age of
Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
SEASOAR and CTD Observations
During a COARE Surveys Cruise,
W9211 C, 22 January to 22 February 1993
by
A. Huyer, P.M. Kosro,
R. O'Malley, J. Fleischbein
State
HATFIELD Nkr.;
OEG ;Y
,r:;?, .
;
y
JCIE 4CE CENTER
:*cIiS1TY
:,)N 736GF8
2
1995
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503
Data Report 154
Reference 93-2
October 1993
SEASOAR and CTD Observations During a COARE Surveys Cruise,
W9211C, 22 January to 22 February 1993.
A. Huyer, P.M. Kosro,
R. O'Malley, J. Fleischbein
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503
Data Report 154
Reference 93-2
October 1993
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Cruise Narrative
6
CTD Data Acquisition, Calibration and Data Processing
13
Seasoar Data Acquisition and Preliminary Processing
15
Seasoar Conductivity Calibration
15
Post-Processing of Seasoar Data
Background
21
Procedures
21
28
Data Presentation
31
CTD/Seasoar Comparison
31
Acknowledgments
32
References
32
CTD Data
33
Seasoar Trajectories
47
Ensemble Profiles of Seasoar Temperature and Salinity
N2S
W2E
E2N
SBN to Equator
99
100
124
136
148
Vertical Sections of Temperature, Salinity and Sigma-t
N2S Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
S2W Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
149
150
162
174
186
198
210
Vertical Sections of Temperature, Salinity and Sigma-t (Cont'd)
W2E Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
E2N Temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
SBN to Equator
222
234
246
258
270
282
294
Appendix A:
Time Series of Maximum T/C Correlations and Lags for Seasoar Tows 2-6297
Appendix B:
T-S Diagrams from CTD and Seasoar at Start and End of Tows 2-6.
315
1
SEASOAR and CTD Observations During a COARE Surveys Cruise,
W9211C, 22 January to 22 February 1993.
Introduction
An international Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
(COARE) was conducted in the warm-pool region of the western equatorial
Pacific Ocean over a four-month period from November 1992 through February
1993 (Webster and Lukas, 1992). Most of the oceanographic and meteorological
observations were concentrated in the Intensive Flux Array (IFA) centered at 1°
45'S,156°00'E. As part of this experiment, the R/V Wecoma conducted three
survey cruises on the R/V Wecoma; each cruise included measurements of the
temperature, salinity and velocity distribution in the upper 300 m of the ocean,
and continuous meteorological measurements of wind, air temperature,
humidity, etc. Most of these measurements were along a butterfly pattern that
was sampled repeatedly during the three COARE Surveys cruises, W9211A and
W9211B, and W9211C.
Coordinates of the Standard Butterfly Pattern were chosen to measure
zonal and meridional gradients across the center of the IFA, spanning the
profiling current meter array, while avoiding moorings and stationary ships
without frequent deviations from our track (Figure 1). The standard coordinates
of the butterfly apexes are:
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE
1°14'S
2°26'S
1°50'S
1°50'S
156°06'E
156°06'E
155°30'E
156°42'E,
and sampling was done sequentially along the track joining these four points, i.e.
along a meridional section (N2S) from SBN to SBS, a diagonal section (S2W)
from SBS to SBW, a zonal section (W2E) from SBW to SBE, and a diagonal
section (E2N) from SBE to SBN to complete the pattern. Along this track, we
measured the upper ocean temperature and salinity by means of a towed
undulating Seasoar vehicle (Figure 2) equipped with a SeaBird CTD system,
while underway at 7-8 knots. CTD casts were made at the beginning and end of
each tow, primarily to check calibration of the Seasoar sensors. Water velocity
along the ship's track was measured by means of the ship-borne acoustic
Doppler current profiler.
This report summarizes the Seasoar and CTD observations from
Wecoma's third COARE Surveys cruise, W9211C. It also provides a cruise
narrative, and a brief description of the data processing procedures.
2
1.o°s
1.5°S
2.o°s
2.5°S
155.0°E
155.5°E
156.0°E
156.5°E
157.0°E
Figure 1. The Standard Butterfly Pattern in relation to the moorings of the
COARE Intensive Flux Array.
Figure 2. Sketch of the Seasoar vehicle used during W9211C.
3
Table 1. Summary of CTD stations during W9211C.
Station
No.
