CENTER FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Standard Operating Procedures
Electron Beam Evaporator
Ross Levine
With revisions by:
Brian Wajdyk
Version 1.6
Page 1 of 17
Important







Gloves should be worn while handling substrate and deposition to reduce contamination.
Always rotate the “Output Voltage” and “Emission” dials slowly to avoid an arc fault or possibly
burning out the filament.
Always clamp the chamber door shut; failure to do so can result in machine breakdown.
You can only use CeNSE laboratories and equipment if you have been approved by Brian or
Chuck, reserved the tool on the calendar, and filled out a form. No Exceptions!
If the equipment is acting unusual STOP! Please discuss with Brian or Chuck before proceeding
and leave a note on the machine.
Any accidental damage must be reported immediately.
All CeNSE laboratories are protected by video surveillance.
Version 1.6
Page 2 of 17
Machine Exterior (excluding chamber)
Version 1.6
Page 3 of 17
Chamber Exterior and Interior
Version 1.6
Page 4 of 17
Operating Procedure
1. Preparation
1.1. Before beginning, be sure to wear gloves to reduce contamination and to protect the hands.
1.2. Place each deposition material into a crucible. Crucibles should be marked for their specific
deposition material.
2. Load the sample
2.1. Open the chamber door:
2.1.1. Unlock the chamber by releasing the four clamps that hold it in place.
2.1.2. Press the “stop process” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
2.1.3. Press the “reset” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
2.1.4. Wait 1‐2 minutes for the pressure to stabilize before proceeding.
2.1.5. Press the “vent” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
2.1.6. Wait for the chamber to vent. The door should open slightly when this is complete.
2.1.7. Press the “reset” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
2.2. Clamp the substrate to the stage:
2.2.1. Open the chamber door fully.
2.2.2. Remove the mounting screw on the underside of the stage (figure 2a).
2.2.3. Slide the stage out from the holder (figure 2a).
2.2.4. Clamp the substrate to the underside of the stage using the spring clamps.
2.2.5. Replace the stage and mounting screw.
2.3. Insert deposition materials:
2.3.1. Remove the shutter by pulling toward left side of chamber. (figure 2b).
2.3.2. Insert the crucible with the deposition material (not more than 2/3 full) into the
deposition material pocket (figure 2a). To use multiple materials, turn the deposition
materials rotator one full rotation to open a new pocket.
2.4. Check the condition of the thickness monitor sensor. Press the “Crystal” button found on the
thickness monitor (figure 1c).
2.4.1.If the display shows less than 75% let a CeNSE staff member replace it for you. It is still
usable at this point. If no one is available to replace it you can send a CeNSE staff member
an email
2.5. Close the chamber:
2.5.1. Replace the shutter. Just slide it back into the fitting. (figure 2b)
2.5.2. Close the chamber door.
2.5.3. Tighten the four door clamps.
2.6. Pump down the chamber
2.6.1.Press the “start” button on the processing controls (figure 1a) to start the low vacuum
pump.
Torr; it is then safe to continue.
2.7. Wait until the vacuum pressure is below
Version 1.6
Page 5 of 17
Operating Procedure, continued
2.8. Press the “process” button on the processing controls (figure 1a) to start the high vacuum
pump.
3. Configure the deposition thickness monitor
3.1. Press the “program” button on the deposition panel (figure 1c).
3.2. Using the dial on the film controls (figure 1c), select the film number that corresponds to the
deposition material in the table in Appendix A.
3.3. Press the “next” button (figure 1c). This will load the material parameters into memory. Ensure
that the material parameters match those listed in Appendix A.
3.4. Press the “program” button again to save the selection (figure 1c).
4. Configure for deposition
4.1. Wait until the vacuum pressure is below
Torr; for best results wait longer for
pressure lower than 9x10‐6Torr.
4.2. Press and hold the “filament check” switch under the source 1 controls (figure 1a) until a glow
can be seen through the chamber window. Once the glow is visible, release the switch.
4.3. Turn on the power:
4.3.1. Switch on the horizontal and lateral control power (figure 1a).
4.3.2. Enable (flip upwards) mains power on the power controls (figure 1b).
4.3.3. Press the “HV on” button on the power controls (figure 1b).
4.4. Set the desired output voltage, in kV, by rotating the HV output control knob slowly (fig 1b).
Rotating the knob too quickly will result in an arc fault.
