Carbon Compounds
Organic Chemistry – The study of all
compounds that contain carbon.
Draw a carbon atom showing all
subatomic particles.
What so special about Carbon?
• Can form up to four covalent bonds
• Can form single, double, or triple
bonds
• Can bond to other carbons forming
long chains and rings
Carbon Compounds
• Many compounds in cells are so
large they are referred to as
macromolecules: giant molecules.
• Macromolecules are formed by a
process known as polymerization.
• Monomer: the smaller units that
are joined together.
• Polymer: the larger unit formed by
joining monomers.
Carbon Compounds
• Dehydration Synthesis: The process where a water
molecule is released each time a monomer is joined to a
polymer or monomer.
• Hydrolysis: The process where a water molecule is use
to remove a monomer from a polymer.
Carbon Compounds
Four Groups of Organic Macromolecules:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Elements:
• Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
• 1:2:1 Ratio of C, H, O
Function
• Main source of
energy for cells
Monomers:
• Called monosaccharides
• Examples:
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Carbohydrates
Polymers:
• Disaccharides: made • Polysaccharide:
made up of several
of two monomers.
monomers.
• Example:
– Starch: stores
energy in plants.
– Glycogen: stores
energy in
animals.
– Cellulose:
provides support
for plant cells
Nucleic Acids
Elements:
• Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen,
Phosphorous,
Nitrogen
Monomer: Nucleotide
• Each nucleotide
contains three parts:
– Phospahte Group
– Sugar
– Nitrogenous Base
Label the sugar,
phosphate, and base as
well as the functional
groups.
Nucleic Acids
Polymer: polynucleotide
• Polynucleotides are formed
when the phosphate group of
one nucleotide binds to the
sugar of another nucleotide.
Function:
• Provides instructions to the cell
on how to make proteins
• Allows genetic information to be
passed on from one generation
to the next.
Lipids
Elements
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
“Monomers”
• Glycerol
• Fatty Acid Chains
• 3 fatty acids attach to a molecule
of glycerol to make a triglyceride
What functional groups are present
in glycerol and fatty acids?
Lipids
Examples of Lipids:
• Wax, Fats, Oil, Steriods/Hormones,
Cholesterol
Functions
• Store energy
• Lipids are nonpolar, so they can act
as waterproof coverings
• Steroids and hormones are lipids
that send messages to cells.
Lipids
Look at the structures of the fatty acids and explain
the differences between saturated, unsaturated
and polyunsaturated fats.
Proteins
Elements
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
(CHNOPS)
Monomer: amino acid
• What functional groups are in an
amino acid?
• R group is different for each
amino acid
• 20 different amino acids found in
nature
Proteins
Polymer: polypeptide
• A peptide bond forms between the amine
group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of
another.
Function:
– Speeds up chemical reactions
– Provides structure and supports
– Helps transport material in and out of cells
Proteins
Protein Structure: Proteins can only
function properly if they have the proper
shape
Levels of Protein Structure:
• Primary Structure: the sequence of
amino acids.
• Secondary Structure: the folding or
coiling of the polypeptide chain.
• Tertiary Structure: the complete 3D
arrangement of polypeptide chain.
• Quaternary Structure: the arrangement
of the different polypeptide in a protein.
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Metabolism: All living need to carry out chemical
reactions in order to stay alive.
Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical
bonds are formed or broken in a chemical reaction.
• Exergonic Reaction: any chemical reaction that
releases energy.
– Sometimes occur spontaneously
– Sometimes energy is needed to start an exergonic
reaction.
– Activation Energy: the energy needed to get a
chemical reaction started.
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Examples of exergonic reactions
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• Many of the chemical reactions • Enzymes: proteins
that speed up the
in cells have activation energy
chemical reaction of
that is too high and occur to
cells.
slow in order for the cell to
(Enzymes are
survive.
biological catalysts)
• To overcome this problem cells
make catalysts: a substance
that speeds up the rate of a
chemical reaction by lowering
the activation energy.
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• Explain how the
enzyme affects
the chemical
reaction.
• Does the enzyme
have any affect
on the product of
the reactants?
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
How enzymes work?
• The substrate (reactant) binds to a site on the
enzyme called the active site.
– The substrate and the active site have complimentary
shapes.
