Muscle Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 9
I.
Lecture Aspect
A. Describe four ways skeletal muscles function.
B. Study the organization of skeletal muscle from its gross anatomy to its
microscopic anatomy. (Figs. 9.1 and 9.2)
1. Relate the following connective tissues to the organization of
skeletal muscle: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
2. Describe how blood vessels and nerves interact with skeletal
muscle.
3. Relate the following structures to the microanatomy of skeletal
muscle fibers (fig. 9.5):
a. Sarcolemma and transverse tubules
b. Myofibrils and sarcomeres with their myofilaments, actin
and myosin
c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminal cisternae
d. Sarcomere organization: z lines, actin, myosin, I band, and
A band
e. Thin filaments: F actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
f. Thick filaments: myosin and cross-bridges
C. Develop a thorough understanding of the physiological mechanisms
responsible for muscle contraction.
1. sliding filament theory (P. 284)
2. Neuromuscular junction: synaptic junction, synaptic cleft,
acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ( fig. 9.9)
3. Action potential and excitation-contraction coupling (fig. 9.9 and
9.10)
D. Describe completely the contraction cycle.
E. Relate the following terms, conditions, and processes to muscle
mechanics: (PP.297-300)
1. Components of a single muscle twitch (P. 293)
2. Wave summation
3. Tetanus
4. Muscle tone (tonus)
5. Treppe
6. Muscle fatigue
F. Describe a motor unit. (P. 289)
G. Contrast isotonic and isometric contractions. Which type contraction is
utilized when the body is in tone? (Fig. 9.18)
H. What are antagonistic sets of muscles?
I. Describe the following steps of cellular respiration. (PPs 297-299)
1. Anaerobic steps (glycolysis)
a. ATP production
b. Biproducts – NADH2 and pyruvate
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
II.
2. Aerobic steps (Krebs cycle and Cytochrome Hydrogen Transport
system)
a. ATP production
b. Biproducts – NADH2, FADH2, CO2, and H2O
Describe the conditions necessary for an oxygen debt to occur.
List the causes for muscle fatigue.
Describe how lactic acid forms and how it is removed and recycled.
Compare ATP and creatine phosphate. (P. 316)
Contrast the three major types of skeletal muscle fibers: fast fibers, slow
fibers, and intermediate fibers. (Table 9.2) Contrast anaerobic and aerobic
endurance.
Describe the following conditions: (PPs. 327-328)
1. muscle hypertrophy
2. muscle atrophy
3. rigor mortis
4. fibrosis
5. myalgia
6. hyperplasia
7. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Describe the effects of aging on the muscular system.
Contrast cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle tissue. (Table 9.3)
1. structural differences
2. functional differences
3. Describe the intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle.
4. What type cell junction is associated with cardiac muscle?
Associated Laboratory Studies: Muscle Identification (Chapter 10)
A. Using the figures shown on pages 326 and 327, locate and learn the
following muscles:
Note: Know the origin and insertion points as well as action of those with
asterisks (*). Use your lecture textbook for this lab exercise.
1. frontalis
2. orbicularis oculi
3. orbicularis oris
4. masseter
5. zygomaticus
*6. sternocleidomastoideus
7. temporalis
8. pectoralis major
9. transverses abdominis
10. serratus anterior
11. external and internal intercostals
12. rectus abdominis
13. internal and external oblique
*14. deltoid
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
*20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
biceps brachii
brachiroadialis
iliopsoas
adductor longus
adductor magnus
rectus femoris
coracobrachialis
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
gracillis
occipitalis
trapezius
latissium dorsi
triceps brachi
29.
*30.
31.
*32.
*33.
*34.
35.
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
gastrocnemius
sartorius
B. CLOSE UPS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Head-lateral
Muscles of thorax
Muscles of abdominal wall
Anterior leg muscles
Posterior leg muscles
C. Rotator Cuff Muscles (PPs 350-351)
1.
2.
3.
4.
supra spinatus
infra spinatus
subscapularis
teres minor
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
tibialis anterior
brachialis
diaphragm
splenius capitis
platysma
soleus
Textbook pages
Pg. 331
Pg. 343, 347, 348, 351
Pg. 343
Pg. 364
Pg. 367