Test 3 Study Guide
A&P I, Dr. Bailey
I.
Upper Extremity
a. The hand and wrist
i. There are 8 carpal bones located in the wrist, which form 2 rows of bones in the
wrist.
ii. The bones that form the fingers are the phalanges.
iii. Each hand has 14 phalangeal bones.
iv. The bones that form the palm are the metacarpals.
v. The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum.
b. Pectoral Girdle
i. supports the arm
ii. consists of two bones on each side of the body--clavicle (collarbone) and
scapula (shoulder blade)
1. clavicle articulates medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula
a. sternoclavicular joint
b. acromioclavicular joint
2. scapula articulates with the humerus
a. glenohumeral joint - shoulder joint
b. easily dislocated due to loose attachment
c. Rotator Cuff muscles: tendons of the remaining four scapular muscles form the rotator
cuff. “SITS” muscles – for the first letter of their names
i. supraspinatus
ii. infraspinatus
iii. teres minor
iv. subscapularis
II.
Pelvis
a. A male has a smaller pelvic outlet when compared to the woman's pelvic outlet.
b. Each coxal bone consists of the following three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
c. The superior border of the ilium that acts as a point of attachment for both ligaments
and muscles is the iliac crest.
d. The sacrum articulates with the ilium.
e. The ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse into a single bone called the coxal bone.
f. The coxal bone and sacrum combine to form the pelvis.
Lower Extremity
a. The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the femur.
b. The calcaneus is the heel bone
c. The distal end of the tibia articulates with the talus.
d. The longest bone is the femur.
e. The foot has 7 ankle bones and 5 bones in the sole.
f. The lateral malleolus is found on the fibula.
g. The Achilles tendon attaches to the calcaneu
h. The medial border of the fibula is bound to the tibia by the interosseous membrane.
III.
IV.
i. Another name for the first toe is hallux.
j. The tarsus (ankle) contains 7 bones.
Joints
a. Movements of joints
• Pronation: Rotates forearm, radius over ulna
• Supination: Forearm in anatomical position
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V.
Inversion: Twists sole of foot medially
Eversion:Twists sole of foot laterally
Dorsiflexion: Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
Plantar flexion: Extension at ankle (pointing toes)
Opposition: Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)
Reposition: Opposite of opposition
Protraction: Moves anteriorly; In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
Retraction: Opposite of protraction; Moving anteriorly (pulling back)
Elevation: Moves in superior direction (up)
Depression: Moves in inferior direction (down)
Lateral flexion: Bends vertebral column from side to side
b. Types of joints
i. The shoulder joint is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
ii. The elbow joint is an example of a hinge joint.
iii. The joints between vertebrae are examples of gliding joints.
c. Herniated Disc: A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by protrusion of the nucleus
pulposus through the anulus fibrosus.
muscular tissue
a. skeletal muscle
i. voluntary, striated muscle attached to one or more bones, long, threadlike cells –
muscle fibers
1. voluntary – conscious control over skeletal muscles
2. striations - alternating light and dark transverse bands , results from an
overlapping of internal contractile proteins
3. contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane
ii. Skeletal muscle fiber
1. sarcolemma – plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
2. sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
3. mitochondria – packed in spaces between myofibrils
4. sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth ER that forms a network around
each myofibril – calcium reservoir
5. The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the sarcomere.
6. The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the
sarcolemma.
b. smooth muscle
i. lacks striations and is involuntary
ii. visceral muscle – forms layers of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract: blood
vessels, uterus and other viscera
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
iii. propels contents through an organ, regulates diameter of blood vessels
c. cardiac muscle
iv. limited to the heart
v. myocytes or cardiocytes are much shorter, branched, and notched at ends
vi. contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light staining glycogen
vii. intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
viii. provide electrical and mechanical connection
ix. striated, and involuntary (not under conscious control)
Connective Tissue of Muscle
b. endomysium : thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber,
allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber
c. perimysium : slightly thicker layer of connective tissue; fascicles – bundles of muscle
fibers wrapped in perimysium, carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch
receptors
d. epimysium : fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle, outer surface grades into
the fascia, inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form perimysium
e. fascia: sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups
from each other and the subcutaneous tissue
Muscle origin and insertion
a. Origin: bony attachment at stationary end of muscle
b. Belly: thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion
c. Insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
Functional Groups
a. action – the effects produced by a muscle, to produce or prevent movement
b. prime mover (agonist) - muscle that produces
most of force during a joint action
c. synergist - muscle that aids the prime mover , stabilizes the nearby joint, modifies the
direction of movement
d. antagonist - opposes the prime mover, relaxes to give prime mover control over an
action, preventing excessive movement and injury; antagonistic pairs – muscles that
act on opposite sides of a joint
e. fixator – muscle that prevents movement of bone
Important Muscle Terminology
a. Muscles located entirely within an organ are called intrinsic muscles (they have both
its origin and insertion there). extrinsic muscles – act on a designated region, but has
its origin elsewhere; fingers – extrinsic muscles in the forearm (Superficial muscles that
position or stabilize an organ are called Extrinsic)
b. Deep muscles are called profundus.
c. Muscles located close to the midline of the body may be called medialis.
d. Muscles with fibers that run at an angle to the long axis of the body are called oblique.
e. Muscles with fibers that run perpendicular to the long axis of the body are transversus.
f. Muscles with fibers that run parallel to the long axis of the body are called rectus.
g. Muscles visible at the body surface are often called Superficialis.
h. A muscle that assists the muscle that is primarily responsible for a given action is a(n)
synergist.
i. Most of the skeletal muscles in the body parallel muscles.