Midterm Review
Name: ______________________________
Biology
Date: __________________ Period: ______
I. Chapter One - Introduction
1. List the eight characteristics that all living things share.
1. DNA
5. Maintain homeostasis (stable internal environment)
2. Grow and Develop
6. Obtain and use energy
3. Respond to environment
7. Made of cells
4. Reproduce
8. Evolve
2. What is the independent variable? Time (days)
Change in plant height over time
3. What is the dependent variable? Height (cm)
4. Write a conclusion based on the graph above (be specific).
Plants with organic fertilizer had more growth over 10 days than
 = no fertilizer
 = chemical fertilizer
 = organic fertilizer
the plants without fertilizer or in chemical fertilizer.
II. Chapter Two – Inorganic Chemistry
In the diagram to the right use dotted lines to draw in the bonds that form between water molecules.
1. What is the name of this type of bond?
Hydrogen Bond
2. List two properties of water that result from these bonds. Adhesion,
cohesion, surface tension, high specific heat
3. What makes water polar? Water’s shared electrons are more likely to be
found near the oxygen. Oxygen pulls electrons away from the Hydrogen.
4. Is human blood acidic or basic?
basic
How can you tell? pH 7.4 –> 7 to 14 is a base
5. Which substance is the least acidic? Normal rainfall Least basic?
Human blood
6. Which of the solutions on the pH scale would have the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? Stomach acid
7. A higher concentration of which ion is found in basic substances?
substance on the pH scale above.
bleach
OH-
Identify the most basic
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8. How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond? Covalent – share electrons, ionic- transfer electrons
9. Define the following terms:
Enzyme- proteins that act as biological catalysts – speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
Catalyst- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by
lowering the activation energy.
Activation energy- energy that is needed to get a chemical reaction
started.
10. Does the energy diagram to the right represent an endergonic or exergonic
reaction? How can you tell? Exergonic – energy is released in the reaction
11. How would the energy diagram change if a catalyst was added to the reaction? The graph would not go as high up
because the catalyst lowers the activation energy.
12. Label the enzyme, substrate and active site in the diagram to the right. Describe what is happening in each step of
this diagram:
Step 1 - substrate going to enzyme
Step 2 - substrate attaches to the enzyme at active site.
Step 3 - products released from the enzyme – enzyme remains unchanged.
13. What three factors affect the function of enzymes (change the shape of the enzyme)?
*pH
*temperature
*concentration of solute
III. Chapter Two – Organic Chemistry
1. In polymerization, monomers / polymers (circle one) join to form monomers / polymers (circle one).
2. Complete the following table:
Organic
Monomer
Compound
Function
Example
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
(simple sugar)
Stores energy
Glucose, sucrose,
cellulose, starch,
glycogen
Lipid
Fatty acids and
glycerol
Stores energy; parts of biological
membrane (cell membrane)
Triglycerides,
phospholipids
Protein
Amino acid
Controls rate of reactions; regulates cell
processes; transport; fights diseases
Catalase/enzymes
Nucleic Acid
nucleotide
Stores genetic information
DNA and RNA
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3. What makes carbon unique as compared to other elements? Carbon can covalently bond with
many elements. The covalent bonds are strong. Carbon can bond with other carbons to
form chains.
4. How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?
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5. What kind of bond(s) do carbon atoms readily form? Covalent bonds
6. The following diagrams show the process of dehydration sythesis . This process breaks apart/synthesizes (circle
one) larger molecules.
7. The following diagrams show the process of hydrolysis
molecules.
. This process breaks apart/synthesizes (circle one) larger
Label each diagram using the following terms (they can be used more than once): (See list on next page)
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, glycerol, fatty acid, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, water
D
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A – monosaccharide
D – amino acid
G – amino acid
J – disaccharide
B – fatty acid – saturated
E – polysaccharide
H – lipid – glycerol and 3 fatty acids
K – water
C – nucleotide
F – fatty acid
I – glycerol
L – 3 nucleotides
IV. Chapter Seven – Cells and Transport
1. Complete the Venn Diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic
-no nucleus
-unicellular (one cell)
-smaller, simpler
-no membrane bound
organelles
-O shaped chromosome
Eukaryotic
-Cell membrane
-Living thing
-contains DNA
-nucleus
-Uni or multicellular
-larger and more
complex
-contains organelles
-x shaped chromosome
2. List four differences between plant and animal cells.
Plants – chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole, photosynthesis and respiration
