Faizan
Lecturer
Al-Majma University

Duration:
 3rd

week / 3 contact hrs.
Arthrokinematics:
 Typical
joint morphology
 Fundamental movements between joint surfaces.
 Closed packed and loose pack position

After studying this topic, the students will be able
to
 Identify
types of the joints and their characteristics.
 Define Arthrokinematics.
 describe the definition and characteristics of a
synovial joint.
 Distinguish Arthrokinematics movements from
Osteokinematics movements and explain their
relationship.


Study of movement occurring between the two
articulating surfaces.
Types of Arthrokinematic movements
(Synonym: accessory movements, joint play)
Distraction.
Compression.
Rolling.
Spinning.
Sliding.
gliding

Separation between the two articular surfaces
along the longitudinal axis of the distal
segment

Approximation between the two articular
surfaces along the longitudinal axis of the distal
segment.

new points on one
rotating articular
surface meet new
points on another
articular surface

same point on one
rotating articular
surface meet new
points on another
articular surface

a combination
of roll and
slide between
two incongruent
joint surfaces.


Same point meet the same point.
Eg: superior radio-ulnar joint
OSTEOKINEMATICS
MOVEMENT




Movement of bone.
voluntary movement.
Also known as physiological
movement.
Resulting from voluntary
muscle contraction.
ARTHROKINEMATICS
MOVEMENT




Movement between joint
surfaces.
Involuntary movement.
Also know as joint play,
accessory movement.
Resulting from movement of
the bones.


Study of internal structure and configuration of
a joint is known as morphology of the joint.
In order to study the morphology of human
joint we need to know the different types of
joint in the human body.

Structurally joints are classified as following:



Fibrous joints : the bones are held together by
fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen
fibers. No synovial cavity.
Cartilaginous joints: the bones are held together by
cartilage. No synovial cavity.
Synovial joints: the bones forming the joint have a
synovial cavity and are united by dense irregular
connective tissue.

Functionally, joints are classified as one of the
following:
Synarthrosis: an immovable joint.
 Amphiarthrosis: a slightly movable joint.
 Diarthrosis: a freely movable joint. All diarthroses
are synovial joints.


These are joints that lack a synovial cavity.
They permit little or no movement.

Sutures: thin layer of dense connective issue. Unites
bones of the skull. Because a suture is immovable, it
is functionally classified as a synarthrosis. Some
sutures are replaced by bone in the adult. Such a
suture is called synostosis.

Syndesmoses: There is a greater distance between the bones
and more fibrous connective tissue. The tissue is either arranged
as a bundle (ligament) or as a sheet (interosseus membrane).
Example tibia/fibula. Because it permits slight movement, a
syndesmosis is classified functionally as an amphiarthrosis.

Gomphoses- this is a type of fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg
fits into a socket. The only example are the articulations of the roots of
the teeth with the sockets of the alveolar processes of the maxillae and
mandible. The dense fibrous connective tissue is called the periodonatal
ligament. This is functionally classified as a synarthrosis.

This also lacks a synovial cavity and permits little
or no movement.

Synchondroses: here the connecting material is hyaline
cartilage. An example is the epiphyseal plate that
connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone.
Another example is the joint between the first rib and
manubrium of the sternum.

Symphyses: here the ends of the articulating bones
are covered with hyaline cartilage but the bones
are connected by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage.
Examples: pubic symphysis, junction of the
manubrium and sternum, intervertebral joints.
Functionally, this is an amphiarthrosis, a slightly
movable joint.

These have a space called a synovial cavity
between the articulating bones. Classified
functionally as diarthroses.



The bones at synovial joint are covered by an
articular cartilage. Consists of two layers, an outer
fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.
Fibrous capsule-ligaments
Synovial membrane-areolar connective tissue with
elastic fibers. Adipose tissue-articular fat pads.

Synovial fluid: the synovial membrane
secretes this. Consists of hyaluronic acid and
interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma.
Reduces friction by lubricating the joint.
Supplies nutrients and removes metabolic
wastes. Contains phagocytic cells. Benefits of
a “warm up” before exercise is that it
stimulates the production and secretion of
synovial fluid.



Plane joint (irregular or
arthrodial)
hinge (ginglymus)
Pivot (trochoid or screw)



Condyloid (ovoid or
ellipsoidal)
saddle (sellar)
ball-and-socket
(spheroidal)

Plane Joint (Irregular Or
Arthrodial)



Non-axial Joint
 Only Sliding Movements
Present
 E.G. Facet Joint Of The Spine





Hinge

Uniaxial Joint
 Degree Of Freedom = 1
 E.G. Humeroulnar Joint

Pivot
Uniaxial Joint
 Degree Of Freedom = 1
 E.G. Humeroradial Joint



Biaxial Joint
Degree Of Freedom = 2
Ideal Joint Surface: Ovoid
E.G. Radiocarpal Joint
Saddle



Condyloid
Biaxial Joint
Degree Of Freedom = 2
Ideal Joint Surface: Sellar
E.G. First Carpometacarpal
Joint
Ball-and-socket



Triaxial Joint
Degree Of Freedom = 3
E.G. Glenohumeral Joint




Definition: the position that both of the articular
surfaces are in the maximum congruency status
for a joint, resulting in the greatest mechanical
stability for that joint
In the close-packed position, most ligaments and
capsules surrounding to the joint are taut
example: for the glenohumeral joint the closepacked position is abduction of 90 & ordm; and
full external rotation
loose-packed position: all positions other than
close-packed position