4.4.1. If you have an arc fault you will need to turn the power back to 0kV.
4.4.2. Press the “HV off” button.
4.4.3.Go back to 4.3.3.
4.5. Press the “on” button for the source 1 controls (figure 1a).
4.6. Slowly rotate the “emission” dial (figure 1a) until you can see a pressure change.
4.7. Continue to increase the current until the beam spot can be seen. Sometimes it can be hard to
find. Try wiggling the vertical or horizontal position control.
4.8. Aim the electron beam:
4.8.1. Look through the viewing mirror at the glowing spot formed by the electron beam.
4.8.2. Adjust the location of the beam by using the horizontal and lateral “position” dials (figure
1a).
4.8.3. Move the beam in to the center of the crucible.
4.8.4. For materials that sublimate or are poor thermal conductors (e.g. carbon).
4.8.4.1.
Adjust the area of coverage by using the “amplitude” dials (figure 1a).
4.8.4.2.
Adjust the frequency of the beam’s movement by using the “frequency” dials
(figure 1a).
4.9. Now heat up the deposition material until it glows dull orange.
Version 1.6
Page 6 of 17
4.9.1.Optional: Leave it at this point for a minute or two and see if the vacuum recovers. If it
does continue to wait until it stabilizes. This helps degas the deposition material.
5. Deposit material:
5.1.1. Continue to adjust to the desired deposition rate.
5.1.1.1.
Technique is everything. It is hard to get a consistent deposition rate. The
tendency is to overshoot or undershoot the desired rate. Unless the deposition rate
is going up very fast, make very small changes and wait a minute for the change to
occur. Remember that even though the change in current is instant, the change in
the temperature isn’t. One way to tell how far off you are from your ideal rate is
how fast it is changing. When you are close, the rate change slows. Additionally, as
your deposition material is being used up the current per unit area increases causing
a slow increase in deposition rate. Nope. You can’t walk away.
5.1.2. Open the shutter release the set screw, pull the shutter control open, and tighten the set
screw (figure 2b)
5.1.3. Quickly press the “zero” button (figure 1c) to re‐zero the deposition thickness
measurement.
5.1.4. Wait until the desired deposition thickness is achieved.
Operating Procedure, continued
6. End Deposition
6.1. Close the shutter by releasing the set screw, replacing the shutter control, and tightening the
set screw again (figure 1c).
6.1.1.Note: The vacuum wants to pull it back in. Be careful to slide it in slowly. Failure to do
this will cause the shutter to fall in the chamber. This inevitably causes contamination and
possibly expensive repairs.
6.2. Slowly rotate the source 1 “emission” dial (figure 1a) until the indicator reaches zero.
6.3. Press the “off” button on the source 1 controls (figure 1a).
6.4. If performing multiple depositions, configure the new deposition as described in steps 3.1‐3.3,
turn the deposition materials rotator 360°, and begin the next deposition from step 5.4.
7. End processing
7.1. Turn off the power:
7.1.1. Switch off the horizontal and lateral control power (figure 1a).
7.1.2. Slowly turn HV output control knob (figure 1b) until the output voltage reaches zero.
7.1.3. Press the “HV off” button on the power controls (figure 1b).
7.1.4. Disable mains power on the power controls (figure 1b).
7.2. Wait at least 20 minutes for the chamber to cool before proceeding.
Version 1.6
Page 7 of 17
7.3. Open the chamber door:
7.3.1. Unlock the chamber by releasing the four clamps that hold it in place.
7.3.2. Press the “stop process” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
7.3.3. Press the “reset” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
7.3.4. Press the “vent” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
7.3.5. Wait for the chamber to vent. The door should open slightly when this is complete and
you may here the hissing of the N2 purge gas.
7.3.6. Press the “reset” button on the processing controls (figure 1a) to stop the purge gas.
7.4. Open the door; remove the substrate (see step 2.2) and crucible(s).
8. When you are done with the machine
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
Close the chamber door and tighten the clamps on the (now empty) chamber.
Press the “start” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
Torr; it is then safe to continue.
Wait until the vacuum pressure is below
Press the “process” button on the processing controls (figure 1a).
