Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
An Analysis on Country Wise Remittance Inclusion in Bangladesh
and Its Challenges
Saleh Md. Arman*
The remittance, a driver of growth of the economy of Bangladesh, has become
a cause of concern, particularly against the backdrop of dwindling current
account balance and volatility in the exchange rates, having implications over
the macroeconomic stability and prospects of growth. Bangladesh is among top
10 recipients of officially recorded remittances for 2013 and received $ 3.27
billion remittance during July-September, 2013 period. Around 9 million migrant
manpower are working in 155 countries on the globe. The remittance is 11
percent of the total GDP of Bangladesh and the remittance figure is 7 times
higher than foreign aid received by Bangladesh and 13 times higher than
foreign investment. The study focused on country wise remittance inclusion in
Bangladesh over couple of years. Also the study identified some upcoming
challenges that might have to face on those countries and the overall remittance
sector of Bangladesh as a whole.
Field of Research: Economics
Introduction:
The importance of foreign remittances in the economy of Bangladesh is widely recognized and
requires little reiteration. Along with the readymade garment (RMG) sector and non-farm
activities in the agricultural sector, remittances have been identified as one of the three key
factors that have been responsible for reducing the overall incidence of poverty in Bangladesh.
Remittances can be used for consumption and investment which further stimulates demand for
goods and services, as well as contribute to financial development. According to World Bank,
Bangladesh is among top 10 recipients of officially recorded remittances for 2013 and received $
3.27 billion remittance during July-September, 2013 period (The Independent, October 4 2013,
pp 8). The remittance, a driver of growth of the economy of Bangladesh, has become a cause of
concern, particularly against the backdrop of dwindling current account balance and volatility in
the exchange rates, having implications over the macroeconomic stability and prospects of
growth.
The gap between actual flow of remittance and the government‟s target articulated in the
medium term macroeconomic framework (MTMF) is on the rise and might grow sharply in the
upcoming years. In FY 2012-13, the amount of remittance flow in the country totals USD
14461.13 million which is greater than FY 2011-12 worth totals USD 12843.44 million.
At present, around 9 million migrant manpower are working in 155 countries on the globe
(Kalerkantho 2013). The remittance is 11 percent of the total GDP of Bangladesh (Kalerkantho
2013).
____________________________________________________________________________
*Saleh Md. Arman, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Manarat International University, Bangladesh.
armaan.sm@gmail.com
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
Moreover, the remittance figure is 7 times higher than foreign aid received by Bangladesh and
13 times higher than foreign investment (Kalerkantho, 2013). Officially, Bangladesh has been
sending migrant manpower since 1976. On that time, Middle East countries become the
lucrative and serves full of opportunity for getting jobs especially unskilled or semi-skilled
manpower. Among 9 million migrant manpower, almost 90 percent are working in Middle East
countries (The Daily Kalerkantho, Third Anniversary Special Edition, January 10, 2013 pp 6).
The study focused on country wise remittance inclusion in Bangladesh over couple of years by
migrant manpower. Also the study identified some upcoming challenges that might have to face
on those countries and the overall remittance sector of Bangladesh as a whole.
Literature Review:
Concept of Remittance and its impact in economy:
In the global economy, nowadays, remittances represent one of the largest international flows of
financial resources. Notably, remittance flows can
exceed, sometimes, foreign direct
investment, portfolio flows from financial markets and official development assistance or
international aid. People usually migrate internationally to change their destiny. This
international migration transforms not only the destiny of individual migrants but also the
conditions of their families living in their own country. Remittances have become the most
powerful means to maintain relationship with migrants with their societies of origin. Over the
years remittance has emerged as the key driver of economic growth, can help improve
the country‟s development prospects, maintain macroeconomic stability, and mitigate impact of
adverse shock.
