RESPIRATION
•  Metabolic reactions that convert
biochemical energy from nutrients into
ATP and then release waste products ENERGY FLOW
•  The basic picture
TWO CATEGORIES
•  Producer and Consumer
ENERGY FROM CARBO’S
•  Energy can be obtained via oxidation
i.e. removal of electrons
ANOTHER DEFINTION
•  Reduction is the gain of electrons
REDOX REACTION
•  Def’n - Loss of electron(s) from donor
and gain of electron(s) by receiver
OXIDIZING GLUCOSE
•  Glucose + oxygen ➞ CO2 + H2O + energy
OXIDIZING GLUCOSE
•  Glucose + oxygen ➞ CO2 + H2O + energy
A FACT
•  In humans, the efficiency of
transforming ADP’s into
ATP’s is about 40%
•  In conventional
automobile the tank to
wheel efficiency is about
22%
ANOTHER FACT
•  Glucose oxidation is facilitated by an
enzyme - dehydrogenase
•  The dehydrogenase enzyme uses a cofactor NAD+ to pick up electrons (goes
to NADH)
C3H4O3
YET ANOTHER FACT
•  The process of getting energy from
NADH is facilitated by electron carrier
molecules in a chain
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
ANOTHER FACT
•  Aerobic respiration is efficient and
dangerous
FREE RADICALS
•  Atoms or molecules that have orbitals
containing single, unpaired electrons
•  Superoxide O2 -
WHAT IS AGING?
•  Damage that accumulates over time
OXYGEN IS DANGEROUS
STUFF!
•  Even the former president of the
United States should eat his broccoli
From The World Book (TM) Multimedia
Encyclopedia (c) 1999 World Book, Inc., 525 W.
DEALING WITH FREE
RADICALS
•  Catalase, an extremely efficient
antioxidant enzyme
DEALING WITH FREE
RADICALS
•  Superoxide dismutase •  Vitamin E
•  Vitamin C
Vitamin E
RESPIRATION WITH O2 IS
COMMON, NOT UNIVERSAL
•  Aerobic
•  Anaerobic
STAGE 1
•  GLYCOLYSIS
TWO POINTS ABOUT
RESPIRATION
•  Historical
•  Mitochondria
TWO FACTS
•  Some ancient bacteria by virtue of
tolerance to oxygen were preadapted to
exploiting it
•  All eukaryotes harbor mitochondria
and all respiration takes place in those
mitochondria
A FACT
•  Mitochondria bearing striking
similarities to bacteria
WHY LIVE INSIDE A HOST?
•  Protection
•  Increased efficiency
•  Access to limiting
materials
ANOTHER FACT
•  Mitochondria are maternally inherited.
STAGE 2 - Kreb’s Citric Acid
Cycle
STAGE 3 - Electron Transport
ENERGY HARVESTED
A DIFFERENT STAGE 2
•  Fermentation
SOME PRODUCTS FROM
FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
NADH/NAD+
Acetone+CO2
ETHOH +CO2
Acetic Acid +CO2
Lactic acid
Butanol
POINTS TO KEEP IN MIND
•  Fermentation is NOT an energyreleasing process
•  Th end points of fermentation retain
high amounts of energy
WHEN FERMENATION
COMES IN HANDY
•  Low needs, anaerobic environment
•  Difficult situations
AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC
EXERCISE
DO NASAL STRIPS HELP
ATHLETES?
•  NO!