Version 1.6
Page 8 of 17
Appendix A: Film selection
This table is used in step 3.2 to determine which film to select.
Film Number
Deposition Material
Density
Z‐Ratio
Film 1
Film 2
Film 3
Film 4
Film 5
Film 6
Film 7
Film 8
Film 9
Aluminum
Titanium
Copper
Gold
Silicon
Nickel
Platinum
Silicon Dioxide
Custom
2.70
4.50
8.93
19.3
2.32
8.91
21.4
2.648
1.08
0.628
0.437
0.381
0.712
0.331
0.245
1.00
See below
Using film 9 to set your own deposition material:
1. Refer to the next pages for material properties for your deposition material.
2. Use only film 9 for custom settings. Never change the settings for films 1‐8.
3. When setting the film number as per step 3.2 in the operating procedure, turn the dial on the film
controls until “Film 9” is displayed.
4. Press the “next” button.
5. Rotate the dial to set the density to the appropriate value.
6. Use the “next” and “previous” buttons to cycle through density, tooling factor, z‐ratio, and desired
final thickness. If you make a mistake, press the “clear” button.
7. Press the “program” button when done to save your settings. Proceed to step 4 of the operating
procedures.
Version 1.6
Page 9 of 17
Deposition material properties:
Formula
Ag
AgBr
AgCl
Al
Al2O3
Al4C3
AlF3
AlN
AlSb
As
As2Se3
Au
B
B2O3
B4C
BN
Ba
BaF2
BaN2O6
BaO
BaTiO3
BaTiO3
Be
BeF2
BeO
Bi
Bi2O3
Bi2S3
Bi2Se3
Bi2Te3
BiF3
C
C
C8H8
Ca
CaF2
CaO
CaO‐SiO2
Version 1.6
Density
10.5
6.47
5.56
2.70
3.97
2.36
3.07
3.26
4.36
5.73
4.75
19.3
2.37
1.82
2.37
1.86
3.5
4.886
3.244
5.72
5.999
6.035
1.85
1.99
3.01
9.8
8.9
7.39
6.82
7.7
5.32
2.25
3.52
1.1
1.55
3.18
3.35
2.9
Z‐Ratio
0.529
1.18
1.32
1.08
0.336
?
?
?
0.743
0.966
?
0.381
0.389
?
?
?
2.1
0.793
1.261
?
0.464
0.412
0.543
?
?
0.79
?
?
?
?
?
3.26
0.22
?
2.62
0.775
?
?
Acoustic
Impedance
16.69
7.48
6.69
8.18
26.28
11.88
9.14
23.18
22.70
4.20
11.13
7.00
19.03
21.43
16.26
11.18
2.71
40.14
3.37
11.39
Page 10 of 17
Material Name
Silver
Silver Bromide
Silver Chloride
Aluminum
Aluminum Oxide
Aluminum Carbide
Aluminum Fluoride
Aluminum Nitride
Aluminum Antimonide
Arsenic
Arsenic Selenide
Gold
Boron
Boron Oxide
Boron Carbide
Boron Nitride
Barium
Barium Fluoride
Barium Nitrate
Barium Oxide
Barium Titanate (Tetr)
Barium Titanate (Cubic)
Beryllium
Beryllium Fluoride
Beryllium Oxide
Bismuth
Bismuth Oxide
Bismuth Trisuiphide
Bismuth Selenide
Bismuth Telluride
Bismuth Fluoride
Carbon (Graphite)
Carbon (Diamond)
Parlyene (Union Carbide)
Calcium
Calcium Fluoride
Calcium Oxide
Calcium Silicate (3)
Formula
CaSO4
CaTiO3
CaWO4
Cd
CdF2
CdO
CdS
CdSe
CdTe
Ce
CeF3
CeO2
Co
CoO
Cr
Cr2O3
Cr3C2
CrB
Cs
Cs2SO4
CsBr
CsCl
CsI
Cu
Cu2O
Cu2S
Cu2S
CuS
Dy
Dy2O3
Er
Er2O3
Eu
EuF2
Fe
Fe2O3
FeO
FeS
Ga
Ga2O3
Version 1.6
Density
2.962
4.1
6.06
8.64
6.64
8.15
4.83
5.81
6.2
6.78
6.16
7.13
8.9
6.44
7.2
5.21
6.68
6.17
1.87
4.243
4.456
3.988
4.516
8.93
6
Cu2S
Cu2S
CuS
Dy
Dy2O3
Er
Er2O3
Eu
EuF2
7.86
5.24
5.7
4.84
5.93
5.88
Z‐Ratio
0.955
?