Animals – centrioles, lysosomes, only cell respiration
Structure
3. Use the diagram to complete the table of cellular organelles.
A ribosome
B cell membrane
C mitochondria
D centrioles
H
E smooth ER
F rough ER
G nucleolus
H golgi apparatus
See #4 on next page
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4. Identify the function of each of the organelles listed below:
Organelle
Function
Cytoskeleton
Helps maintain cell shape; involved in movement
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Chloroplast
Captures energy from sunlight to make chemical energy (glucose)
Cell Membrane
Regulates what enters and leaves the cells; protects and supports cell
Mitochondria
Converts chemical energy (glucose) into useable energy (ATP)
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, apckages proteins from the ribosomes and ER
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Moves molecules from one part of the cell to another -> intracellular highway
Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
Centrioles
Used to help in cell division (mitosis)
1. Trace the correct path of a protein in a cell using all of the organelles listed: ER, DNA, Ribosome, Golgi Apparatus
___nucleolus__________  __ribosome________  ___ER________  __Golgi Apparatus___
2. Place the following terms (levels of multicellular organization) in order from least complex to most complex:
organs, cells, organ systems, tissues, organism
__cells_________  ___tissues______  __organs______  __organ system_  _organism_____
V. Chapter Seven – Cellular Transport
1. How is diffusion different from osmosis?
Diffusion – movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
Osmosis – diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from high concentration to low
concentration
2. How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis?
The cell membrane only allows certain substances to pass in/out of the cell.
3. Distinguish between active and passive transport.
Active transport – requires energy; moves molecules from a low concentration to a high
Concentration (endocytosis/exocytosis)
Passive transport – does not require energy; moves from high concentration to low concentration.
(diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion)
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4. Complete the table.
Types of Transport
Type
Description
Active/Passive Transport
Endocytosis
Takes material into the cell by means of
infoldings/pockets of cell membrane
Active
Exocytosis
Release large molecules or large amounts of material
from the cell by vesicles that form from the cell
membrane.
Active
Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules diffuse across a membrane through special
protein channels.
Passive
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Passive
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from high concentration to low
concentration.
Passive
5. Define the following terms and describe what would happen if you put a red blood cell in each type of solution.
a) Hypertonic- the solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell. Cell shrinks because
water moves out of the cell.
b) Hypotonic- the solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell. The
cell will swell because water moves into the cell.
c) Isotonic- the concentration of the solute is the same inside the cell and outside the cell. Water
moves equally in both directions so the cell stays the same size.
6. The cell in this beaker is bathed in a 2% NaCl solution. The membrane is permeable to water but not to NaCl.
96.3% Water
3.7% NaCl
98% water
2% NaCl
a. What type of solution is this? hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic
b. In which direction is the net movement of water here? Into the cell
c. How will this affect the cell? Cell will swell
7. Which class of organic compounds makes up the channels and pumps that help move materials from one side of the
cell membrane to the other?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Protein
d. Nucleic Acids
8. How does facilitated diffusion differ from diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion requires special protein channels to move through the cell membrane.
Diffusion does not require these channels so particles move freely across the membrane.
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9. What is a contractile vacuole and how can it be used to maintain homeostasis?
Contractile vacuoles remove excess water from a cell.
10. Complete the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis
-takes in materials
-3 types
(pinocytosis,
phagocytosis, and
receptor mediated
Exocytosis
-large molecules
-active transport
-involves vesicles
-Large amount
-releases materials
from the cell
11. How are proteins transported from the Golgi apparatus during exocytosis?
Proteins that are assembled on the ribosomes are carried from the rough ER to the golgi apparatus in
vesicles. The golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, packages proteins in vesicles that are shipped to the rest of
the cell or cell membrane.
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VI. Chapter Eight & Nine – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
1. Write the equation for Photosynthesis:
sunlight
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__CO2_______ + _H2O________ C6H12O_________
+ _O2________
2. Write the equation for Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + _O2________
_________
_H2O___ + __CO2_____ + _ATP____
3. Complete the table.
Photosynthesis
Produces food for plants (glucose)
Cellular Respiration
Produces ATP from glucose
Location
chloroplast
mitochondria
Reactants
H2O, CO2, and sunlight (energy)
O2 and C6H12O6 (glucose)
Products
O2 and C6H12O6 (glucose)
H2O, CO2, and ATP
Function
4. Which organelle converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?
mitochondria
5. What is the chemical energy in #4?
glucose
6. What is the name of the energy currency molecule of the cell?
ATP
7. Label each part of the diagram of an ATP molecule below.
_aenine_____
_ribose____
_3 phosphate groups_
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VII. Chapter Twelve – DNA
1. What do we call the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
2. What three things make up the monomer?
1.
5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA)
2. Nitrogenous base
3. Phosphate group
3. What do we call the process where DNA makes a copy of itself?
replication
4. Write the complimentary strand of DNA for the sequence below:
A A T G A C T C T A T A C G T
_T T
A C T G A G A T A T G C A__
5. Circle the DNA strands below that would represent the new DNA molecules that would result from replication.
Original DNA
Replicated DNA
Original strand
(white)
Replicated strand
(shaded)
A
B
C
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