Chapter 12
*Lecture Outline
*See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all
figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint
without notes.
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Chapter 12 Outline
• Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle
and Upper Limb
• Muscles That Move the Pelvic Girdle and
Lower Limb
Appendicular Muscles
• Move upper and lower limbs and stabilize
pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Organized into groups based on their
location (compartment) in the body and
the part of the skeleton they move
• Refer to Figure 10.14
Muscles That Move the Pectoral
Girdle and Upper Limb
Organized into specific groups:
1. Muscles that move the pectoral girdle
2. Muscles that move the glenohumeral
(shoulder) joint/arm
3. Muscles of the arm and forearm that
move the elbow joint/forearm
4. Muscles of the forearm that move the
wrist joint, hand, and fingers
5. Intrinsic muscles of the hand
Muscles That Move
the Pectoral Girdle
These muscles function to stabilize the
scapula during vigorous activities of the
upper limb. They include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Subclavius
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Anterior Muscles of the
Pectoral Girdle
Figure 12.1
Posterior Muscles of the
Pectoral Girdle
Figure 12.2
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
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Superficial
Superficial
Deep
Deep
Sternocleidomastoid
Levatorscapulae
Subclavius
Deltoid
Trapezius
Subscapularis
Rhomboid minor
Supraspinatus
Coracobrachialis
Rhomboid major
Pectoralis minor
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Pectoralis major
Teres major
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii,
long head
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Supraspinatus
Rhomboid major
Subclavius
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Deltoid
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Teres major
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii,
long head
Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
(a) Anterior view
Figure 12.4
(b) Posterior view
(both): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo and Dissection by Christine Eckel
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle
Muscles That Move the
Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
All of these muscles insert on the humerus
and cause movement of the arm.
• Two have their origins on the axial
skeleton:
1. Latissimus dorsi
2. Pectoralis major
Muscles That Move the
Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
• Nine have their origins on the scapula:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Deltoid
Coracobrachialis
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Rotator cuff muscles (4)
•
•
•
•
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Muscles That Move the
Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
Figure 12.4
Muscles That Move the
Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
Figure 12.4
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Figure 12.5
Muscles That Move the
Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
Muscle Actions at the
Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
Muscles That Move the
Elbow Joint/Forearm
•
Flexors of the forearm are as follows:
1. Biceps brachii
2. Brachialis
3. Brachioradialis
•
Extensors of the forearm are as follows:
1. Triceps brachii
2. Anconeus
Flexor Muscles of the
Elbow Joint/Forearm
Figure 12.7
Extensor Muscles of the
Elbow Joint/Forearm
Figure 12.8
Pronator and Supinator
Muscles of the Forearm
•
The two muscles located on the anterior
forearm that pronate the forearm are:
1. Pronator teres
2. Pronator quadratus
•
The one muscle located on the posterior
forearm that supinates the forearm is:
1. Supinator
Pronator and Supinator
Muscles of the Forearm
Figure 12.9
Muscles That Move the Forearm
Actions at the Elbow
Joint/Forearm
Forearm Muscles That Move the
Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers
• Most muscles that move the wrist joint, hand,
and fingers originate on the forearm and are
called extrinsic muscles.
• In general, the muscles of the anterior forearm
originate on the medial epicondyle of the
humerus and produce flexion of the wrist, hand,
and fingers.
• In general, the muscles of the posterior forearm
originate on the lateral epicondyle of the
humerus and produce extension of the wrist,
hand, and fingers.
Actions of the Muscles
of the Forearm
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Anterior
Anterior compartment
of forearm
View of
cross
section
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Extensor carpi radialis
brevis
Flexor pollicis longus
Radius
Ulna
Lateral
Medial
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Posterior
Posterior
compartment of forearm
Figure 12.10
Muscles of the Anterior Forearm
• Except for the pronator muscles, muscles
in the anterior compartment produce
flexion.
• As the tendons of these muscles cross
over the anterior surface of the carpal
bones, they are held in place by the flexor
retinaculum.
• The space between the carpal bones and
the flexor retinaculum is the carpal
tunnel.