?
0.682
?
?
1.02
?
0.98
?
?
?
0.343
0.412
0.305
?
?
?
?
1.212
1.41
1.399
1.542
0.437
?
5.6
5.8
4.6
8.55
7.81
9.05
8.64
5.26
6.5
0.349
?
?
?
0.593
?
Acoustic
Impedance
9.25
12.95
8.66
9.01
25.74
21.43
28.95
7.29
6.26
6.31
5.73
20.21
1.58
1.52
1.92
1.03
1.13
0.98
1.02
1.68
1.36
25.30
14.89
Page 11 of 17
Material Name
Calcium Sulfate
Calcium Titanate
Calcium Tungstate
Cadmium
Cadmium Fluoride
Cadmium Oxide
Cadmium Sulfide
Cadmium Selenide,
Cadmium Telluride
Cerium
Cerium (III) Fluoride
Cerium (IV) Dioxide
Cobalt
Cobalt Oxide
Chromium
Chromium (III) Oxide
Chromium Carbide
Chromium Boride
Cesium
Cesium Sulfate
Cesium Bromide
Cesium Chloride
Cesium Iodide
Copper
Copper Oxide
Copper (I) Sulfide (Alpha)
Copper (I) Sulfide (Beta)
Copper (II) Sulfide
Dysprosium
Dysprosium Oxide
Erbium
Erbium Oxide
Europium
Europium Fluoride
Iron
Iron Oxide
Iron Oxide
Iron Sulphide
Gallium
Gallium Oxide (B)
Formula
GaAs
GaN
GaP
GaSb
Gd
Gd2O3
Ge
Ge3N2
GeO2
GeTe
Hf
HfB2
HfC
HfN
HfO2
HfSi2
Hg
Ho
Ho2O3
In
In2O3
In2Se3
In2Te3
InAs
InP
InSb
Ir
K
KBr
KCl
KF
KI
La
La2O3
LaB6
LaF3
Li
LiBr
LiF
LiNbO3
Version 1.6
Density
5.31
6.1
4.1
5.6
7.89
7.41
5.35
5.2
6.24
6.2
13.09
10.5
12.2
13.8
9.68
7.2
13.46
8.8
8.41
7.3
7.18
5.7
5.8
5.7
4.8
5.76
22.4
0.86
2.75
1.98
2.48
3.128
6.17
6.51
2.61
5.94
0.53
3.47
2.638
4.7
Z‐Ratio
1.59
?
?
?
0.67
?
0.516
?
?
?
0.36
?
?
?
?
?
0.74
0.58
?
0.841
?
?
?
?
?
0.769
0.129
10.189
1.893
2.05
?
2.077
0.92
?
?
?
5.9
1.23
0.778
0.463
Acoustic
Impedance
5.55
13.18
17.11
24.53
11.93
15.22
10.50
11.48
68.45
0.87
4.66
4.31
4.25
9.60
1.50
7.18
11.35
19.07
Page 12 of 17
Material Name
Gallium Arsenide
Gallium Nitride
Gallium Phosphide
Gallium Antimonide
Gadolinium
Gadolinium Oxide
Germanium
Germanium Nitride
Germanium Oxide
Germanium Telluride
Hafnium
Hafnium Boride,
Hafnium Carbide
Hafnium Nitride
Hafnium Oxide
Hafnium Silicide
Mercury
Holminum
Holminum Oxide
Indium
Indium Sesquioxide
Indium Selenide
Indium Telluride
Indium Arsenide
Indium Phosphide
Indium Antimonide
Iridium
Potassium
Potassium Bromide
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Fluoride
Potassium Iodide
Lanthanum
Lanthanum Oxide
Lanthanum Boride
Lanthanum Fluoride
Lithium
Lithium Bromide
Lithium Fluoride
Lithium Niobate
Formula
Lu
Mg
MgAl2O4
MgAl2O6
MgF2
MgO
Mn
MnO
MnS
Mo
Mo2C
MoB2
MoO3
MoS2
Na
Na3AlF6
Na5AL3F14
NaBr
NaCl
NaClO3
NaF
NaNO3
Nb
Nb2O3
Nb2O5
NbB2
NbC
NbN
Nd
Nd2O3
NdF3
Ni
NiCr
NiCrFe
NiFe
NiFeMo
NiO
P3N5
Pb
PbCl2
Version 1.6
Density
9.84
1.74
3.6
8
3.18
3.58
7.2
5.39
3.99
10.2
9.18
7.12
4.7
4.8
0.97
2.9
2.9
3.2
2.17
2.164
2.558
2.27
8.578
7.5
4.47
6.97
7.82
8.4
7
7.24
6.506
8.91
8.5
8.5
8.7
8.9
7.45
2.51
11.3
5.85
Z‐Ratio
?
