Fall 2009; Revised 8/2009
LAB TEST #1
Will include the following:

Chapter 1
Introduction – Anatomy & Physiology, pp 3 – 15
Worksheets, pp. 575 – 585
Chapter 2
Microscopes and Microscopy, pp. 17 – 33
ID all parts, p. 17, plus objective lens, pp. 24 – 32
Worksheets, pp. 587 – 594
Chapter 3
Chemistry and Metabolism
Molecular Model Kit, p. 44
Organic Chemistry, p. 53
Dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis
Carbohydrates, pp. 55
Molecular Model Kit, p. 57
Amino Acids & Proteins, p. 69
Molecular Model Kit, pp. 69 – 71
Lipids, pp. 73
Molecular Model Kit, p. 74
Molecular Model Activity, p. 76
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Chapter 4
The Cell, pp. 93 – 109
ID all dell organelles – generalized cell
Worksheets, pp. 637 – 647
Chapter 5
Transport Processes, pp. 111 – 145
Water Movement – Osmosis
Worksheets, pp. 649 – 663
Chapter 6
Cell Division & Mitosis, pp. 147 – 162
Know Cell Cycle
Know Interphase and the four stages
Worksheets, pp. 665 – 676
Pay particular attention to these figures:
1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.3, 1.39, 1.47,2.1, 4.25, 4.27, 4.24, 4.42, 4.43, 4.40, 4.41, 4.49,
6.5, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.16, 6.19, 6.20, 6.22, 6.23, 5.7, 5.64, 5.39, 5.41, 5.33, 5.15, 5.10, 3.68, 3.40, 4.63, 4.4, 4.5
LAB TEST #2
Will include the following:
Chapter 8
Tissues, pp. 171 – 195
Worksheets, pp. 171 – 195
Know examples of each of the four basic tissues
Review and know all neuron structures, p. 172. Lab manual, pp. 341, 342, plus use your textbook

Know function of epithelial tissue
What does squamous mean?
Pay particular attention to these figures:
8.4, p. 172 - 8.5, p. 173 - 8.6 – 8.7, p. 178 – 8.24 – 8.25, p. 187 – 8.55 – 8.56, p. 188 – 8.57 – 8.58, p. 188 – 8.59 – 8.60, p. 184 – 8.44 – 8.45, p. 186 – 8.51 – 8.52, p.190 – 8.64 – 8.65, p. 189 – 8.61 – 8.62 – 8.63, p. 191 – 8.67 – 8.70 – 8.72, p. 194 – 8.79 – 8.80 – 8.81- 8.82
Chapter 9
Integumentary (skin) System, pp. 197 – 206
Worksheets pp. 697 – 703
Know examples of all types of sensory receptors – use your textbook too – found in the skin.
Know layers of the Epidermis
Know general integumentary structure, ex. Oil, sweat glands, and hair follicles
Pay particular attention to these figures:
9.1, 9.3, 9.8, 9.9, 9.14, 9.17, 9.18, 9.21
LAB TEST #3 Skeletal – bones
Chapter 11 The Skeletaon, pp 225 – 283
Worksheets, pp 729 - 748
1. The skeletal plan
In the skeletal of the adult there are 206 distinct bones, as follows:
Axial
Skeleton
Appendicular vertebral column
Skull hyoid bone ribs & Sternum upper extremities
26
22
1
25
-
64
74

Skeleton
Auditory
Ossicles
Total Number of Bones lower extremities 62
- 126
6
____
206
Bone classification, structure & relationships
Markings provide fixed landmarks used to describe the various elevations and depressions.
2.
3.
The Axial Skeleton a. the skull b. the vertebral column c. the bony thorax
The Appendicular skeleton a. the pectoral (shoulder) girdle b. the upper limb c. the pelvic (hip) girdle
4. d. the lower limb
(Include the teeth - dentition and dental formula)
Articulations and body movements
THE STUDENT MUST KNOW:
We will ignore minor variations of individual bones to focus on prominent features that identify the bone.
Remember! Know Endochondral Ossification, pp 215 - 220
1. Remember! The student must be able to describe the various surface markings of bones (depressions, openings and
2.
3. processes).
Remember! The student must be able to distinguish right sidebones from left sidebones.
Remember! What adjacent bones make up or articulate at the various joints.
4.
5.
Remember! The student must know the structure of a typical long bone.
Remember! The student must know the dentition and dental formula(s) for both (two) sets of teeth, during infancy and
adulthood (by age 21 years).
Types: Incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars
I. Skull (consisting of eight (8) cranial and fourteen (14) facial bones)
A. CRANIUM (8 BONES) SIDE VIEW (LATERAL) OF TBE SKULL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Coronal suture
Coronoid process
Ethmoid
External Acoustic Meatus
Frontal
Sphenoid
Lacrimal
Lambdoidal suture
Mandible
Mandibular Condyle
Mandibular Fossa
Maxilla
Mastoid process
Nasal
Parietal