Carpal Tunnel
Muscles of the Anterior Forearm
These muscles are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus
Muscles of the Anterior Forearm
Figure 12.11
Muscles of the Posterior Forearm
These muscles are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Supinator
Muscles of the Posterior Forearm
Figure 12.13
Forearm Muscles That Move the
Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
•
•
Small muscles that both originate and
insert on the hand
Divided into three groups:
1. Thenar group
2. Hypothenar group
3. Midpalmer group
Thenar Group
These muscles affect the motion of the
thumb and are as follows:
1. Flexor pollicis brevis
2. Abductor pollicis brevis
3. Opponens pollicis
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Figure 12.14
Hypothenar Group
These muscles affect the motion of finger 5
and are as follows:
1. Flexor digiti minimi brevis
2. Abductor digiti minimi
3. Opponens digiti minimi
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Midpalmer Group
These muscles affect the motion of all
fingers and the thumb. They are as follows:
1. Lumbricals
2. Dorsal interossei
3. Palmer interossei
4. Adductor pollicis
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Muscle Actions at the
Wrist and Hand
Muscles That Move the Pelvic
Girdle and Lower Limb
Organized into specific groups:
1. Muscles that move the hip joint/thigh
2. Muscles that move the knee joint/leg
3. Muscles of the leg
4. Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Muscles of the Anterior Thigh
That Flex the Hip Joint/Thigh
These muscles flex the hip joint/thigh. They
are as follows:
1. Psoas major
2. Iliacus
3. Sartorius
Muscles That Move
the Hip Joint/Thigh
Figure 12.15
Muscles of the Medial Thigh
These muscles adduct the thigh. They are
as follows:
1. Adductor longus
2. Adductor brevis
3. Gracilis
4. Pectineus
5. Adductor magnus
Muscles That Move
the Hip Joint/Thigh
Figure 12.15
Muscle of the Lateral Thigh
•
There is only one muscle in this
compartment, it abducts and medially
rotates the thigh.
1. Tensor fasciae latae
•
It attaches to the iliotibial tract, which
extends from the iliac crest to the lateral
condyle of the tibia.
Muscles That Move
the Hip Joint/Thigh
Figure 12.15
Muscles of the Posterior Thigh
These muscles extend and rotate the hip
joint/thigh. They are as follows:
1. Gluteus maximus
2. Gluteus medius
3. Gluteus minimus
4. Piriformis
5. Superior gemellus
6. Inferior gemellus
7. Obturator internus
8. Quadratus femoris
Muscles That Move
the Hip Joint/Thigh
Figure 12.15
Muscles That Move
the Knee Joint/Leg
The muscles of the anterior thigh cause
extension of the knee joint/leg. They are
collectively called the quadriceps femoris
and consist of the following muscles:
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
Muscles That Move
the Knee Joint/Leg
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Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Iliopsoas
Tensor
fasciae latae
Tensor
fasciae latae
Pectineus
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract
Iliotibial tract
Gracilis
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus medialis
Quadriceps
tendon
Quadriceps
tendon
Patella
Patella
Patellar ligament
(a) Right thigh, anterior view
Greater trochanter
Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Sartorius
Vastus lateralis
Patella
Figure 12.17
Patellar ligament
Tibia
(b) Anterior thigh muscles
a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo and Dissection by Christine Eckel.
Vastus medialis
Muscles That Move
the Knee Joint/Leg
•
•
These muscles are located in the
posterior thigh but mainly produce
extension of thigh and flexion of knee
joint/leg.
These muscles, collectively, are known
as the “hamstrings.” They are as follows:
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semimembranosus
3. Semitendinosus
Muscles That Move
the Knee Joint/Leg
Figure 12.18
Muscles That Move
the Knee Joint/Leg
Muscles of the Leg
•
•
The muscles that move the ankle, foot,
and toes are called the crural muscles.
There are three compartments in the leg:
1. Anterior
2. Lateral
3. Posterior
Muscles of the Anterior Leg
These muscles mainly dorsiflex the foot and
extend the toes. They are as follows:
1. Extensor digitorum longus
2. Extensor hallucis longus
3. Fibularis tertius
4. Tibialis anterior
Muscles of the Anterior Leg
Figure 12.20
Muscles of the Lateral Leg
These muscles are powerful evertors of the
foot and weak plantar flexors. They are as
follows:
1. Fibularis longus
2. Fibularis brevis
Muscles of the Lateral Leg
Figure 12.21
Muscles of the Posterior Leg
These muscles mostly plantar flex the foot at
the ankle. They are as follows:
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Plantaris
4. Flexor digitorum longus
5. Flexor hallucis longus
6. Tibialis posterior
7. Popliteus
Muscles of the Posterior Leg
Figure 12.22
Muscles of the Posterior Leg
Figure 12.22
Leg Muscles
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
• Originate and insert in the foot
• Divided into a dorsal group of only two
muscles and a plantar group of ten
muscles organized into four layers
• The plantar surface is supported by the
plantar aponeurosis
Plantar Intrinsic Muscles
of the Foot
Figure 12.23
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Summary of Leg and Foot
Muscle Actions