How well do you know your functional groups?
Identify the functional group/class of compound for each structure!
Alcohol
(1o, 2o or 3o?)
Aldehyde
1.
Alkane
3.
NH 2
O
H
C
H3 C
4.
CH 3
H3 C
CH 3
CH 3
Alkene
Alkyne
2.
CH2Cl2
5.
O
6.
H3 C
C
C
H2
Alkyl halide
Amide
7.
8.
CH3
OH
N
Amine
(1o, 2o, or 3o?)
Anhydride
OH
H 3C
H
9.
H3C
C
CH3
10.
CH
Aromatic
Carboxylic acid
O
11.
C
H 3C
Cycloalkane
CH 3
12.
H2
C
O
C
H 3C
CH 3
OH
CH 3
Diene
O
13.
Ester
14.
C
H2
CH
Ether
SH
O
15.
16.
H3C
Ketone
Thiol
H2
C
H3C
17.
O
N
H
CH3
18.
O
O
C
O
H3C
H 3C
H
C
CH 2
OH
CH 3
Alkyl groups:
(“R”)
The hydrocarbon portion of the molecule (CxHy), may vary in
size and shape, appearing as chains, rings, or branches.
Methyl:
-CH3
Ethyl: -CH2CH3
Propyl:
-C3H7
n-propyl:
H2
C
C
H2
CH3
CH3
isopropyl:
CH
CH 3
Butyl: -C4H9
Sec-butyl:
Phenyl:
C
H2
isobutyl:
H
C
H3 C
Vinyl:
H2
C
n-butyl:
C
H2
CH3
CH 2
Name that alkane!
CH3
H-2
C
CH3
tert-butyl:
CH 3
CH 3
Cyclohexyl:
H2
C
Allyl:
H
C
C
H2
CH3
H3 C
C
CH
Benzyl:
H
C
C
H2
CH2
Ortho, meta and para-disubstituted benzene derivatives can be distinguished in
the IR by their out of plane bending in the 600-850 cm-1 region.
Benzenes with 3 or more substituents require substituent positions be numbered
according to the usual IUPAC system (minimize all substituent numbers)
Stereochemical configurations and nomenclature:
Configuration is based on position of substituent groups or atoms ranked in priority
based on Cahn-Ingold Prelog rules (sequence rules) - McMurry Section 5.5
Cis-trans or E/Z stereoisomerism depends on placement of substituent groups
on either side of a double bond (cis/trans can also be used with rings)
cis or Z = same side
trans or E = opposite sides
Assign E or Z configuration:
Chirality-based stereoisomerism depends on spatial orientation of the substituent
groups attached to a chiral carbon - groups are ranked by priority and
configurations assigned as R or S
Determine whether each structure has the R or S configuration