CH 31, Sec. 4
“Aggressors on the March”
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
World History
Room 167
Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Describe Fascist aggression in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
• Summarize why British and French appeasement and
American isolationism failed to stop Fascist aggression.
• Explain why the Soviets and Germany sign a peace pact.
AGENDA: Get focused! Begin Warm-up immediately!
Austrian troops in Vienna salute as
Hitler and his forces make their
triumphal entry into the city after
Germany's annexation of Austria,
known as the Anschluss (Union).
• WARM-UP: Examine the map on p. 813 of text,
“Who were Aggressors in this period and
where did aggression occur?”
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION; Packet p.
• TEST REVIEW
FOR TOMORROW:
• Ch 31 TEST!
• Final Project is due!
Morning Tutorials will begin promptly at 8:20
CAUSES
Fearing a Communist
Revolution in Italy…
The King of Italy believed
Mussolini and his “Far Right”
was the best hope for his own
troubled dynasty to survive.
King Victor Emmanuel III
of Italy
Event
King Victor Emmanuel III
puts Mussolini in charge
of the government.
“Il Duce!”
(the leader)
In 1922, about 30,000 Fascists
marched on Rome demanding
Mussolini be put in charge
of the government.
EFFECTS
Mussolini
• abolished democracy;
• outlawed all political
parties but his own
Fascist party;
• imposed Censorship;
• had opponents jailed;
• outlawed strikes;
• made allies with
the rich industrialists.
After Mussolini took power,
a foreign diplomat
returned to England
and remarked,
“He’s an actor,
a dangerous rascal,
and possibly
slightly off his head.”
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
CAUSES
Inspired by Mussolini’s
march on Rome,
Hitler & the Nazis
plotted to overthrow the
government
and seize power
in Munich Germany.
Event
Hitler is tried for treason
and sentenced to prison.
EFFECTS
In jail, Hitler writes
“Mein Kampf” which
became the plan of
action for the Nazis.
The Munich Beer Hall Putsch
November 9, 1923
Hitler, at 34,
entered a Munich beer-hall
calling for a revolution against
the Weimar Republic by his Nazi followers.
However, when faced with the opposing Army, Hitler and the Nazis
made a hasty retreat, suffering 16 casualties.
Naturally, for this attempted overthrow of the government,
Hitler received a ruthless sentence of five years in a tightly controlled
minimum-security prison; after 9 months, he was set free on good behavior.
Nevertheless, Hitler put his hard time to good use,
finally sharing his ideas with the world by writing Mein Kampf, Hitler’s personal Manifesto.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
CAUSES
Hitler wanted to control
every aspect of German
life and shape public
opinion through
propaganda.
Hitler Youth march through Nuremberg,
Germany past Nazi officials.
Event
Hitler has books burned
in huge bonfires.
EFFECTS
In this way Hitler gained
totalitarian control –
he silenced his opposition,
& forced conformity
(indoctrination)
to Nazi beliefs alone.
Under the order of Joseph
Goebbels, Hitler's Minister
of Propaganda, Nazi gangs
(“Brown Shirts”) raided all
libraries and gathered books
considered lacking in the
“family values” of the
Fatherland, works of worldclass authors such as
Thomas Mann, Erich Maria
Remarque, Jack London,
H. G. Wells, Charles
Dickens, Emile Zola and
those of Jewish writers. In
the left photo, Germans
rally around a bonfire filled
with confiscated books.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
CAUSES
Nazis would use the Jews
as scapegoats for
Germany’s troubles.
Anti-Semitism was a key
part of Nazi ideology.
Event
In 1933, the Nazi-controlled
German government passes
the “Nuremburg Laws” - laws
depriving Jews of their rights.
EFFECTS
Violence against Jews
increased. Kristallnacht
signaled the real start of
the process of
eliminating Jews from
German life.
A synagogue is
set fire the night
of Kristallnacht.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Above: Jewish citizens being
“relocated” to the ghetto.
Right: Germans pass by
damaged Jewish shops the
morning after Kristallnacht
– Night of the Broken Glass,
Nov. 9, 1938. Nazi groups
attacked Jews in their homes
and their businesses.
20th c. begins with Militarists Taking over Japan
This Military-Industrial establishment pursues Imperialism in Asia.
1900 - Japanese Imperial Army and Imperial Navy assume veto power
over the formation of cabinets
1903 – Japanese forces move into Manchuria prompting war with
Russia.
