Risk Factors and Teen
Parenting
Objective
› Content Objective: The students will be able to
describe how heredity works as well as environmental
risk factors that can occur during prenatal care by
taking notes on their notes outline.
Heredity
› Heredity is determined at
conception (fertilization)
› All body cells except ova
and sperm, contain 23
pairs of chromosomes
– In females the 23
chromosomes are identical
– In males, one pair of
chromosomes is not made up
of identical chromosomes
› 23 chromosomes are
passed from the mother
and 23 chromosomes are
passed from the father to
equal 46 chromosomes in
the developing baby
Definitions
HEREDITY
› The passing of
characteristics
from biological
parents to their
children
CHROMOSOME
› A threadlike
structure that
carries genes
GENE
› A unit of
hereditary
material
Sex Chromosomes
› In females the pair of sex
chromosomes is identical
and called XX
– Every ovum produced by a
female contains an X
chromosome
› In males the sex
chromosomes are not
identical and are called
XY.
– Each sperm produced by a
male contains either an X
chromosome or a Y
chromosome which
determines the baby’s sex
› The sex of a baby is
determined by the sex
chromosome from the father
Genes
› All chromosomes carry
genes that contain
hereditary material.
› Genes determine
inherited characteristics
– There are two genes for
every trait
– One gene is located on
each chromosome that
makes up a pair
Dominant vs. Recessive Genes
DOMINANT GENE
RECESSIVE GENE
› Is a gene that overrides the
expression of the other gene.
› Gene whose expression is
overridden by the dominant
gene
– If there is one dominant and
one recessive gene the
dominant gene will trump the
recessive gene
– Must have two recessive genes
in order for that trait to appear
such as blue eyes
Traits that occur more frequently are the result of recessive or dominant genes?
Human Growth and Development Review
**Write the answers or discuss with someone near you…
1. How long can an egg live for once it is released from the
ovary?
2. What is an ectopic pregnancy and what is the major
cause of it?
3. What does the umbilical cord do?
4. How are male and female sex chromosomes different
and who determines the sex of the baby?
5. What do you think will be some environmental factors
that could effect the development of the fetus?
Prenatal Care
Avoiding Risk Behaviors
Amniocentesis
› Definition – Is a
procedure in which a
needle is inserted
through the uterus to
extract fluid from the
amniotic sac. The cells in
this fluid are analyzed to
determine if there are
any genetic defects
present
– This procedure can be
performed in the second
trimester
Ultrasound
› Definition – A diagnostic
procedure used to monitor
the fetus where high
frequency sound waves
are used to provide an
image of the developing
baby
– Used to determine
pregnancy and that the fetus
is attached to the uterus
– Also used to check the size
and growth of the fetus
– Used to determine sex of the
fetus and if there is more than
one fetus.
Environmental Factors vs. Genetic Factors
ENVIRONMENT
GENETIC
› Any exposure that occurs by
way of the mother and may
cause a birth defect
› Children can be born with
too few or too many
chromosomes or a damaged
chromosome that leads to a
birth defect
– Anything the mother puts into
her body
› Examples:
–
–
–
–
–
Alcohol
Smoking
Medications
Drugs
Nutrition
– Example:
› Down Syndrome – Has an extra
chromosome
› Hemophilia and Color Blindness defect on gene based on by
their mother’s x chromosome
Prenatal Care
› Obstetrician – A physician
who specializes in the care
of pregnant women and
the delivery of babies
› The care that is given to
the mother and baby
before birth
– Includes: Routine medical
examinations, proper
nutrition, reasonable
exercise, extra rest and
relaxation, childbirth and
child-care education,
avoidance of drugs and
other risk behaviors and the
practice of common sense
Review Question
› How does the developing baby receive nutrients
– Through the umbilical cord which transports nutrients,
oxygen and waste through the blood between the mother
and developing baby
What Environmental Risks Have you Heard
of that Effect Development of the Fetus?
› Discuss with someone near you
› Think food, exposure, and other substances.
› Do you know what the risk is?
Nutrition
› A well-balanced diet is important to a pregnant
female
– Premature birth or low birth weight may result when the
developing baby does not receive adequate nutrients
– The number of calories the mother should increase in their
diet is determined by their basal metabolic rate and current
BMI
› On Average increase by 300 calories.
Medication
› A pregnant female
needs to check with a
physician prior to taking
any prescription or over
the counter medications
– These medications pass
from the mothers
bloodstream and into the
developing baby’s
bloodstream which can
lead to birth defects
Things to Avoid when Pregnant
1. Drugs – marijuana, crack,
cocaine, heroin, etc.
2. Smoking/Secondhand
Smoke
3. Caffeine
4. Raw Fish
5. Uncooked Red Meat
6. Unpasteurized Dairy
Foods
7. Hot Dogs/Lunch Meat
8. Alcohol
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
› The presence of severe
birth defects in babies born
to mothers who drink
alcohol during pregnancy.
– Includes Damage To:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Brain/Nervous System
Facial Abnormalities
Small Head Size
Below Average IQ
(intelligence)
Poor Coordination
Heart Defects
Behavior Problems
Smoking/Secondhand Smoke
› Pregnant female should
not smoke or inhale smoke
from tobacco products
› Can Cause:
– Smaller Babies
– At risk for heart disease in
adulthood
– Increases the risk of
complications, miscarriage
and stillbirth
– Reduces the amount of
oxygen that the baby
receives
ACTIVITY
On your notes outline
write down 5 goals you
would like to achieve by
the time you turn 20.
-Come up with a way
that you can still achieve
these goals if you have a
child next year.
Teen Parenting
Facts about Teen Pregnancy - Video
› 3 out of 10 teen girls in the
U.S. will get pregnant at least
once before they are 20
› 82% of teenage pregnancies
are unintended
› Teenage pregnancies are on
the decline from 2011
› 1/4 of all teen moms have a
2nd child within 24 months of
the first birth
› The daughters of teen
mothers are 3 times more
likely to become teen
mothers
Are you ready to be a parent?
› With someone sitting near you or on your own…
– Create a breakdown of the costs you expect to spend in the
first year of a child’s life.
– Estimate what you expect 18 years of raising a child will cost
you.
**Cost Calculator
**18 Year Cost Calculator
More than just finances
› High Dropout Rate
– Pregnancy is the leading reason why teenage girls drop out of
school
– Less than half of teen mothers ever graduate from high school
– Fewer than 2% earn a college degree by the age of 30
› Relationship/Marriage
– 8 out of 10 fathers do not marry the mother of their child.
› Typically the fathers pay less than $800 per year for child support because
they cannot afford to pay more
› Time
– Babies are high maintenance and require around the clock care
– Will have to limit time spent with friends and time participating in
activities you used to enjoy
More than just finances
› Emotional
– May begin to feel isolated from their peers
– Frustrated by the reactions of others
– Missing out on the partying and fun that their friends are
participating in
› May lead to resentment, envy and depression
– Unable to relate to old friends
The Only Way you 100% Will Not Become
Pregnant/A Teen Parent is To…
› Choose ABSTINENCE
– Abstinence – The practice of restraining oneself from
indulging in something
› Choosing to not be sexually active
Think About What Could Happen if Things
Went Wrong
› Everyone thinks it won’t happen to them but yet we
have teenage pregnancy and 80% of which thought
it wouldn’t happen to them
– What would you do if it did happen to you? Would you and
your partner be on the same page?
– Think About:
›
›
›
›
How it would feel to see a positive pregnancy test?
How it would feel to tell your boyfriend that you are pregnant?
How would it feel to tell your friends/family?
How would it feel to decide what to do with your child’s life?
Review Game