B.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. sagittal suture
Squamosal suture
Styloid process
Superior orbital fissure
Temporal
Zygomatic (malar)
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
FACIAL BONES (14 BONES) FROM THE FRONT g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. a. b. c. d. e. f.
Ethmoid
Frontal
Infraorbital foramen
Inferior nasal concha
Inferior orbital fissure
Lacrimal
Mandible
Maidlla
Mental foramen
Nasal
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Orbital surface of sphenoid
Supraorbital foramen
Superior orbital fissure
Vomer bone
C.
D.
FLOOR (INTERIOR) OF CRANIUM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Anterior Clinoid Process
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Carotid Canal
Cn-briform Plate
Crista Galli
Dorsum Sella
Ethmoid
Foramen Lacerum
Foramen Magnum
Foramen Ovale
Hypoglossal Canal
Hypophysial Fossa
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Jugular Foramen
Optic Foramina (canal)
Petrous Portion of Temporal
Posterior Clinoid Process
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Sella Turcica (commonly called the "Turk's saddle", for pituitary gland)
Squamous Portion of Temporal
EXTERNAL (MMOR) SURFACE VIEW

II.
III.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN/THORAX
A.
8.
9.
10.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (dorsal view); 26 bones
1. Vertebrae a. Body b. Vertebral Foramen c. Spinous Process d. Transverse Process e. Pedicles f. Superior Articular Facet g. Inferior Articular Facet h. Intervertebral disk(s)
Cervical Vertebrae (7 Vertebrae of the neck) a. Atlas (first cervical vertebra) b. Axis or epistropheus (second cervical vertebra)
Odontoid process (dens)
Spinous process - lamina presents a "bifid" spine anterior tubercle V externity.
Thoracic Vertebrae (12 Thoracic vertebrae)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5 Lumbar Vertebrae)
Sacrum (5 Fused)
Coccyx (3 to 5 fused) so called "tail bone"
True Ribs (7)
False ribs. (5)
"Floating" ribs (two paired rib
Four Curvatures of the adult vertebral column a. Cervical curvature (seven) b. Thoracic curvature (twelve) c. Lumbar curvature (five) d. Coccyx curvature (five fused sacral and four fused coccygeal)
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Anterior Palatine Foramen (Incisive fossa)
Bicuspid (Tooth)
Canine (Tooth)
External occipital protuberance
Foramen spinosurn
Greater palatine foramen
7.
8.
Incisors (Teeth)
Median palatine (Intermaxillary suture)
9. Molars (Teeth)
10. Occipital condyle
11. Hard Palate
Palatine Bone
Palatine Process of maxilla
12. Posterior condyloid foramen
13. Stylomastoid foramen
14. Transverse palatine
(palatomaxillary suture)
THORAX (Ventral View)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Clavicle
Manubrium
Gladiolus (body)
Xiphoid (ensiform)
Costal Cartilages
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SHOULDER (Pectoral) GIRDLE
1. Clavicle
2.
3.
Coracoid Process
Acromion Process
4.
5.
6.
Head
Glenoid Cavity
Lessor Tuberosity
7.
8.
9. f. g. h. i.
Greater Tuberosity
Humerus
Scapula a. Acromion Process b. c. d. e.
Coracoid Process
Glenoid Cavity
Superior Margin
Superior Angle j.
Spine
Suprascapular Notch
Axillary Margin
Vertebral Margin
Inferior Angle
UPPER ARM
Humerus
Radial Fossa.
Coronoid Fossa
Lateral External Epicondyle
Medial Internal Epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea
FOREARM
1.
2.
Radius a. b.
Ulna a. b. c .
Head
Neck
Olecranon
Trochlear Notch
Coronoid Process
HAND (wrist and hand contain 27 bones)
1. Carpals a. b. c. d.
Trapezium (greater multangular)
Trapezium (lesser multangular)
Schaphoid (naicular)
Lunate
2. e. f.
Triangular (triquetral)
Hamate g. Capitate
Metacarpals (5)
Phalanges (gingers) 14, three for each finger, and two for the thumb a. ProAxnal b. c.
Media]
Distal.
PELVIC GIRDLE OR PELVIS (Hip bone: Os coxae: innominate bone)
Know differences between male and female pelvis.
1. Sacrum, (large triangular bone)
2.
3.
4.
Pubis - Medially (115 of the acetabulum)
Ischium (laterally and inferiorly (> 2/5 of the acetabulum/cotyloid cavity)
Ilium - superiorly (< 2/5 of the acetabulum)
5. a. b.
Iliac Crest
Obturetor Foramen
Symphysis Pubis

