CIRCULATION and BLOOD
Unit J
(Ch. 13, pp. 226-234 & Ch. 14, pp. 250-251, 254 & Ch. 22, pp. 430-431)
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO LEARN?
J1. Describe and differentiate among the five types of blood vessels (p. 226-227)
J4. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation (p. 234-235)
J5. Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems (Ch. 22 p.
430-431)
J2. Identify and give functions for each of the following (p. 234- 235):
a) Subclavian arteries and veins
g) Hepatic vein
b) Jugular veins
h) Hepatic portal vein
c) Carotid veins
i) Renal arteries and veins
d) Mesenteric arteries
j) Iliac arteries and veins
e) Anterior and posterior vena cava
k) Coronary arteries and veins
f) Pulmonary veins and arteries
l) Aorta
J6. Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back to the left
ventricle (p. 234-235)
J7. List the major components of plasma (p. 237)
J8. Identify and give functions for lymph, capillaries, veins, and nodes (Ch. 14 p. 250-251)
J9. Describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (p. 237-240)
J11. Explain the roles of antigens and antibodies (Ch. 14 p. 254)
J12. Describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange (p. 241)
VOCABULARY
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Acclimatize
Afferent arteriole
Agglutination
Anaemia
Anterior vena cava
Antibody
Antigen
Aorta
Aortic arch
Arteriole
Artery
Atrioventricular (AV)
valve
Blood clot
Blood pressure
Brachial artery
Capillary
Capillary fluid exchange
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbonic anhydrase
Carotid arteries
Chemoreceptor
Contrict
coronary
Diastole
Dilate
Ductus arteriosus
(arterial duct)
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Ductus venosus
(venous duct)
Edema
Efferent arteriole
Electrocardiogram
(EKG)
Erythrocyte
Fetus
Fibrin
Fibrinogen
Foramen ovale
Hemoglobin
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic vein
Histamine
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Iliac artery/vein
Jugular vein
Leucocyte
Lymph
Lymph capillary
Lymph duct
Lymph node
Lymphatic duct
Lymphatic system
Mesenteric artery
Oxyhemoglobin
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Pacemaker
Phagocytic
Platelet
Posterior vena cava
Pressure receptor
Prothrombin
Pulmonary artery/vein
Pulmonary circulation
Pulse
Red blood cell
Renal artery/vein
Rhesus (Rh) factor
RhoGAM
Precapillary sphincter
muscle
Subclavian artery/vein
Systemic circulation
Systole
Thrombin
Thrombocyte
Thromboplastin
Thymus gland
Umbilical cord
Umbilical artery/vein
Valve
Venule
Villi
White blood cell
BLOOD
What is blood made up of?
1. ______________________: 55%
2. ______________________ and __________________: less than 1%
3. ______________________: 45%
Blood is ______% Plasma (liquid). The plasma portion of the blood is:
______% Water
 Maintains blood volume
 Transports molecules
_____% Proteins
 Clotting proteins
 Albumin
 Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
_____% Miscellaneous things that must be carried around the body
 Salts
 Gases (O2, CO2)
 Nutrients (amino acids, glucose, nucleotides)
 Wastes
 Hormones
 Vitamins and Minerals
Blood is _______% Formed Elements (solids). The solid portion of blood is:
1. Red Blood cells: ___________________________
2. White Blood cells: __________________________
3. Platelets: _________________________________
Red Blood cells:
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No _______________
Transport __________________ (acts like a ______________)
___________________: look like donuts without complete holes!
Live for ~ ___________(4 months)
Dark purple to bright red
Contain ___________ molecules, carbonic anhydrase, and antigens
There are ~800 million oxygen molecules in each RBC
Made in the _________________
Transports oxygen as __________________ (bright red)
Hb + O2 ------------------------------- ______
Transports carbon dioxide as ______________________
Hb + CO2 ------------------------------- ________
Transports hydrogen ions as _____________________ (thus acting as a buffer)
Hb + H+ ------------------------------- ______
White blood Cells
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They make ___________________ ____________________________
______________: the antibodies attach to foreign invaders & the hunter killer cells destroy
them.
WBC’s can _______________________ to attack invaders.
They have strangely shaped _____________.
They are also made in the ______ bone marrow
Platelets
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150,000-300,000 / mm3 blood
They are just _____________ ________with no ________
We produce ~ __________ _____________
Made in bone marrow
Aid in ________________________
Recognize __________in blood vessels & bind together to form a blood _______
ANTIGENS, ANTIBODIES, and BLOOD TYPE
Antigens and Antibodies have different but related functions!
