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Chapter Review Sheet
Chapter 1
Upper Paleolithic period (Upper Stone Age)
Representational images beginning about 38,000 BCE
Use of stone tools
Nomadic hunter-gatherers
Homo Sapiens-Sapiens or Cro-Magnon up to 200,000 ago from Africa
Identical to us physiologically
Displaced Neanderthals who inhabited Eurasia for thousands of years
Cognitive development and symbolic thinking
Built shelter/architecture from locally available materials
Carved composite creatures into functional objects (ivory spear thrower)
Female figures/ dominant theory still that of Mother Goddess/ fertility fetish
Book offers two alternates involving communication and pregnancy
Abstraction (simplification/ memory image)
Cave paintings/ animals in profile/ naturalism/ twisted perspective
Dots, handprints, geometric marks (tectiforms), bison, wild horses,
Mammoths, bears, panthers, owls, deer, aurochs, wooly rhinoceroses,
Ibex (wild goat)
Beginning about 30,000 BCE / deep in caves almost inaccessible
Chauvet cave / about 32,000 BCE / animals grazing, running, resting
Children’s’ footprints/ bear scull altar / dated about 32,000 BCE
Lively naturalism / composite pose or twisted perspective
Lascaux / Hall of the Bulls / Bird headed Shaman figure
Paint / paint application / binder and pigment / “spraying” / red, yellow, black
Cave sculpture / modeling / lifelike clay bison /damp clay in cave floor / lamps
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Neolithic Period / shelters / domestication of plants and animals
First agricultural towns / Chatal Hoyuk
Ceremonial and tomb architecture
Newgrange, Ireland, megalithic
Stonehenge / Durrington Walls / henge/ woodhenge
Stonehenge / 13 ½ ‘ high, 106’ diameter / sarsens / earlier bluestones
Mortise-and-tennon / bluestones transported 150 miles
Chapter 2
Mesopotamia (between the rivers) / Fertile Crescent / first cities
Sumer / 3500 BCE / writing (cuneiform) 3100 BCE / clay tablets / math /
wheel / astronomy / astrology /
Metallurgy / irrigation / organized religion
Transactional relationship with deity / decentralized authority / priest king
Ziggurat / temple base / sloping (batter) sides of fired brick / temple
Sumerian sculpture / hierarchical scale / simplified, abstract, “cylindrical”
Large eyes / hands clasped in prayer / “squatty” proportions
Sumerian 2-D figures / composite view (head in profile, frontal torso, legs in
Profile / registers
Royal Cemetery of Ur / Lady Puabi / Bull’s Head Lyre / many artifacts
Ziggurat of Ur about 2100 BCE / temple platform
Akkad / Semitic speaking desert people / naturalism / centralized authority
Sargon I, Naram-Sin
Neo-Sumerians / Gudea / return of Sumerian style / more centralized authority
Babylon / Ammorites / Hammurabi / Ishtar Gate / Law Code of Hammurabi
Hittites of Anatolia / Hattusha / Lion Gate c. 1400 BCE
Assyria / Sargon II / Citadel / Lamassu (guardian composite beasts 13’)
Assyrian relief / lion hunting / cruelty / low relief / originally painted
Persia / Persepolis / Apadana / Darius I, son Xerxes palaces, treasuries
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“federal” system / largest empire (3,000,000 sq. miles from Africa to India
raised platform / “horse” stair / 60’ high columns
Persian relief / nations pay tribute / royal guards / lions attacking bull
Chapter 3
Nile river valley / longest river flows South to North
River civilization / centralized authority after 3,000 BCE (Dynastic period)
Sumerian influence during Pre-Dynastic period (about 3200 BCE)
King Narmer unifies Upper (Northern) and Lower (Southern) Egypt
God- Kings / Osiris / Isis / Set or Seth / Horus
Preparations for afterlife / mummification / tombs (mastaba)
Ka
Kings build pyramids / Stepped Pyramid of Djoser first one
Great Pyramids of Giza
Post and Lintle / permanence /
Sphinx / probably portrait of Khafre / portraiture
Egyptian sculpture / “blocky” generalized body, naturalistic portraits
Middle Kingdom / two intermediate periods of strife, civil war, invasion
Middle Kingdom sculpture / King shows age, emotion
Middle Kingdom tombs / rock-cut tombs / cut from “living” rock
New Kingdom / 1539 – 1075 BCE. / “Empire” period / large scale
Temple complexes of Karnac and Luxor / hypostyle hall /
Funereary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El Bahri / Senmut / terraces
Gardens / large scale / blends with setting
Akhenaten / monotheism / Amarna period / Amarna style ( soft, humanized)
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Temples of Ramses II at Abu Simbel / giagantic scale (4 65’ high statues of king)
The Books of the Dead / judgement