1904 – Japanese navy devastates Russian navy in surprise attack.
Russia forced to sign out of Manchuria & Korea.
1905 – Japan declares Korea a “protectorate”
1905-20 – Japan establishes island bases throughout region
1925 – Emperor Yoshihito dies. His heir, only 24 y.o. at the time
<<
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Emperor Hirohito, is a puppet of the military.
1931 – Japanese military fully invades Manchuria
despite objections from Japan’s own Parliament.
1. Why did the Japanese invade Manchuria?
To solve its economic problems (need for oil)
and protect Japanese business interests.
The “occupying” army then sets up a “puppet” govt. and
proceeds to provide military protection to Japanese
business interests who arrive to build mines / factories.
1932 – Prime Minister of Japan is assassinated by Naval officers &
the military is fully in control of Japan’s future.
1935 – Mussolini invades Ethiopia
Why?
- PROFIT: Mussolini dreams of creating an Italian colonial
Empire in Africa
- REVENGE: Bitter memories of Ethiopians defeating the
Italian army in the Battle of Adowa in 1896.
- WHY NOT? League of Nations had done nothing to stop
Japan’s aggressive Empire-building in Pacific.
2. Why did Britain and France take no action against Italian aggression?
Both hoped to “keep the peace” in Europe – dreading another War.
Ethiopian Emperor Hallie Selassie
delivered an impassioned speech to the League of Nations which had
done nothing to prevent Italy’s unprovoked invasion of his country.
Read History Makers, p. 812
He asked, "What answer shall I take back to my people?" He said, "It is
us today, it will be you tomorrow." Prophetic words considering
the coming horrors of the Second World War. He concluded by telling the
assembly, "God and History shall remember your judgment." It
was a historic speech applauded around the world. The Emperor of
Ethiopia was toasted and hailed around the world by Anti-Fascists, and
Time magazine named him "Man of the Year." A week after Selassie’s
speech, Britain, France, and the U.S. acknowledged Victor Emmanuel’s
new title – King of Italy and Ethiopia – once again choosing to remain
silent before raw Aggression.
Ethiopian ruler
Halllie Selassie
inspects his men.
1935 – U.S. Congress passes first of
three Neutrality Acts.
3. Why did isolationists want these laws?
They hoped to keep the U.S. out
of another European War.
“Let it be resolved
that upon the outbreak
or during the progress of war
between, or among,
two or more foreign states,
the President shall proclaim such fact,
and it shall thereafter be unlawful
to export arms, ammunition,
or implements of war
to any port
of such beligerent states…
nor shall these United States
feel compelled to intercede
in such international tensions
as they unaffect us.”
- U.S. Neutrality Act, 1935
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1935 – U.S. Congress passes first of
three Neutrality Acts.
3. Why did isolationists want these laws?
They hoped to keep the U.S. out
of another European War.
Americans in the United States preferred
Isolationism – choosing to “stay out of the tensions between other countries”
RESULT: Such an official policy prevented the U.S. from taking an immediate stand
against the Aggressors which might have prevented war’s escalation.
Britain and France chose
Appeasement – choosing to “give in to an aggressor in order to keep the peace”
RESULT: This policy only encouraged Japan, Italy, and Germany to keep taking more…
“give ‘em an inch; they take a mile”
Hitler’s growing military strength convinced Mussolini to seek an alliance with Germany
1936 – The two dictators sign the Rome-Berlin Axis agreement.
A month later Germany reaches an agreement with Japan.
Axis Powers – Germany, Japan, Italy
RESULT: Strengthened by their alliance, further aggression was inevitable.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1935 Hitler is cheered after telling the Nazi-controlled Parliament that
Germany would no longer obey the Treaty of Versailles’
restrictions.
He had already begun rebuilding Germany’s military.
The League of Nations issued only a mild condemnation.
Banners throughout Germany read,
“Today Germany! Tomorrow the World!”
1936 – German troops move into
the Rhineland.
See map of Rhineland, text p. 813
4.
What were some of the effects of appeasing Hitler
after his invasion of the Rhineland?
- Strengthened his power among the Germans;
- Tilted the balance of power in Europe in
Germany’s favor;
- Encouraged Hitler to speed up his military
and territorial expansion.
1936 – Hitler & Mussolini lend troops, tanks, planes to help
Spain’s Fascist leader Francisco Franco and his Nationalists in Spain’s Civil War.