1.61
?
?
0.637
0.411
0.377
0.467
0.94
0.257
?
?
?
?
4.8
?
?
?
1.57
1.565
0.949
1.194
0.492
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
0.331
?
?
?
?
?
?
1.13
?
Acoustic
Impedance
5.48
13.86
21.48
23.42
18.91
9.39
34.36
1.84
5.62
5.64
9.30
7.40
17.95
26.68
7.81
Page 13 of 17
Material Name
Lutetium
Magnesium
Magnesium Aluminate
Spinel
Magnesium Fluoride
Magnesium Oxide
Manganese
Manganese Oxide
Manganese (II) Sulfide
Molybdenum
Molybdenum Carbide
Molybdenum Boride
Molybdenum Trioxdide
Molybdenum Disulfide
Sodium
Cryolite
Chiolite
Sodium Bromide
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chlorate
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Nitrate
Niobium (Columbium)
Niobium Trioxide
Niobium (V) Oxide
Niobium Boride
Niobium Carbide
Niobium Nitride
Neodynium
Neodynium Oxide
Neodynium Fluoride
Nickel
Nichrome
Inconel
Permalloy
Supermalloy
Nickel Oxide
Phosphorus Nitride
Lead
Lead Chloride
Formula
PbF2
PbO
PbS
PbSe
PbSnO3
PbTe
Pd
PdO
Po
Pr
Pr2O3
Pt
PtO2
Ra
Rb
Rbl
Re
Rh
Ru
S8
Sb
Sb2O3
Sb2S3
Sc
Sc2O3
Se
Si
Si3N4
SiC
SiO
SiO2
Sm
Sm2O3
Sn
SnO2
SnS
SnSe
SnTe
Sr
SrF2
Version 1.6
Density
8.24
9.53
7.5
8.1
8.1
8.16
12.038
8.31
9.4
6.78
6.88
21.4
10.2
5
1.53
3.55
21.04
12.41
12.362
2.07
6.62
5.2
4.64
3
3.86
4.81
2.32
3.44
3.22
2.13
2.648
7.54
7.43
7.3
6.95
5.08
6.18
6.44
2.6
4.277
Z‐Ratio
0.661
?
0.566
?
?
0.651
0.357
?
?
?
?
0.245
?
?
2.54
?
0.15
0.21
0.182
2.29
0.768
?
?
0.91
?
0.864
0.712
*1000
?
0.87
1
0.89
?
0.724
?
?
?
?
?