– Each enzyme can only bind to a specific substrate.
Animation
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• After the chemical reaction occurs in the enzyme,
the product are released.
• The enzyme can then be used over and over again
if more substrates are available.
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
• Most enzymes work the best at certain pH and
temperature.
• Denaturation: a change in the shape of the enzyme.
– Cause the enzyme to ineffective because the active
site and the substrate no longer fit together.
– Changes in pH and increases in temperature can
denature enzymes.
Animation
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• Some enzymes can be turned on and off by
regulator molecules that bind to the enzyme.
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
• Enzymes work best at certain pH levels
and temperatures.
– Most enzymes in humans work best at 37 C
• Denaturation – a change in the enzymes
shape.
– Heat and pH can cause denaturation
• Some enzymes can be turned on and off
– Lactose intolerance
Explain why enzymes cannot work if they
change shape.
Making a Polymer
• The glue contains long strands of molecules like
spaghetti.
• If the long molecules slide past each other
easily, then the substance acts like a liquid
because the molecules flow.
• If the molecules stick together at a few places
along the strand, then the substance behaves
like a rubbery.
• Borax is the compound that is responsible for
hooking the glue’s molecules together to form
the putty-like material
Making a Polymer
1. Measure 20 ml of solution a into a small
beaker
2. Use a graduated cylinder to measure 10 ml of
solution B, add it to the beaker.
• Add food coloring if you want
3. Stir with a glass rod and knead with fingers
4. Put it into a plastic cup and cap. Label with
your name and pick up at the end of the day
SUDAN III – Pos.
Lipids
Honey
Egg
Oil
Lettuce
Gelatin
Butter
Same
Same
Orange
Same
Same
Orange
Carbohydrates
Benedicts
Iodine
- Yellow - Yellow
- Yellow - Blue
+ Yellow - Blue
- Yellow - Blue
- Yellow - Blue
+ Yellow - Blue
Potato
Apple
Water
Unkno
wn
Same
Same
Same
Same
-
Sudan
Black
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
+
-
Green
Green
Blue
Green
+
-
Protiens
Biuret
Yellow Purple +
Blue
Blue
Purple +
Blue
-
+
+
+
Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
-
Y axis
B
A
C
D
X axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What letter represents the product?
What letter represents the reactant?
What letter represents the activation energy?
How should the x and y axis be labeled?
Is the reaction exergonic or endergonic?
Explain
Naming Carbon Compounds
• Hydrocarbon: any organic compound that
contains only the elements, hydrogen and
carbon
• Organic Prefixes
• Indicates the number of carbon atoms in the
hydrocarbon chain
Meth- (1)
Hex- (6)
Eth- (2)
Hept- (7)
Prop- (3)
Oct- (8)
But- (4)
Non- (9)
Pent- (5)
Dec- (10)
Naming Carbon Compounds
Organic Suffixes
Series
Ending
Formula
Bonding
Alkane
-ane
CnH2n+2
Single
Alkene
-ene
CnH2n
Double
Alkyne
-yne
CnH2n-2
Triple
• Indicates the types of covalent bonds that are present
in the hydrocarbon chain
• Identifies the series to which it belongs
Name the following compounds
Draw the structure for the following:
ethyne
hexane
Naming Carbon Compounds
• Functional Groups: An atom or group of atoms,
that replaces hydrogen in an organic compound
and that defines the structure of a family of
compounds and determines the properties of the
family.
• Refer to the functional
group handout.
Organic Molecules Quiz
1. Does the structure represent a
monosaccharide, disaccharide, or
polysaccharide?
2. What was released when the
monomer were bonded together?
3. What functional group is contained
in this molecule?
4. Is this molecule saturated,
unsaturated or polyunsaturated?
5. To make a fat, what other type of
molecule is necessary?
Organic Molecule Quiz
6. What type of organic compound is
shown to the right?
7. What is the function of this
organic compound?
8. What is the monomer of this
organic compound?
9. Identify the structure below:
10. What is the difference between
hydrolysis and dehydration
synthesis?
Organic Molecule Quiz
• 2-Butene
• pentane
• Ethyne
• 2-propanol
Organic Practice Quiz 2
Name the following hydrocarbons
1.C3H4
5.
2.C8H18
3.C3H6
4.
6.