Latitude
1
03007.4'N
01°14.0'S
02°27.2'
02°22.0'
01°51.3'
01°51.2'
01°17.2'
01°14.0'
02°00.4'
02°00.3'
01°59.3'
00°08.7'S
Date
Time
26 Jan
27 Jan
29 Jan
29 Jan
(UTC)
1439
0725
0540
0750
3 Feb
2035
5
3 Feb
2159
6
7 Feb
0003
7
7 Feb
1930
8
12 Feb
2059
9
12 Feb
2320
10
13 Feb
0440
11
16 Feb
2130
12
2
3
4
Longitude
156°07.1'E
156°06.0'
156°07.8'
156°02.0
155°30.3'
155°34.1'
156°09.6'
156°06.0'
155°40.4'
155°40.7
155°43.4'
156°06.1'E
Dir. (T)
Wind
Spd. (kts)
Atmos.
P. (mbar)
260
10
310
300
320
340
350
8
9
11
1005.8
1006.8
1007.2
1008.3
1010.8
1012.3
1010.7
1008.4
1009.6
1010.0
1007.2
1010.3
Wind
20
19
340
340
335
330
10
12
13
15
310
070
10
10
Table 2. Instruments and sensors used for CTD, Seasoar, and underway salinity
sampling, W9211C, and date of most recent manufacturer's pre-cruise calibration.
System (Instrument)
CTD (SBE 9/11 plus SN 0256)
Sensor
P
T1
T2
50130
1364
1366
C1
C2
1018
1021
Seasoar (SBE 9/11 plus SN 2843)
(Tows 1-6)
P
(Tows 1-3)
C1
C2
T1
T2
(Tows 4-6)
5-m Intake (MIDAS)
Pre-Cruise Calibration Date
T1
T2
5 Mar 92
6 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
6 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
16 Sept 92
16 Sept 92
39107 5 Mar 92
1030 17 Apr 92
1041 24 Apr 92
1367 27 Mar 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
1369 27 Mar 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
997 6 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
1384 6 Oct 92 (modified 2 Dec 92)
T
854
10 Aug 90
C
1070
23 Sept 92
4
T-C sensor pair
with duct (inside nose)
Pump
CTD
Inlet
Outlet
SeaSoar body outline
Figure 3. Schematic of the plumbing of the ducted T/C sensors inside the Seasoar
vehicle. Primary sensor inlet and outlet ports were on the starboard side of the Seasoar
nose; secondary sensor ports were on the port side. During Tow 2, both ducts were
disconnected at the outlet from the pump; during Tow 4, the secondary sensor duct
was disconnected at the outlet port.
Top of upper side rail
-------------
Horizontal. thru
wing was
Wing aids to trailing edge: L =15.0"
U
sin u=(U - 1.75)/L
sin d = (D + 1.75) / L
Figure 4. Schematics of Seasoar wing angle settings. During Tows 1 and 2, the value of
D was 23/8" and U was 75/8", yielding an up-angle of 23° and a down-angle of 16°.
During Tows 3 through 6, D was 25/8" and U was 73/8", yielding an up-angle of 22° and
a down-angle of 17°.
I
I
I
A
u
r
V VIIIIIIII
I
300
IZ
3600
0
A
t t
I
7200
10800
r t IIlfin
18000
14400
I
21600
25200
28800
LIL-A
!I
I
I
32400
I
36000
L.
I
11
300 1
0
3600
7200
10800
14400
18000
21600
25200
28800
32400
36000
Figure 5. Examples of Seasoar trajectory (pressure vs. time in seconds) before and after changing the
wing angle setting to from a maximum down-angle of 16° to a maximum down-angle of 17°.
Top: the N2S section on 28 January during Tow 2. Bottom: the W2E section on 31 January during Tow 3.
tA
6
Cruise Narrative, W9211C
Wecoma departed from Guam about 0000 UTC, 22 Jan 1993, and began a
transit to 3°N, 156°E where we intended to begin a cross-equatorial Seasoar
section. After arrival on 26 January, we made a pre-tow CTD cast (Station 1,
Table 1) with an SBE 9/11 plus CTD with dual ducted temperature and
conductivity sensors (Table 2). Seasoar was deployed for Tow 1 at about 0600
UTC, 26 Jan at 3°08'N,156°07'E; the Seasoar vehicle (Figure 2) was equipped
with an SBE 9/llplus CTD (SN 0256) with dual ducted temperature and
conductivity sensors (Table 2; Figure 3). Tow 1 began normally, but in about 10
minutes the vehicle stopped responding to the control signal, and Seasoar was
recovered on deck about 0845 UTC, 26 Jan. There was no evidence of a leak in
the hydraulic unit, but it had definitely lost its power (after working successfully
for more than 800 hours of consecutive towing in W9211A and W9211B). We
then proceeded directly to the COARE Intensive Flux Array to begin sampling
along the Standard Butterfly Pattern (Figure 1).