0.727
Acoustic
Impedance
13.36
15.60
13.56
24.73
36.04
3.48
58.87
42.05
48.52
3.86
11.50
9.70
10.22
12.40
10.15
8.83
9.92
12.20
12.15
Page 14 of 17
Material Name
Lead Fluoride
Lead Oxide
Lead Sulfide
Lead Selenide
Lead Stannate
Lead Telluride
Palladium
Palladium Oxide
Polonium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium Oxide
Platinum
Platinum Oxide
Radium
Rubidium
Rubidium Iodide
Rhenium
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Sulphur
Antimony
Antimony Trioxide
Antimony Trisulfide
Scandium
Scandium Oxide
Selenium
Silicon
Silicon Nitride
Silicon Carbide
Silicon (II) Oxide
Silicon Dioxide
Samarium
Samarium Oxide
Tin
Tin Oxide
Tin Sulfide
Tin Selenide
Tin Telluride
Strontium
Strontium Fluroide
Formula
SrO
Ta
Ta2O5
TaB2
TaC
TaN
Tb
Tc
Te
TeO2
Th
ThF4
ThO2
ThOF2
Ti
Ti2O3
TiB2
TiC
TiN
TiO
TiO2
Tl
TlBr
TlCl
TlI
U
U3O8
U4O9
UO2
V
V2O5
VB2
VC
VN
VO2
W
WB2
WC
WO3
WS2
Version 1.6
Density
4.99
16.6
8.2
11.15
13.9
16.3
8.27
11.5
6.25
5.99
11.694
6.32
9.86
9.1
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.93
5.43
4.9
4.26
11.85
7.56
7
7.09
19.05
8.3
10.969
10.97
5.96
3.36
5.1
5.77
6.13
4.34
19.3
10.77
15.6
7.16
7.5
Z‐Ratio
0.517
0.262
0.3
?
?
?
0.66
?
0.9
0.862
0.484
?
0.284
?
0.628
?
?
?
?
?
0.4
1.55
?
?
?
0.238
?
0.348
0.286
0.53
?
?
?
?
?
0.163
?
0.151
?
?
Acoustic
Impedance
17.08
33.70
29.43
13.38
9.81
10.24
18.24
31.09
14.06
22.08
5.70
37.10
25.37
30.87
16.66
54.17
58.48
Page 15 of 17
Material Name
Strontium Oxide
Tantalum
Tantalum (V) Oxide
Tantalum Boride
Tantalum Carbide
Tantalum Nitride
Terbium
Technetium
Tellurium
Tellurium Oxide
Thorium
Thorium (IV) Fluoride
Thorium Dioxide
Thorium Oxyfluoride
Titanium
Titanium Sesquioxide
Titanium Boride
Titanium Carbide
Titanium Nitride
Titanium Oxide
Titanium (IV) Oxide
Thallium
Thallium Bromide
Thallium Chloride
Thallium Iodide (B)
Uranium
Tri Uranium Octoxide
Uranium Oxide
Uranium Dioxide
Vanadium
Vanadium Pentoxide
Vanadium Boride
Vanadium Carbide
Vanadium Nitride
Vanadium Dioxide
Tungsten
Tungsten Boride
Tungsten Carbide
Tungsten Trioxide
Tungsten Disulphide
Formula
WSi2
Y
Y2O3
Yb
Yb2O3
Zn
Zn3Sb2
ZnF2
ZnO
ZnS
ZnSe
ZnTe
Zr
ZrB2
ZrC
ZrN
ZrO2
Version 1.6
Density
9.4
4.34
5.01
6.98
9.17
7.04
6.3
4.95
5.61
4.09
5.26
6.34
6.49
6.08
6.73
7.09
5.6
Z‐Ratio
?
0.835
?
1.13
?
0.514
?
?
0.556
0.775
0.722
0.77
0.6
?
0.264
?
?
Acoustic
Impedance
10.57
7.81
17.18
15.88
11.39
12.23
11.47
14.72
33.45
Page 16 of 17
Material Name
Tungsten Suicide
Yttrium
Yttrium Oxide
Ytterbium
Ytterbium Oxide
Zinc
Zinc Antimonide
Zinc Fluoride
Zinc Oxide
Zinc Sulfide
Zinc Selenide
Zinc Telluride
Zirconium
Zirconium Boride
Zirconium Carbide
Zirconium Nitride
Zirconium Oxide
Appendix B: Tooling Factor (optional)
How do I determine Tooling Factor?
Tooling Factor adjusts for the difference in material deposited on the quartz sensor versus the substrate.
This is an inherent problem. We don’t want to cover your sample with the detector! Tooling may be less
than or greater than 100% as shown below.
1. Place your substrate and a new quartz sensor in their normal position.
2. Set Tooling to an approximate value; Set Density and Z-Factor for your material.
3. Deposit approximately 1000 to 2500 Å of material.
4. Use a profilometer to measure the substrate’s film thickness.
5. The correct Tooling Factor is calculated by:
Why do I determine Tooling Factor?
It is necessary for very accurate deposition.
Version 1.6
Page 17 of 17