy—”leeching”
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If no doctor close—called a barber.
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Medical breakthrough:
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1721—Cotton Mather Small pox vaccine
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Epidemics: Diphtheria 1730s
• Lawyers—
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“noisy windbags, trouble-makers, rogues,
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drunkards and brothel-keepers”
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1750 1st Law School opened
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1760s respected: James Otis, John Adams,
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Patrick Henry.
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CLERGY—
Despite the fact most colonists did not attend church, the Clergy was the most
respected profession.
By 1720 there were two state supported religions in the colonies:
Anglican—(Ga., SC, NC, Va., Md., NJ, NY)
Congregationalist (Ma., NH, Ct.)
Leading clergymen of the period: Jonathan Edwards, George
Whitefield, John Wesley.
EAST-WEST DISPUTES--1670s
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Many of the colonies had a problem between coastal settlements and frontier
settlements.—”East-West” Disputes
– There was economic jealousy, political jealousy and charges of favoritism.
“ BACON’S REBELLION 1676”
1675—Doegs v. Va. and Md. militia over broken promises.
1676– Va. Militia under John Washington attacked
Susquehannock fort killing dozens.
Indians responded by killing 30 Va. frontier settlers.
• Gov. Berkeley, against the wishes of the Va. Backcountry, ordered the
building of a string of forts as defense against the Indians. The frontier
people wanted to attack.
• Gov. Berkeley suspended the fur trade except for a few privileged
traders.
• Gov. Berkeley ordered a tax increase on frontier land to pay for the
forts.
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1676--Nathaniel Bacon—cousin of the Governor, plantation owner, fur
trader and trouble-maker. He had been denied a fur-trapping permit by
the Governor.
– One of Bacon’s workers had been killed in the Indian raids.
– Bacon formed an army and massacred a local tribe in retaliation.
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Gov. Berkeley declared Bacon an outlaw and was told to disband his
army..
Regardless, the frontier voters chose Bacon to represent them in the
House of Burgesses.
Upon arrival in Jamestown, Berkeley had Bacon arrested, and
forced him to apologize to the Governor for what he had done.
Bacon then slipped away, reformed his army and marched on
Jamestown.
Berkeley retreated in fear to the coast. Bacon took control of the
government. After a couple of failed attempts by Berkeley to regain
control,
Bacon burned Jamestown and proclaimed he was going to create the
Republic of the Chesapeake. In Oct. 1676 Bacon died of dysentery.
This was the largest rebellion in colonial history until 1775.
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Change in English politics, Dominion of New England and the
Glorious Revolution
1670s –Popish Plot led to the formation of political parties in England. (assassination of
King Charles II)—Titus Oakes
– Whigs—favored the “common” man, representative government, and religious
toleration for protestants and a decentralized army. They were viewed as anti-king.
– Tories—favored a powerful monarchy, legitimate succession to the throne, no religious
toleration and a strong standing army.
King Charles died in 1684 and the Duke of York, James II became King. He was hated by the
Whigs.
In the colonies, he put Edmond Andros in charge of the Dominion of New England. Andros
was to govern it like the NY colony had been governed.
In England, James granted religious tolerance to Catholics.
1688 James had a son that was being raised Catholic.
Whigs invited William of Orange to England (Nov. 1688) to overthrow James.
James fled to France—Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary –Bill of Rights (1689)
– Only Parliament pass taxes, freedom of speech, press
– no standing army in peacetime, right to bear arms, no Catholic kings
– No cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines.
– Revoked Lord Baltimore’s Charter, Md. Became a Royal Colony.
FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRIES 16801748
• CAUSES OF RIVALRY
• 1689-1697 King William’s War (War of the League of Augsburg)
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French coureur de bois, Indian Allies v. NY and Mass.
militia—Schenectady, NY and Deerfield, Mass.
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In the South—Spain raided coastal settlements in Ga., SC.
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Br. Troops captured Port Royal, Acadia
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Treaty of Ryswick “status quo”
• 1702-1713 Queen Anne’s War (War of Spanish Succession)
France and Spain v. England and Prussia
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England captured Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay
region and St. Augustine.
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Treaty of Utrecht
• French Acadians moved by force to bayous of Louisiana—
”Cajuns”– EVANGELINE by William Wadsworth Longfellow
RIVALRIES CONTINUED
• 1739-1748 King George’s War (War of Jenkins’ Ear, War of
Austrian Succession)
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France, Prussia and Spain v. England, Austria
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Colonists invaded New France, captured Ft. Louisborg and
Cape Breton Island.
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Colonists captured Florida and Cuba
But France and her allies won in Europe.
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle
• HALF-WAY COVENANT AND
• THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
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“Jeremiads”
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Half-Way Covenant
• Salem Hysteria
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1692 “Witch Hunt”
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Causes
• This Awakening created a rivalry within churches.
• Traditional churches became more lenient, “do
everything to get people back to church” movement,
even if it means “watering” down religion (Old
Lights)
• The new “hellfire and damnation” theatrical
preaching of the (New Lights)”.
• New Light revivals led by George Whitefield.
Encouraged a “come-one, come-all” spirit.
• Religious toleration increased, sectional differences
decreased.
• New protestant denominations appeared and
challenged the older more established sects.
• Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians.
• The rural regions of the South and Middle Atlantic
became the most inspired by the Great Awakening.
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
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Statistical Comparison between English and French colonies 1750:
Population:
Troop strength:
Indian Allies:
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The start of the war:
Governor of New France—Marquis Duquesne de Menneville,
forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio River and beyond.—1751
1753 Lt. Gov. Va. Lord Fairfax—George Washington to survey part
of the “Ohio Territory” for land speculation.
French building Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh).
ALBANY CONGRESS—1754
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– Purpose:
– Result:
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July 1754—George Washington > inform the French they were
trespassing on Va. Soil. When he arrived the fort was almost complete.
Quickly Washington built Ft. Necessity and attacked Ft. Duquesne.
He lost—this started the French and Indian War
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The war: 7 Years’ War—Eng., Prussia v. Fr, Sp.
Russia, Holland and Austria
1755-1758 the French were winning.
“Guerilla Warfare”
1755--Force of 1400, William Braddock, and colonial militia to
capture Ft. Duquesne.
900 were killed or captured.
The war turned England’s way when William Pitt was chosen as
Prime Minister of Parliament.
Blockade of European coastline.
Launch a pre-emptive strike against Spain.
Attack New France
1759 Battle of Quebec
Gen James Wolfe v. Gen. Louis Montcalm
“Plains of Abraham”
1759 Battle of Montreal
1761 Havana, Cuba and Manila, Philippines
RESULTS OF FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
• TREATY OF PARIS 1763
• 1. Internal problems in Parliament
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William Pitt’s resignation
De Facto PM Lord Bute
Election of George Grenville
1st Wilkes Affair
2. Anti-American resentment in England
3. War Debt
4. Pontiac’s Rebellion
5. Proclamation of 1763
6. Sugar Act