A new hydraulic unit (SN 011) was installed in the Seasoar vehicle, and
the pushrods were adjusted to set the wing-angle so that the maximum up-angle
was 23° and the maximum down-angle was 16° (Figure 4).
When we arrived at SBN, the northern apex of the Standard Butterfly
Pattern, we made a pre-tow CTD cast to 500 m (Station 2, Table 1) and then
deployed Seasoar at about 0845 UTC, 27 January. Tow 2 began southward
toward SBS along the N2S line and continued along the Standard Butterfly in the
usual direction (Table 3); for a 12-km portion of the line between SBE and SBN,
the Seasoar was kept at depths below 30 m to avoid contamination from
emptying the ship's tanks. The Seasoar vehicle was very difficult to control in the
presence of strong vertical shear, so the resulting trajectories were quite irregular
(e.g., Figure 5); we tentatively concluded that the 16° down-angle was too
shallow. Preliminary temperature and salinity profiles and T-S diagrams
showed there was a flow-rate problem through both T-C ducts from about the
beginning of Tow 2, particularly during descent. Seasoar was recovered at SBS at
about 0500 UTC, 29 January and we found that the outflow from the pumps was
not connected to the tubes leading to the outlet ports through the nose of the
vehicle (Figure 3); instead, the outflow from both sensor ducts was about 10
inches above the intake and into the interior of the Seasoar vehicle during Tow 2.
CTD Station 3 (Table 1) was completed immediately after recovery.
After Tow 2, we changed the Seasoar wing angle setting to yield a
maximum up-angle of 22° and a maximum down-angle of 17° (Figure 4) and
reinstalled the CTD, checking the continuity of both sensor ducts with running
7
Table 3. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 2 of W9211C.
Positions of these waypoints are: SBN (1°14'S,156°06'E); SBS (2°26'S,156°06'E);
SBW (1°50'S,155°30'E); SBE (1°50'S,156°42'E).
27 January
28 January
28 January
29 January
29 January
Begin/End
SBN
SBS
0846
0917
1827
SBW
SBE
0143
1207
1930
0430
0503
Table 4. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 3 of W9211C.
Begin/End
29 January
30 January
30 January
31 January
31 January
1 February
2 February
2 February
SBN
SBS
0920
SBW
SBE
1646
0225
0945
1926
0238
1112
1124
1925
2015
1827
0320
0358
1221
2004
Table 5. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 4 of W9211C.
Begin/End
3 February
4 February
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE
2304
1524
1410
2230
1306
0604
5 February
5 February
6 February
6 February
0719
1425
0015
2315
0747
1641
00
L -A L I
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
I
I' I
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
I
3600
0
I
.
I
I
7200
10800
14400
18000
21600
25200
28800
32400
36000
7200
10800
14400
18000
21600
25200
28800
32400
36000
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
'1
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
71 -T
0
3600
Figure 6. Time series of the preliminary temperature differences before and after changing both primary
and secondary temperature sensors in Seasoar; high frequency fluctuations seem to be due to vehicle roll,
i.e., to small differences in the depth of the two sensors. Top: the difference between sensors SN 1364 and
1366 during the W2E section on 29 January; sensor 1366 malfunctioned. Bottom: the difference between
sensors SN 997 and 1384 during the W2E section on 11 February.
9
Table 6. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 5 of W9211C.
7 February
Begin/End
SBN
2058
2200
8 February
9 February
9 February
10 February
SBW
0820
1524
SBE
0114
0803
10 February
11 February
12 February
12 February
SBS
1824,1921
0200
1128
1207
2135
1819
0433
0452
1456
2036
Table 7. Times (UTC) of standard waypoints during Tow 6 of W9211C.
