Biochemistry of Cells
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350&feature=iv&src_vid=nt9u7CfVoc4&v=4dbkAGcQ8mM
1
Carbon
Compounds
Section 2.3
Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Monomer:
Monosaccharide
Lipids
Monomer:
Glycerol and
Fatty Acids
Made up of:
Made up of:
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
(H:O in 2:1 ratio)
(H:O not in 2:1 ratio)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer:
Monomer:
Amino Acid
Made up of:
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Nucleotide
1) 5 Carbon sugar,
2) phosphate group
3)nitrogenous base
Made up of:
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen and
Phosphorus
Organic Compounds
 All
compounds are either
ORGANIC, containing carbon
bonded to hydrogen and
oxygen, or INORGANIC.
 The chemistry of carbon is
the chemistry of life.

Carbon
has FOUR
valence electrons
Carbon
Bonding:
 Needs

eight electrons to be stable
Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds
with other atoms, including carbon
Carbon Bonding

Carbon can form straight chains,
branched chains, or rings
 Leading
to a great variety of organic
compounds
Carbon
Bonding
Single Bond
Sharing 2 electrons
A single line
Double Bond
Sharing 4 electrons
Two parallel lines
Triple Bond
Sharing 6 electrons
Three parallel lines
Large Carbon Molecules:


In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up
from smaller, simpler molecules known as MONOMERS.
Monomers can bind to one another to form complex
molecules known as POLYMERS.


Large polymers are also called MACROMOLECULES
The process of reacting monomer molecules together in a
chemical reaction to form polymer chains or threedimensional networks - POLYMERIZATION
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Organic Chemistry – The study of all
compounds that contain bonds
between carbon atoms.
Draw a Carbon- atom with the proper
number of valence electrons.
2-3
Carbon
Compounds
What
is so
unique about
Carbon?



Can form up to four covalent bonds
Can form single, double, or triple bonds
Can bond to other carbons forming long chains and
rings
Hydrocarbons:
Are the main
molecules in the
gasoline we burn in
our cars
The hydrocarbons of
fat molecules
provide energy for
our bodies
11
The six most abundant
elements of life
Macromolecules
Molecules”
 Formed by a process
known as polymerization.
 Monomer – smaller units
 Polymer – larger units
formed by monomers.
 “Giant
15
Cells link monomers by a process
How
are
Polymerssynthesis
formed?
called
dehydration
(removing a molecule of water)
How are Polymers Digested?
16
Cells break down macromolecules by a process called
hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)
Polymers in our Body
Carbohydrates
Proteins
17
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
18
Carbohydrates
CARBON
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN

1:2:1 Ratio of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen

Plants and Animals use carbohydrates as main
source of energy
Carbohydrates
Monomer = monosaccharide - a single sugar unit
like those found in soda
What is the
molecular formula
for glucose?

Ex:
Carbohydrates
Polymer
Disaccharides:
Two sugar units combined
like those found in cereal,
candy, or milk.
Carbohydrates
Polymer
Polysaccharide: many sugar units combined
like those found in pasta and potatoes

Ex:
Starch: multiple glucose units - how plants store carbs
Carbohydrates
 Ex:
Glycogen:
multiple glucose units
how animals store
carbs (1 or two days max)
Cellulose:
multiple glucose units
used to build cell wall
of plants
Nucleic Acids
 Monomer:

nucleotide
Made of sugar, phosphate
group, nitrogenous base.
 Polymer:
polynucleotide
or nucleic acid
 Store and transmit
hereditary or genetic
material
 Ex: DNA or RNA
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