6.
7.
Coccyx
Sacro-iliac Joint
F. UPPER LEG - THIGH REGION BETWEEN THE HIP AND THE KNEE
1. Femur (Thigh bone) a. b. c. d. e. f.
9.
Greater Trochanter
Head
Neck
Lesser Trochanter
Intertrochanteric Line
Lateral Condyle (External)
Patellar Surface h. Intercondylar Fossa
G.
2.
LOWER LEG
1. Tibia a. b. c. d. e.
Fibula a.
Spine
Medial (internal) Condyle
Groove for Semnnembranosus
Medial (Internal) Malleolus
Patella
Styloid, Process b. Head of fibula c. Lateral (External) malleolus
H. FOOT (Ankle and foot contain 26 bones)
1. Ankle a. b.
External (lateral) Malleolus
Internal (medial) Malleolus c. Talus
2. Calcaneus (Heel bone)
3. Tarsal bones (7) a. Cuboid b. Navicular c. Cuneiforms
1.
2.
Medial (first)
Intermediate (second)
3. Lateral (third)
4. Metatarsals (5)
5. Phalanges (5)
Fetal (or at birth) Skull
Fontanelles are six (6) in number.
1. Anterior fontanel
2. Posterior fontanel
3. Anterolateral fontanel (2)
4. Posterolateral fontanel (2)

LAB TEST # 4 Muscles and Muscle Tissue
Chapter 15 Muscular System, pp 307 – 315
Worksheets, pp. 793 - 801
Students must know origin of the muscle, insertion of the muscle, and the specific action or movement of the muscle
1.
2.
Muscle Gross Anatomy
Muscle physiology: instrumentation - a physiograph
Records muscle twitch(es) - myogram (muscular contractions)
Please read exercise(s) carefully and study myograms and measurements: a simple twitch; motor unit summation;
3.
4.
5. wave summation; tetanization
The neuromuscular junction
The physiochemical nature of muscle contraction.
Identification of human skeletal muscles
The body's more than 600 muscles accounts for 40% of its weight a. Head and neck muscles b. c.
Trunk muscles including muscles of the
The extremities chest, abdomen, back, pelvis
1.
2.
Upper limb (arm) muscles including muscles of the shoulder, upper arm, forearm, and hand
Lower limb (leg) muscles including those operating the thigh, leg, and foot
NOTE: For each skeletal muscle "selected" you must be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name the muscle
Its origin
Its insertion
Action
A few selected nerve(s) of innervation
Chapter 16
Muscles and contraction, pp. 317 – 338
Pay particular attention to these figures:
16.1, 16.33, 16.34, 16.35, 16.38. 16.39, 16.40, 16.41, 16.42, 16.43, 16.44

THE HEAD AND NECK
ORBICULARIS OCULI
ORBICULARIS ORIS
ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR
PLATYSMA
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
MASSETER
THE THORAX
PECTORALIS MAJOR
THE ABDOMEN
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
THE BACK
TRAPEZIUS
THE UPPER LIMB
DELTOID
BICEPS BRACHII
TRICEPS BRACHII
EXTENSOR CARPI
RADIALIS LONGUS
THE LOWER LIMB
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
HUMAN MUSCULATURE
(Students must know)
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
RECTUS ABDOMINOUS
LATISSIMUS DORSI
EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
FLEXOR DIGITORUM
SUPERFICIALIS
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE

SARTORUIS
VASTUS LATERALIS
BICEPS FEMORIS
GASROCNEMIUS
RECTUS FRMORIS
VASTUS MEDIALIS
SEMITENDINOUSUS
SOLCUS
TIBIALIIIS ANTERIOR
PERONUS LONGUS
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
GRACILIS
Distribution of nerves to a skeletal muscle
Nerve Supply to:
1.Masseter
2. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Diaphragm
4. Trapezius
5. Pectoralis major
6. Latissimus dorsi
7. Triceps brachii
8. Biceps brachii
9. Sartorius
10. Quadriceps femoris
(3 vastus & rectus femoris)________________ l1. Gluteus maximus
12. Gastrocnemius
13. Soleus
Innervation
Trigeminal nerve(cranial V)
Accessory nerve XI(cervical spinal #2-4)
Phrenic nerves (C3 -C5)
Accessory nerve (cranial XI)
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5-C8 and T1)
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
Radial nerve (C6-C8)
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6)
Femoral nerve (L2-L3)
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1 and S2)
Tibial nerve (S1 and S2)
Sciatic nerve, tibial branch (S1 - S2)
Help in naming of skeletal muscles
There are over 600 skeletal muscles within the human body. There are only about 300 names because there are similar muscles
(paired); that is, the right side is the mirror image of the left. Further simplifying the task (to learn the names) are the descriptive names of muscles.
The names of the muscles have been derived from: a. their situation , as the Brachialis, Pectoralis, supraspinatus; b. their direction, as the Rectus, Obliquus, and Transversus abdominous; c. their action, as Flexors, extensors; d. their shape , as the Deltoideus, trapezius, Rhomboideus; e. the number of division, as the Biceps, triceps, quadriceps f. their points of attachment, as the sternocleidomastoideus.
Origin and Insertion of skeletal muscles:
The attachments of the two ends of a muscle are called the "origin" and the "insertion". The origin is the more fixed and proximal end, the insertion the more movable and distal end.
Muscle action:
When a muscle contracts, it acts upon movable parts to bring about certain movements.
These actions of the muscle should be studied from three (3) points of view:
(a) Individual Action;
(b)
(c)
Group Actions;
Action correlated with the nerve supply.

