vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Aim and Objectives of Study
5
1.4
Scope of Study
5
1.5
Significance of Study
6
1.6
Methodology of Study
6
1.7
Arrangement of Report
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
10
2.1
Introduction
10
2.2
Definition of Stress
11
viii
2.3
Definition of Workplace Stress
12
2.4
Types of Stress
13
2.4.1
Eustress (Positive/Good Stress)
14
2.4.2
Distress (Negative/Bad Stress)
15
2.4.3
Yerkes-Dodson Principle
15
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Sources of Workplace Stress
17
2.5.1
Physical/Task Stressors
18
2.5.2
Psychological Stressors
19
2.5.2.1
Lack of Control/Predictability
19
2.5.2.2
Stress Related to Job Conditions
20
2.5.2.3
Role Stressors
22
2.5.2.4
Interpersonal Conflict
23
2.5.2.5
Career Development
24
2.5.2.6
Organisational Structure
24
2.5.2.7
Home-Work Interface
25
Stress Model
25
2.6.1
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
27
2.6.1.1
Stage One - Alarm Reaction
28
2.6.1.2
Stage Two - Stage of Resistance
29
2.6.1.3
Stage Three - Stage of Exhaustion
29
Workplace Stress Model
30
2.7.1
NIOSH Model of Job Stress
31
2.7.2
Demand-Control Model
32
2.7.3
Palmer Model of Work Stress
33
2.7.4
Cooper Occupational Stress Model
35
Costs of Workplace Stress
36
2.8.1
Costs of Workplace Stress for Individual
36
2.8.2
Costs of Workplace Stress for Company or
Organization
2.9
37
Stress Prevention System
38
2.9.1
A Step-Wise Approach
38
2.9.1.1
Stress Recognition
39
2.9.1.2
Stress Assessment
40
2.9.1.3
Anti-Stress Intervention
42
ix
2.9.1.4
Monitoring and Evaluation
2.10 Stress Management Competency
2.10.1 Background to Competency Framework
44
46
46
2.10.2 Application of Competency Framework to Stress
Management
47
2.10.3 Develop Stress Management Competency Framework
48
2.10.4 Vital Role of Line Manager
55
2.11 Workplace Stress within Construction Industry
56
2.11.1 Sources of Workplace Stress within Construction
Industry
57
2.11.2 Line Managers - Project Managers and Stress
3
METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
62
3.1
Introduction
62
3.2
First Stage
63
3.3
Second Stage
64
3.3.1
Primary Data
64
3.3.1.1
65
3.3.2
3.4
4
60
Questionnaire
Secondary Data
67
Third Stage
68
3.4.1
Frequencies Statistical Analysis
68
3.4.2
Average Index Analysis
68
3.5
Fourth Stage
72
3.6
Summary
73
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
74
4.1
Introduction
74
4.2
Data Collection
74
4.3
General Information of Respondents
75
4.3.1
Profession of Respondents
75
4.3.2
Working Experience of Respondents
77
4.4
Analysis of the Management Competency
4.4.1
Respectful and Responsible: Managing Emotions and
78
x
Having Intergrity
4.4.1.1
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Managerial Level
4.4.1.2
4.4.2.1
83
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Managerial Level
4.4.2.2
Managing the Individual within the Team
4.4.3.1
Reasoning/Managing Difficult Situation
5
90
92
92
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Subordinates' Level
4.4.5
88
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Managerial Level
4.4.4.2
88
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Subordinates' Level
4.4.4.1
85
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Managerial Level
4.4.3.2
83
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Subordinates' Level
4.4.4
81
Managing and Communicating Existing and Future
Work
4.4.3
78
Analysis of Results from the Feedback of
Subordinates' Level
4.4.2
78
94
Overall Data Profiling
96
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
106
5.1
Introduction
106
5.2
Conclusions of Study
106
5.3
Limitations of Study
108
5.4
Recommendations for Further Study
109
REFERENCES
110
APPENDIX
115
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
2.1
Summary of major Job Stressors (Source: Rice, 1999)
2.2
Comparison of Key Features of Stress Models
PAGE
17
(Source: Rice, 1999)
26
2.3
Checklist for Stressor
40
2.4
Management Competency framework with positive and
negative behavioural indicators
2.5
50
Refined Management Competency for preventing and
reducing stress at work
52
3.1
Calculation of Sub-Competency Score
70
3.2
Calculation of Competency Score
71
4.1
Profession detail of respondents from managerial level
76
4.2
Profession detail of respondents from subordinates' level
76
4.3
Managerial Competency about Respectful and Responsible:
Managing Emotions and Having Integrity
4.4
Subordinates Competency about Respectful and Responsible:
Managing Emotions and Having Integrity
4.5
79
Managerial Competency about Managing and
82
xii
Communicating Existing and Future Work
4.6
Subordinates Competency about Managing and
Communicating Existing and Future Work
4.7
90
Managerial Competency about Reasoning/Managing
Difficult Situation
4.10
88
Subordinates Competency about Managing the Individual
within the Team
4.9
86
Managerial Competency about Managing the Individual
within the Team
4.8
84
93
Subordinates Competency about Reasoning/Managing
Difficult Situation
95
4.11
Percentage Score for each Sub-Competency
97
4.12
Percentage Score and Classification for each Competency
4.13
Average Percentage Score and Classification for each
Competency
103
105
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Methodology of Study
9
2.1
Yerkes-Dodson Curve (Source: Seaward, 2004)
16
2.2
General Adaptation Syndrome (Source: Selye, H., 1978)
30
2.3
NIOSH Model of JOB Stress (Source: NIOSH, 1999)
31
2.4
Demand-Control Model (Source: Landy, 2007)
32
2.5
Palmer Model of Work Stress (Source: Palmer, 2001)
34
2.6
Cooper Occupational Stress Model (Source: Greenberg,
1999)
35
2.7
The Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle (Source: Martino, 2001)
45
2.8
Physical Factors causing Workplace Stress
57
2.9
Organisational Factors causing Workplace Stress
58
2.10
Job Demand Factors causing Workplace Stress
58
2.11
Job Role Factors causing Workplace Stress
59
2.12
Other Factors causing Workplace Stress
59
3.1
Sample of Radar Plot
72
xiv
4.1
Percentages of Feedback from managerial level and
subordinates' level
4.2
Profession detail of respondents from managerial level
and subordinates' level
4.3
75
76
Working experience of respondents from managerial level
and subordinates' level
77
4.4
Tabulation of Percentage Score for each Sub-Competency
99
4.5
Radar Plot for Percentage Score of each Sub-Competency
from the viewpoint of Managerial Level
4.6
Radar Plot for Percentage Score of each Sub-Competency
from the viewpoint of Subordinates' Level
4.7
100
100
Radar Plot for Percentage Score of each Sub-Competency
from the viewpoint of Managerial Level and Subordinates'
Level
101
4.8
Tabulation of Percentage Score for each Competency
103
4.9
Radar Plot for Average Percentages Score of each
Sub-Competency
104
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ILO
International Labour Organization
HSE
Health and Safety Executive
NIOSH
National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health
CIPD
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development
GAS
General Adaptation Syndrome
UK
United Kingdom
MSDs
Musculoskeletal Disorders
AI
Average Index
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
Questionnaire Survey Form
PAGE
115