The propensity to import out of remittances will be lower than out of ordinary income because
remittances usually go to the subsistence of low income groups, which have limited taste for
foreign articles of consumption (Kindleberger, 1965). On the other hand, Paine (1974) argued
that the propensity to import out of remittances will be high as recipient families now have taste
of foreign goods and living standards which is intense in case of after returning of migrant worker
to their home. Durand and Massey (1992) found that most of income of migrant households from
remittances is used for consumption rather productive investments. Zaman and lmrani (2005)
found that remittances have no impact on the demand for imported consumer goods where
remittances have a positive impact on import of capital goods and raw materials. Adams (2006)
found that a smaller share of income of remittance-recipient households is used for food and
other non-durable goods consumption where larger share for housing, education and healthcare
financing. Glytsos (2005) analyzed the effect of remittances on investment, consumption,
imports and output and finds that the effect of reducing remittances would be greater than the
effect of raising them. Barua et al (2007) found a negative correlation between remittance inflow
and inflation. In the development process Bangladesh may need to import capital items on the
larger scale which will affect to its Balance of Payment (BOP) situation. The role of remittances
in the economies of labour sending countries such as Bangladesh is assuming increasing
importance. It is viewed as a very stable source of foreign exchange (Ratha 2005) and even as
being counter-cyclical (Esquivel and Huerta–Pineda.2006). The economy of Bangladesh is
immensely enriching by the remittances from the huge overseas employment. Considering the
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
contribution of remittances which also lessens the unemployment problem, the Bangladesh
government has declares it as Thrust Sector (Beasley 2011). The crucial policies regarding
these are as follows:
i) To find out new manpower market besides keeping the existing manpower market up.
ii) To ensure the welfare of the migrated manpower.
iii) To develop the human resource as per the demand of the markets over the world.
iv) To help the migrants to send remittances country properly.
Salim (1992) pointed out that remittances are used to make import payments and are used for
productive investment by the government. Overseas remittances also achieves a favorable
balance of payments and as well as creating a new resources base for the country (Ali 1981).
Remittance income of Bangladesh is recorded as the second highest foreign currency income.
According to Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) in FY
2012-13, net export earnings from RMG are USD 21515.73 million, whereas the earning from
remittance is net USD 14461.13 million. But the government expects that the remittance
income will cross USD 15000 million at the end of the year 2013 (bdnews24.com 2013).
According to Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agency (BAIRA), there are four
types of manpower who are working as migrant manpower in other countries which are
unskilled\ Low Skilled, Skilled, Semi-skilled and Professional. According to International
Organization of Migration (IOM), percentages of these categories of migrant manpower have
given here in a pie chart.
Figure 1: Percentage Bangladeshi Migrant Manpower
Bangladeshi Migrant Manpower (in %)
professional
2%
skilled
31%
semi-skilled
15%
lowskilled
52%
Source: International Organization of Migration (IOM)
Besides, more specific classification of manpower are given below,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Technical Manpower
Medical Manpower
Engineering Manpower
Industrial Manpower
Computer Personnel
Power station, Petroleum and Fertilizer Manpower
Road Transport Manpower
Manpower for Financial Institutions, Insurance, Audit and Accounts
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
i) Port and Water Transport Manpower
j) Agricultural, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Livestock, Horticulture Experts, Technicals and
Farmers.
k) University\ College\ School Teachers
l) Administrative and Defense Personnel
m) Hotel Management and Catering Staff
n) Marine Crew
o) Miscellaneous Manpower
All of these types of migrant manpower send their hard earning money to Bangladesh and
greases the overall economy of Bangladesh. Almost all type of Bangladeshi migrant manpower
scattered throughout 155 countries. According to International Organization of Migration (IOM),
5.3% of the Bangladesh‟s population is migrant. Out of 155 countries, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(37%), United Arab Emirates (26%), Malaysia (10%), Kuwait (7%) and Oman (6%) are the top
destination of migrant manpower. So, it is indeed important to assess the remittance inclusion
from the top remittance contributing countries. In this aspect, the study will determine the
country wise remittance inflow in Bangladesh.
Methodology:
The study has used secondary data source of country wise remittance inflow in Bangladesh. The
study has concentrated only from FY 2008-09 to 2013-14 (up to September 2013) in order to
assess the recent trends. On the basis of the data, the study focused on a comparative analysis
in order to find which country holds larger employment for Bangladesh migrant manpower.
Findings:
There are 18 countries mentioned in the website of Bangladesh Bank and rest of the countries‟
remittance have represented under the heading of “others”. The study divided those countries
into four categories named: Middle East, Europe- America, Asia (except Middle East) - Australia
and others.
Remittance flows of FY 2008-09 to 2013-14 (up to September 2013) from Middle East countries
are as follows,
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
Table 1: Remittance flows from Middle East countries
USD in millions
Countries
20082009
20092010
K.S.A.
2859.09
3427.05
Bahrain
157.43
170.14
Kuwait
970.75
1019.18
U.A.E.