Read about “Guernica,” History Through Art, text p. 814
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Spain had been a monarchy until 1931,
when it then became a republic.
Like all European nations,
Spain’s economy suffered during the Depression.
In 1936, army leaders backed a Fascist-styled leader in Spain
named Francisco Franco.
Civil War erupted.
1936 – Hitler & Mussolini lend troops, tanks, planes to help
Spain’s Fascist leader Francisco Franco and his Nationalists in Spain’s Civil War.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1936 – Hitler & Mussolini lend troops, tanks, planes to help
Spain’s Fascist leader Francisco Franco and his Nationalists in Spain’s Civil War.
Read about “Guernica,” History Through Art, text p. 814
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Spain had been a monarchy until 1931,
when it then became a republic.
Like all European nations,
Spain’s economy suffered during the Depression.
In 1936, army leaders backed a Fascist-styled leader in Spain
named Francisco Franco.
Civil War erupted.
1936 – Hitler & Mussolini lend troops, tanks, planes to help
Spain’s Fascist leader Francisco Franco and his Nationalists in Spain’s Civil War.
The liberal Republican government received little help from western democratic nations abroad.
In fact, only the Soviet Union sent equipment to aid the legitimate republican government
and also advisers to try to mediate the brutal conflict in Spain.
1939 – Franco becomes Spanish dictator.
Although Franco never formally allied Spain with the Axis Powers during World War II,
he openly sympathized with their fascist principles.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1937 – Japan invades China
5. What were the immediate results of this invasion?
The Chinese retreated and set up a new capital in the south;
Chinese guerilla fighters continued to fight in the northern
occupied area.
Japanese military killed tens of thousands of captured
soldiers and civilians in Nanjing.
The gruesome rapes and killings of
thousands in the city of Nanjing by the
invading Japanese military were welldocumented by invited photographers.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Chinese civilians
at Nanking are
buried alive by
Japanese troops.
Japanese invaders
drove more than
one thousand
elderly women
and children to a
sandbank, and
buried them alive
in a huge pit. All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs.
Japanese commanders used killing
competitions as a way to boost morale.
They organized visiting and news
reporters to appraise the "winner". One
killing competition was reported by
newspapers all over the world.
"On December 16th, I went to the streets, smoke and fire flames had
not yet been extinguished. The number of the dead bodies of my
countrymen was terrifyingly large, especially there were many
corpses of women... Eight of ten of them had their abdomens being
cut open, intestines squeezed out. There were several mothers laid
died together with their fetuses covered by blood... the breasts of
these female bodies were either cut off or bayoneted into a mixture
of flesh and blood ..."
Eyewitness account of brutal acts in Nanking
DaGong paper, Feb. 7th, 1938
Heads of female victims in Nanking.
PowerPoint; T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1937 – Hitler plans to absorb Austria and
Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich – or, the new German Empire.
Pic below: Hitler's car
passes through a
triumphant crowd
assembled in Vienna to
celebrate the Anschluss,
March 1938.
lebensraum (living space) for the German people
“The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Anschluss
(union of Austria and Germany).
However, many German-speaking Austrians
supported the idea.
In March, 1938 Hitler sent his army into
Austria and annexed it.
France and Belgium ignored a former pledge to
protect Austrian independence.” text, p. 814
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Followers of former Austrian chancellor
Kurt von Schuschnigg wait to be
transported to a German concentration
camp during the mass round-up that
followed the Anschluss of March 1938.
Schuschnigg and his followers had tried
to prevent the annexation.
They were never seen again.
Immediately after the Anschluss,
Nazis began a brutal crackdown on
Austrian Jews, arresting them
and publicly humiliating them.
At right -- Austrian Nazis and local
residents watch as Jews are forced to
get on their hands and knees and scrub
the pavement.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1937 – Hitler plans to absorb Austria and
Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich.
“Since WWI, Czechoslovakia had developed into a prosperous democracy with a strong army
and a defense treaty with France.
But 3 million German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland - a western border region of
Czechoslovakia.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1937 – Hitler plans to absorb Austria and
Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich.
“Since WWI, Czechoslovakia had developed into a prosperous democracy with a strong army
and a defense treaty with France.
But 3 million German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland - a western border region of
Czechoslovakia.
This heavily fortified area also formed the Czech’s main defense against Germany.
Anschluss had only increased pro-Nazi feelings among the Sudeten Germans.
In September, 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland be given to him.
The Czechs refused and asked France for help.
