Mata kuliah
Dosen Pembuat
Tahun
: J0754 - Pengelolaan Organisasi Entrepreneurial
: D3122 - Rudy Aryanto
: 2009
Aplikasi Motivasi Organisasi
Chapter 7
Learning Objectives
– Explain differences between social learning theory and
reinforcement theory
– Discuss how self-managing can be useful in developing a
motivation program
– Describe how expectancy, equity, and goal-setting theories are
used to motivate employees
– Define intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and how these rewards
influence employee motivation
The Sage of Stock Options
• Stock options
– Have replaced salary
and bonuses as
the most significant
part of executive pay
– Place a lien against the company
– When exercised, reduce the value
of other stock shares
– May reward one person and distress others
Learning
• One of the fundamental processes underlying behavior
and motivation
– A relatively enduring change in behavior occurs as a result of
practice
• Changes in behavior that characterize learning may be…
– Adaptive and promote effectiveness
– Non-adaptive and ineffective
Social Learning
• Behavior is acquired through observation and imitation
of others in a social context
– Continuous interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and
environmental determinants
– Can be positive or negative
Social Learning
• Social learning theory introduces…
– Vicarious learning (modeling)
– Symbolism
– Self-control
• Self-efficacy, a central part of social learning theory, has
three dimensions
– Magnitude
– Strength
– Generality
Pygmalion Effect
Pygmalion Effect
The enhanced learning or
performance that results from
others having positive
expectations of us.
Operant Conditioning
• Learning that occurs as a consequence of behavior
– Operants are behaviors that can be controlled by altering
reinforcers and
the punishments that follow them
• Behavior modification
– An approach to motivation that uses principles of operant
conditioning
– Learning by reinforcement
Example of Operant Conditioning
S1
R1
S2
R2
Memo
instructing
subordinate to
prepare budget
Preparing
weekly
budgets
Receiving
valued
praise from
superior
A sense of
satisfaction
Conditioned
stimulus
Conditioned
operant
response
Reinforcing
stimulus
Unconditioned
response
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
Principles of Operant Conditioning
• Positive reinforcement
– Action that increases the likelihood of a behavior
• Negative reinforcement
– Strengthens a behavior because the behavior removes
some painful or unpleasant stimulus
• Punishment
– Undesirable consequence that results in the
suppression of the behavior that brought it about
• Extinction
– Decline in response rate due to non-reinforcement
Behavior Modification
• Identify and define the specific behavior
– Can it be seen?
– Can it be measured?
• Measure or count occurrences
of the pinpointed behavior
– Provides a baseline from which to determine if the behavior is
changing
Applied Behavior Modification
• Conduct ABC analysis of the behavior
– A = analyzing the antecedents
– B = pinpointing critical behaviors
– C = associated consequence
• Then
– Develop an action plan and strategies
– Evaluate the behavior