1754.92
1890.31
Oman
290.06
349.08
Qatar
343.36
360.91
Libya
1.25
1.46
Iran
3.28
4.49
Total
6380.14
7222.62
Source: Bangladesh Bank
20102011
3290.03
185.93
1075.75
2002.63
334.31
319.36
5.20
2.32
7215.53
20112012
3684.36
298.46
1190.14
2404.78
400.93
335.26
12.91
1.16
8328
20122013
3829.45
361.70
1186.93
2829.40
610.11
286.89
57.65
2.59
9164.72
2013-2014
(up
to
September)
709.15
92.57
267.10
620.41
151.46
60.40
19.42
0.00
1920.51
From this chart, it has shown that, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) topped the position for wage
earners‟ remittance because of its upward trends, even though employment opportunity is
shrinking there. Kingdom of Bahrain, U.A.E and Oman have also upward trend of remittance
inclusion. Contribution from Libya and Iran become less due to turmoil situations.
Remittance flows of FY 2008-09 to 2013-14 (up to September 2013) from Europe- America are
as follows,
Table 2: Remittance flows from Europe- America
USD in millions
Countries
20082009
20092010
U.S.A.
1575.22
1451.89
U.K.
789.65
827.51
Germany
19.32
16.50
Italy
186.90
182.19
Total
2571.09
2478.09
Source: Bangladesh Bank
20102011
1848.51
889.60
25.64
215.58
2979.33
20112012
1498.46
987.46
34.99
244.75
2765.66
20122013
1859.76
991.59
25.81
233.23
3110.39
2013-2014
(up
to
September)
529.50
237.74
6.53
83.42
857.19
From Table-2, it has shown that, U.S.A holds the topmost positions throughout study‟s time
horizon. It is also holds top position in the current fiscal year also. United Kingdom showed
moderate figure where as Germany possesses the little.
Remittance flows of FY 2008-09 to 2013-14 (up to September 2013) from Asia (except Middle
East) - Australia are as follows,
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
Table 3: Remittance flows from Asia (except Middle East) - Australia
USD in millions
Countries
20082009
Australia
Hongkong
Malaysia
Singapore
Japan
S.Korea
Total
6.78
9.09
282.22
165.13
14.12
18.33
495.67
20092010
20102011
20112012
20122013
8.45
13.00
53.27
8.32
11.12
22.64
587.09
703.73
847.49
193.46
202.33
311.46
14.74
15.21
22.16
20.77
23.95
30.05
832.83
969.34
1287.07
Source: Bangladesh Bank
60.91
19.54
997.43
498.79
21.18
61.77
1659.62
2013-2014
(up
to
September)
11.41
3.66
220.19
91.56
4.21
12.06
343.09
From Table-3, it has shown that, Malaysia topped the position throughout time horizon i.e, FY
2008-09 to FY 2013-14 (up to September 2013) followed by Singapore. Contribution from
Hongkong is the least from above.
Contribution from countries entitled “others” is given below.
Table 4: Remittance flows from other countries
USD in millions
2008-2009
2009-2010
242.36
453.86
20112012
2010-2011
486.13
462.71
Source: Bangladesh Bank
2013-2014
(up
to
September)
526.40 149.17
20122013
Based on above tables, a comparative table is given below,
Table 5: Comparative Contribution on Remittance
Segment
Middle
East
EuropeAmerica
Asia(excep
t
Middle
East)Australia
others
Total
2008
2009
6380.
14
2571.
09
495.6
7
%
20092010
66
%
27
%
7222.
62
2478.
09
5%
832.8
3
%
66%
22%
8%
20102011
%
20112012
%
20122013
%
%
63
%
22
%
2013
2014
1920.
51
857.1
9
7215.
53
2979.
33
62
%
26
%
8328
2765.
66
65
%
21
%
9164.
72
3110.
39
969.3
4
8%
1287.
07
10
%
1659.
62
11
%
343.0
9
10%
59%
26%
242.3
6
2%
453.8
6
4%
486.1
3
4%
462.7
1
4%
526.4
0
4%
149.1
7
5%
9689
.26
100
%
1098
7.4
100
%
1165
0.33
100
%
1284
3.44
10
0%
1446
1.13
10
0%
3269
.96
100
%
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
From this table, it has shown that, contribution from Middle East countries topped the position on
remittance inclusion from 2008 – 09 FY to 2013-14 FY (Up to September‟13).