An antigen is _______________________________________________
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It is a _______________ on the RBC membrane
There are two kinds of _____________ on human RBC's: _____________
Therefore, there are 4 possible blood types:
An Antibody is: ________________________________________
Made by the __________in the body
• Will ___________ to foreign proteins with
foreign antigens
• This causes _______________ = clumping
• WBC’s will then ______________ the
agglutinated cells
Foreign Antigen
+
Your antibodies attack
AGGLUTINIZATION
Our blood has antibodies that are ________
___________________ on our RBC’s, so we do not
_____________ our own blood.
Therefore blood transfusions are tricky: introducing foreign antigens can lead to…
_____________________________
Note: Antibodies are REMOVED from donated blood – they cannot cause agglutination
Erythroblastosis
The _______________ is another antigen that may be present on the RBC. The presence of this
antigen plays a role in childbirth.
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If you are _________________________ and don’t have the ‘D’ antibodies. (85% of
Caucasions are Rh+)
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If you are _________________________. You ________ normally ____________________,
but ______________ if you are ______________________.
If Rh antigens are mixed with Rh
antibodies,
____________________ occurs.
So, who is truly the UNIVERSAL
DONOR…
WHY ELSE IS THIS IMPORTANT?
• If an ________________can has an _____ ________, complications can occur with a
____________ pregnancy.
• Normally, the ________________________ __________________or cross the placenta.
• However, _________, there ____________ _____________, and the _______________
____________________ in response to the Rh antigens on the baby's Rh+ RBC's.
• There is no danger for either the mother or the first baby.
BUT…If the mother becomes pregnant with
_________________, the _________________
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(made during the birth of the 1 child) are small, and __________________________.
These antibodies will _____________ the baby's blood.
This will cause the baby to die / be still born (________________).
How can this be prevented?
When the first Rh+ baby is born, doctors can __________ _________________ in the mother's
plasma __________ _______________ has time ______________________.
An injection of Rh immune globulin injection (__________) does this.
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arteries
______________
Capillaries
______________
Veins
ARTERIES
Function:
1. Transport blood ________ from the heart
Structure:
1. ______________ walls
Location:
1. Usually ________, along bones
2. This ___________ them from injury and temperature loss.
Notes:
1. Walls can ___________
2. Arteries have very __________________
3. Expansion is the “___________” we feel
ARTERIOLES
Function:
1. Control ___________________ to capillaries
Structure:
1. ____________ in diameter than arteries, thinner walls
2. Have ___________________ sphincters
Notes:
1. Blood Pressure > Osmotic Pressure
2. Regulate blood pressure with pre-capillary sphincter muscles:  can dilate or constrict to
increase or decrease blood flow to a particular capillary bed.
CAPILLARIES
Function:
1. ___________ arteries to veins
2. Site of __________________ _____________ exchange
Structures:
1. Very _________ walls
Location:
1. Found ________________ within a few cells of each other.
CAPILLARY FLUID EXCHANGE (on arteriole side)
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Blood pressure @ arteriole side = 40 mmHg
Osmotic pressure = 25 mmHg
_______________________ forces ______________ of the blood into the interstitial fluid
Water carries with it the _______________________
Because there is more O2 and nutrients in interstitial fluid, it ___________________________.
The ________________ (ie: RBC, WBC, platelets, blood proteins)
_______________________ because they are too big to leave.
Because most of the water has left, the ________________ _______________________
(concentrated)
The venule side of the capillary is therefore under great _______________________ to draw
water back into the blood.
CAPILLARY FLUID EXCHANGE (on the venule side)
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Osmotic pressure @ venule side = 25 mmHg
Blood pressure = 10 mmHg
_______________________ (has little water)
_______________________ forces
________________ into the blood
Water carries with it
_______________________(urea)
These are carried to the kidneys and other
excretory organs to be removed.
VENULES
Function:
1. ________________ from capillaries
Structure:
1. Thinner walls than veins
Location:
1. Often ___________the surface
Notes:
1. Join to form __________________
2. ____________ pressure is greater than the _______________ pressure (15mg)
3. The end result is ___________________________ (ie: no volume is lost in the exchange)
VEINS
Function:
1. Transport blood ______________the heart
Structure:
1. Inelastic walls, contain _____________________
Location:
1. Often __________ the surface
Notes:
• Blood pressure & ____________ is much ________
than in arteries
• Valves prevent blood from flowing ______________
• Surrounded by skeletal ______________, “squeezes” blood along
HOW DOES IT ALL FIT TOGETHER…
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Arteries:
• Carry blood _____________ from the heart
• _______________________
Capillaries:
• Very thin tubes
• Connect arteries to veins
• Can close down or open up to regulate blood flow
• _______________________
Veins:
– Bring blood _____________ the heart
– Have ___________ to stop blood from moving backwards
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS ORGANIZED INTO 2 PARTS:
__________ Circulation: system of blood vessels that _________________________________.
__________ Circulation: system of blood vessels that _______________________________
______________ to be replenished with oxygen.
The systemic arteries carry _______________
blood
The pulmonary arteries carry ______________
blood
THE MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS OF THE BODY
1. AORTA:
a. ________________ Artery
b. Carries ________ rich blood from ______ ____________to _______
systems
c. Loops over top of heart, creating the ____________
d. Goes down inside of backbone = _______________
e. Smaller arteries branch off to ‘feed’ the body cells
2. CORONARY ARTERIES AND VEINS:
a. Very ___________off the aortic arch
b. Smaller arteries branch off to ‘feed’ the body cells
3. CAROTID ARTERIES:
a. Branch off the aortic arch to take the blood to the _______
b. Supply blood to __________ = highly specialized:
i. _____________________ detect oxygen content
ii. _____________________ detect changes in blood
pressure
c. Reasonably close to the surface, pulse can be found in neck
4. JUGULAR VEINS:
a. Take blood __________region to the _______
____________________
b. These veins _____________________
_________________!
c. Blood flows down them because of _________ only
5. SUBCLAVIEN ARTERIES/VEINS:
a. Arteries branch off of ______________and travel under the _________________
b. Branch to feed ______________(via brachial arteries)
c. Note For Later: ____________________________ circulatory system right before the
_____________ __________meet up with the anterior vena cava
6. MESENTERIC ARTERIES:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Branch off from the ___________________
Go to the _____________________
Branch into capillaries of the _____________
Pick up the newly digested _______________
(glucose, amino acids and nucleotides)
7. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN:
a. Hepatic = _____; Portal = _____________________
b. This vein transports blood rich in nutrients directly from the _____________ to the
________________
Significant Functions Related to the Circulatory System?
1. Regulation of _____________________
2. Destroys old ______________________
3. __________________________ of blood
8. HEPATIC VEINS:
a. Carries the blood from liver to
____________________
9. RENAL ARTERIES/VEINS:
a. Renal arteries branch off _______________and bring blood
to ________________
b. Renal veins take blood from kidneys to _______________
_________________
10.
ILIAC ARTERIES/VEINS:
a. Dorsal aorta branches into _________
_____________ in the pelvic area
b. One iliac artery goes down
_____________________
c. ___________________branches off iliac artery to large quadricep
muscle
d. Iliac veins return blood to ______________________
11. PULMONARY ARTERIES/VEINS:
a. deO2 blood collected from the body is pumped into the
______________from the ___________
b. Pulmonary artery brings _____ blood ________
c. Blood picks up _____ in the ________ of lungs
d. _______________takes high O2 blood back to
________________ of heart
FETAL CIRCULATION
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A fetus does not use its _______________.
The fetus receives its O2 blood from the _____________, not
its lungs.
To do this, there are __________________ in the fetus not
present in the adult.
1. FORAMEN OVALE:
a. This is an opening between the _________
_______________
b. It is covered by a ______ that acts as a _________
c. It allows the blood to ____________________
d. It __________________ _________from the right atrium _______________
____________________
2. DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (Arterial Duct)
a. This is a small __________ ____________, like a shunt.
b. Between the ___________ and the _____________.
c. It further allows blood to _____________________.
3. UMBILICAL CORD:
a. The Umbilical Cord has three blood vessels traveling
through it.
b. The ____________ is the _______________, which transports
blood with _________ and __________ into the fetus.
c. The other _____ are the __________________, which branch
off of the ____________ in the fetus, and take “spent”
(_____________) blood _______ _______ the mother via the
_______________.
4. DUCTUS VENOSUS (VENOUS DUCT):
a. This blood vessel ____________ _____________________.
b. The O2 blood from the umbilical vein __________ with deO2
blood in the vena cava.
c. The ____________________________________ and this
blood is sent directly to the heart.
d. Blood will go to the liver eventually, but not until it has
reached the hepatic portal vein.
e. This is why the fetus is so ________________________ in
blood.
CHANGES AT BIRTH:
The First Breath: the _____________________________ instead of fluid and higher oxygen levels
in the blood and alveoli results in an increase in pulmonary blood flow.
Anatomical Changes:
The _________________from circulation. The foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and
ductus arteriosus ______________.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Take up excessive tissue ________________
Transport __________ and glycerol (from intestines to ___________ vein)
Fight ________________ (lymphocytes)
Trap and remove cellular ______________
Structures of the Lymphatic System:
1. Lymph Ducts and Capillaries
a. Drain and collect ____________from tissues
b. Take fluids to ________________________________
c. Cleansed lymph travels through lymph ducts to the ____________________
where they are dumped into the ________________________
2. Lymph Nodes
a. Remove debris from lymph =
_____________________
b. Contain ______________________
c. White Blood Cells make ______________ and attack
_________________
3. Lactaels:
absorb/transport _______ _______________ in the villi of
the small intestine.
4. Other Lymphoid Organs:
______________________________________________