TERMS USED TO NAME MUSCLES
QUALITY
SIZE
SHAPE
FIBER ARRANGEMENT
WORD ROOT
Maximus
Minimus
Major
Minor
Longus
Brevis
Vastus
Gracilis
Cuneiform
Deltoid
Fusiform
Latus
Lumbrical
Penniform
Platy
Pyramidal
Quadrilateral
Rhomboid
Serratus
Teres
Trapezoid
Bipennate
Unipennate
Curved
Oblique
Parallel
Rectus
MEANING
Largest
Smallest
Larger
Smaller
Long
Short
Great, Large, Vast
Slender, Delicate
Wedge-shaped
Triangular
Spindle-shaped
Broad
Worm-like
Fleather-like, pinnate
Flat
Cone-shaped
Four-sided
Four-sided, with opposite sides parallel
Saw-like edge
Long and round
Four-sided with two parallel sides
Muscle fibers joining a central tendon from both sides in a feather-like fashion
Muscle fibers joining a central tendon from one side
Fibers in a bent arrangement
A somewhat slanted or angled arrangement
Fibers that extend in the same direction and do not cross or separate
Straight

ACTION
NUMBER OF MUSCLE DIVISION
POINT OF ATTACHMENT
Examples)
(Selected
Transversus
Adductor
Abductor
Flexor
Extensor
Levator
Depressor
Tensor
Triceps
Biceps
Digastric
Sternocleidomastoid
Peroneus longus
Lying across
Moving a part toward midline
Moving a part away from a midline
Bends a part
Straightens a part
Raises a part
Lowers a part
Tightens a part
Three (tri) heads (ceps)
Two (bi) heads (ceps)
Two (di) bellies (gastric)
Attached to the sternum, the collar bone
(cleido), and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Long muscle attached to the fibula
(peroneus)
Between (inter) the ribs (Costal) LOCATION
(Selected Examples)
Intercostal
Tibialis Posterior
Epicranial
Medial Pterygoid
Behind the tibia
Upon (epi) the skull (cranium)
Muscle toward midline attached to a wing-shaped bone under (sub) the clavicle (clavius)
Subclavius Extensor digitorum profundus
Deeply (profundus) situated muscle that extends (extenor) the finger (digitorum)
PRONOUNCIATION AND MEANING
Buccinator (buk' in a tor) - the muscle of the cheek
Cuneiform (kune' i form) - a wedge-shaped muscle
Deltoid (dell' toy d) - triangular muscle
Fascia (fash' ah) - sheath of connective muscle
Gastrocnemius (gas' trone’ me us) - calf muscle shaped like a stomach (gastr)
Gracilius (gras' il e us) - a slender, delicate (gracious) muscle
Kinesalgia (kin es al gee ah) - muscle movement accompanied by pain
Leiomyoma (li omi o’ mah) - tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue
Medial Pterygoid (me' de al tery' goy d) - a muscle toward the midline attached to a wing-shaped bone
Myospasia (my o spaz ah) rigid muscles followed by relaxation
Obliquus (o bleek us) a Latin word for oblique, used to denote the angle of a muscle.
Sternocleidomastoid (stem' o klyd o mast oyd) a muscle attached to the sternum, clavicle
(cleido), and the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Synergist (sinner just) - a muscle that functions in cooperation with another.

If time allows last - lab, The Nervous System
1. Gross anatomy of Me Brain (sheep) and spinal cord (model)
2. Special Senses: Vision, Anatomy of the eye (cow); and Hearing, the ear (model) and its role in equilibrium.
A "possible" 5th lab test over the eye and ear only, but it’s optional or voluntary if you care to take it!
There will not be a laboratory Final Examination!