Each segment (except “others”) has a top contributor. From, Middle East, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia (K.S.A.) holds the top contributory position. From Europe- America, United States of
America (U.S.A.) holds the top position and from Asia (except Middle East) – Australia, Malaysia
holds the top contributor. Comparative contributions of these countries are given below in a bar
chart.
Figure 2: Comparative Contribution of K.S.A., U.S.A. and Malaysia
Comparative Contribution
K.S.A.
3427.05
282.22
2008-2009
1451.89
587.09
2009-2010
Malaysia
3684.36
3290.03
2859.09
1575.22
U.S.A.
1848.51
703.73
2010-2011
1498.46
847.49
2011-2012
3829.45
1859.76
997.43
2012-2013
709.15
529.5
220.19
2013-2014 (up to
September)
Challenges Faced by Migrant Manpower:
Indeed, remittance greases the oil on the wheel of economy of Bangladesh. The migrant
workers of Bangladesh have been contributing immensely to the economy with strong positive
impact on growth, employment, foreign reserve and balance of payments. The country‟s imports
would have to be drastically cut down or its current account deficit rose to highly unsustainable
levels without foreign remittance. The study indicates that, there are two types of challenges that
migrant manpower are facing. These are
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
Challenges faced by Migrant Manpower
Home Country Challenges
Host Country Challenges
Common Challenges
Specific Challenges
Migrant manpower faces home country challenges in their country, whereas, host county
challenges vary from country to country.
Home country challenges are,
a) Migrant manpower often has to confront information problem as they don‟t know from where
they can collect more authentic information in this regard.
b) Migrant manpower, especially who are from village dwellers are suffering from financial
problem because most of these people are poor and they don‟t have ample resources. However,
the non-government cost of migration is very high in Bangladesh and it is almost
impossible to bear by these poor people.
c) As 52 percent of total migrant manpower is unskilled or low skilled, so, they are suffering from
efficiency problem. For this reason, they can‟t perform their assigned task & duties with
effectively & efficiently like the migrant manpower of other countries in the world.
d) Lack or no training and development program arranged by recruiting agencies.
e) Fraudulent activities are quite common in Bangladesh. Fake passports, fake visa, fake airline
ticket etc. often create hindrances to migrant manpower.
f) Migrant manpower are regularly encountering various problems in sending remittances,
especially to the remote areas of the country, through formal channels because the process
of sending remittance through banks is slow and complicated.
g) The present pre-departure legislation of Bangladesh is quite vague and complicated and it
creates tremendous problems for migrants.
h) Migrant manpower of Bangladesh regularly facing investment problem because of chaotic
political environment.
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
Host country specific challenges refer to the challenges that migrant manpower faces in the
foreign countries. Some challenges are common to all countries and others are country specific.
Common challenges are,
a) Unskilled or semi skilled manpower often have language barriers. Lack of language efficiency
hinders normal flow of communication in the workplace. For this reason, new migrant manpower
prolongs in suiting with the language.
b) Coworker condition in foreign countries is different. In western world, there are no or minimal
gender barriers which is still weird in Bangladesh.
c) Most developed countries whose are the main targets of migrant manpower, are very punctual
and values every second of work time. That means, one will get money in accordance to his or
her accomplished works within stipulated time. More work, more money- that‟s the theme.
Migrant manpower needs more times inhabiting this manner in day to day life.
d) Besides lack of opportunity in job specific training, culture training is almost absent in
Bangladesh. So, Migrant manpower often get cultural shock after going there.
e) Countries are now giving preference to their local citizens for job which occurs opportunity
shrinkage for migrants.
f) In remittance earnings. India is the main competitor of Bangladesh who holds the top position
in remittance earnings followed by Republic of China and Mexico (World Bank 2013). But, Indian
migrants are very much efficient and effective in language proficiency, possess skills in job
related affairs which creates preferences to the recruiters. Bangladeshi migrants lag behind in
these issues at a great extent.