France and Britain were preparing for war when Mussolini decided to play mediator
and proposed a meeting….in Munich Germany.” text, p. 814
6.
•
•
•
Why was the Munich Conference unsuccessful?
The Czechs were not even invited;
Britain’s Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain >>
thought he could appease Hitler and keep the peace;
After Hitler was given Czechoslovakia it was clear
he would not stop there and he now began
demanding Poland.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
A historic example of the failings of appeasement is that of the British prime minister
Neville Chamberlain, shown here upon his return from Munich with the scrap of paper that
was to "ensure peace in our time!” The Munich Agreement is generally regarded as the
shameful culmination of the Allied refusal to confront Nazi aggression.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
When the German tanks
rolled into Czechoslovakia…
the Czech majority mourned
as it was forced to offer up
the Nazi salute,
“Heil Hitler!”
…while the Sudeten Germans cheered.
1938 - Ecstatic Sudeten girls in
traditional local costumes join in
welcoming the German soldiers.
At the end of
WWII, no
Jewish life in
Bohemia and
Moravia was
left. Out of the
90,000 Czech
Jews more than
72,000 were
deported to
Auschwitz
immediately.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
A historic example of the failings of appeasement is that of the British
prime minister Neville Chamberlain, shown here upon his return from
Munich with the scrap of paper that was to "ensure peace in our time!”
The Munich Agreement is generally regarded as the shameful
culmination of the Allied refusal to confront Nazi aggression.
One member of British Parliament was furious at what Chamberlain had
done to the Czechs at the Munich Conference:
“You had a choice between war and dishonor and you chose
dishonor.
You shall have war."
That Parliament member was Winston Churchill who will become
Britain’s next Prime Minister and carry the country through WWII.
PowerPoint; T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1939 – Germany and Russia sign a
Nonaggression Pact.
8. Why did Stalin sign an agreement with Fascist Germany,
once a bitter enemy?
Stalin felt Russia’s former allies – Britain, France, U.S. –
had snubbed him again and he resented having been left
out of the Munich Conference;
He also wanted to avoid another war in Germany since the
Soviet Union was in no way prepared for one.
The Secret Protocol was the agreement between
the Nazis and Soviets about what would take
place the moment Hitler invaded Poland.
For the Soviets, for agreeing to not join the possible
future war, Germany was giving the Soviets the
Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania).
Poland was also to be divided between the two.
The new territories gave the Soviet Union the buffer
(in land) that it wanted to feel safe from an
invasion from the West.
For the Nazis, when attacking Poland on September 1, 1939, the Soviets promised not to
interfere.
Two days later, the British declared war on Germany and World War II had begun.
On September 17, the Soviets rolled into eastern Poland to occupy their "sphere of influence"
designated in the secret protocol.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
CH 31, Sec. 4
“Aggressors on the March”
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
World History
Room 167
Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Describe Fascist aggression in Asia, Africa, and Europe.
• Summarize why British and French appeasement and
American isolationism failed to stop Fascist aggression.
• Explain why the Soviets and Germany sign a peace pact.
AGENDA: Get focused! Begin Warm-up immediately!
Austrian troops in Vienna salute as
Hitler and his forces make their
triumphal entry into the city after
Germany's annexation of Austria,
known as the Anschluss (Union).
• WARM-UP: Examine the map on p. 813 of text,
“Who were Aggressors in this period and
where did aggression occur?”
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION; Packet p.
• TEST REVIEW
FOR TOMORROW:
• Ch 31 TEST!
• Final Project is due!
Morning Tutorials will begin promptly at 8:20
BONUS:
Identify the name of this painting /
and the artist /
and the circumstances surrounding the event that occurred here.
ASSIGNMENT: For Monday, Read Chapter 32, Section 1 –
“Hitler’s Lightning War”
BONUS: - Identify the building in this photo;
- what is taking place;
- and the significance of the event here in
regards to what took place in this
country’s government in 1933.
ASSIGNMENT: For Monday,
Read Chapter 32, Section 1 –
“Hitler’s Lightning War”
BONUS: - Identify the name of this painting
- and the artist
- and the suggestive meaning the
artist revealed about this
particular piece of his that
reflects social attitudes of
the time.
ASSIGNMENT: For Monday,
Read Chapter 32, Section 1 –
“Hitler’s Lightning War”
“
“_______1922.
Watercolor and pen and ink on oil
transfer drawing on paper. Artists
Rights Society (ARS), MOMA, New
York, VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/