Country specific challenges are given below,
a) In Middle East countries which are the hub of remittance earning of Bangladesh, Arabic is the
language. Peoples of that region use little other languages. So, Bangladeshi migrant manpower
needs to learn Arabic languages in order to get works.
b) Italy is another lucrative place. But, there are also language barriers. They use extensively
their national language, Italian. Without learning Italian, none can get jobs there.
c) Like Italy, Japan and Germany prefer their national language. Migrants have to learn
languages in order to get jobs.
d) In recent years, South Korea takes lots of manpower from Bangladesh. But they also set
some specific criteria and also take language test for prospective candidates.
e) In recent times, Malaysia, Oman and K.S.A. take action against illegal migrants. It is to be
noted that, lots of illegal Bangladeshi migrant manpower are there. These countries offer
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
amnesty to illegal migrants but they also fix some criteria. Migrants, who don‟t meet the criteria,
have to left country.
f) After 9/11 attack, U.S.A. shrinks the opportunity for Muslim countries. Being one of the largest
Muslim populated countries, Bangladesh is in dilemma on this issue.
g) War outbreaks in Libya which stops the job opportunity for migrant manpower. Many migrants
return Bangladesh because of this reason.
Conclusion and Implication:
The study has concluded that, remittance inclusion of Bangladesh is based on some specific
countries whereas lots of migrant manpower is working there. As most of the migrant manpower
is low skilled or semi skilled, so, countries which have given opportunity for such employment is
the main concern to this aspect. Especially, migrants of K.S.A., Malaysia, and Oman are semi or
low skilled. So, huge opportunity is there. But, recent challenges might create some shrinkage in
remittance earnings. In this regard, Bangladesh should concern about this fact in order to
maintain the upward graph of remittance earnings.
Government of people republic of Bangladesh is very grateful to the migrants. Their hard
earnings able the government to make payment of huge import costs. Moreover, country‟s
economy is still in promising shape because of it. So, it is indeed important to care about migrant
manpower. Recently, the government of Bangladesh recently formulates Foreign Employment
Policy and Overseas Employment Act 2013. These legal steps indeed helpful for migrant
manpower. Besides, government should take the following steps for maintaining upward flow of
remittance earnings.
I.
The government should establish information booth or information window in the District,
Thana and Union Parishad level. In this regard, government should use the office of
D.C., T.N.O. and U.P. Chairman‟s office and establish such booth or window. The booth
should be well equipped and have 24/7 internet connection which is in line of establishing
Digital Bangladesh.
II.
Under the ministry of Expatriate‟s Welfare and Overseas Employment the government
should initiate different training & learning centers. From these institutions, prospect
migrants could learn about their destined country‟s language, behavior, culture, norms,
values, behavior, working & geographical environment.
III.
Passport preparation and delivery system should disseminate in the Thana or Union
Parishad level of the country, so that; prospective migrants could get their passport with
ease. In the era of strong communication technology, government can easily handle it
with digital infrastructure.
IV.
The government should arrange emergency phone numbers and services for migrant
workers within and out of the country and should these provide to them so that they
contact and seek assistance.
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
V.
The government commercial banks should increase the speed of their services and
disseminate throughout the country up to root level and also decrease the paper work and
documentation, which make it very simple & easy for less educated or illiterate migrants
to send their remittances through formal channel.
VI.
Many migrants go on abroad by mortgaging or selling private properties. Often they face
trouble or even bankrupted by shrewd and greedy Mohazons. The government should
provide soft term loan benefits to prospective poor migrants.
VII.
The government should take firm and immediate legal actions against those people who
are involved with fraudulent activities with migrants like fake visas, or fake work permits.
VIII.
The government should fix the inter country issues which hindrances the job opportunity
of Bangladeshi migrants as early as possible. If there is any conflict, it should be resolved
on immediate basis.
IX.
The government should increase liaison with foreign countries to create more and more
job opportunities.
Besides governmental steps, private sectors have also large roles to play in this aspect. Role of
private sectors are given below,
I.
Private recruiting agencies should be more client friendly and should avoid fraudulent
activities regarding visa, work permits etc. In addition,
II.
Private training and development centers should introduce induction training for migrants.
Besides, language trainings, behavioral training should be provided to the prospective
migrants. In line with recent trends, several private language centers offers foreign
language course training like Korean language training programs.
III.
Like government commercial banks, private commercial banks (PCBs) should
disseminate services to the rural areas so that, migrants‟ family could easily get the
money.
In order to maintain upward trends of remittance inclusion and face upcoming crucial challenges,
it is indeed important to put more concentration regarding put the remittance earnings graph to
high above other remit earnings countries.
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[November 7, 2013]
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Proceedings of 9th Asian Business Research Conference
20-21 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-39-9
Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) 2013, Trade
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from
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