Begin/End
13 February
14
15
15
15
February
February
February
February
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBE
1856
1139
0845
1833
0551
0151
0456
1137
2047
Table 8. Summary of Seasoar Tows, W9211C. Parameter values in the last column (for
the T/C alignment offset, and for the amplitude and time constant of the thermal
mass of the conductivity cell) were used for the preliminary (at-sea) data processing.
Tow
No.
Start Time
Stop Time
Duration
(hrs)
Parameters
Measured
T/C Pair (and Parameter
used for
At-Sea Analysis
1
2
3
4
5
6
01/26/0605
01/27/0846
01/29/0920
02/03/1306
02/07/2059
02/13/0551
01/26/0840
01/29/0500
02/02/2004
02/06/2315
02/12/2033
02/15/2045
0
P, Ti, C1, T2, C2
50
P, T1*, Cl*, T2*, C2*
106
P, T1, C1, T2, C2
80
P, T1, C1, T2*, C2*
P, T1, C1, T2, C2
P, T1, C1, T2, C2
118
62
T2, C2 (3.25, 0.045, 8.0)
T2, C2 (3.25, 0.045, 8.0)
T2, C2 (3.25, 0.045, 8.0)
T1, C1 (2.00, 0.045, 5.0)
T2, C2 (2.00, 0.045, 5.0)
T2, C2 (2.00, 0.045, 9.0)
*Use data from ascending profiles only; outlet of T-C duct was into the interior of the Seasoar
vehicle.
10
water. Tow 3 was deployed at about 0915 UTC, 29 January at 2°22'S,156°02'E
near SBS immediately after CTD Station 4. Tow 3 began northwestward toward
SBW along the S2W line, and continued along the Standard Butterfly Pattern in
5) was greatly
the usual direction (Table 4). The Seasoar trajectory (Figure
improved over the previous tow, presumably because of the 11 change in the
wing-angle setting. Preliminary T-S diagrams showed that data quality from
both sensor pairs was also greatly improved. Preliminary time series of the
temperature difference between T1 and T2 showed both drift and offsets larger
than expected from SBE specifications (Figure 6). Tow 3 continued for more than
4 days (Table 4). Seasoar was recovered near SBW at about 2010 UTC, 2
February and CTD Station 5 (Table 1) was completed immediately after
recovery.
After Tow 3, we replaced both primary and secondary temperature
sensors with sensors without a reed-switch assembly (SN 997 and 1384) to
reduce the likelihood of damage from vibration, and reterminated the tow cable.
Wecoma ran at full speed for a few hours to dear the exhaust system.
Seasoar was deployed near SBW at about 1300 UTC, 3 February
immediately after CTD Station 6, and Tow 4 proceeded along the Standard
Butterfly pattern in the usual direction (Table 5). Preliminary salinity data from
the secondary sensor pair were very noisy during ascending profiles, and we
suspected a problem with the sensor duct. Preliminary time series of the
difference between the two temperature sensors showed no evidence of drift or
offset (Figure 6). The temperature and conductivity data became intermittent
during the E2N section of 6 February, so the vehide was recovered near SBN at
about 2315, 6 Feb and CTD Station 7 was made soon afterward. We found that
the outlet tube for the secondary sensors had become detached from the nose, so
the actual outlet from these sensors was inside the vehicle.
After Tow 4, we reterminated the Seasoar cable again, using a modified
wire grip instead of the standard tapered plastic cow-tail to reduce cable flexing.
We also repaired the secondary outlet duct, so that this outlet was once again
directly through the nose of the Seasoar vehicle. Seasoar was deployed near SBN
at about 2100, 7 February, immediately after CTD Station 8 (Table 1). Tow 5
began southward toward SBS and continued along the Standard Butterfly in the
usual direction for almost five days (Table 6), when it was terminated at about 2°
on the S2W line to allow the ship to make a high-speed run to dear the exhaust
system; CTD Station 9 was made immediately after recovery. The Seasoar
vehicle, instrument and termination were apparently in excellent condition.
During CTD Station 10, as we were preparing to deploy Seasoar for Tow 6, we
found a broken strand in the Seasoar cable adjacent to the loop attached for
11
crane handling. We therefore cut the cable above this point and reterminated the
cable.
Seasoar was deployed for Tow 6 at about 0545 UTC, 13 February at 1°59'S,
155°43'E on the S2W line, immediately after CTD Station 11. Tow 6 began
northwestward toward SBW and continued along the Standard Butterfly in the
usual direction (Table 7) until 1137 UTC, 15 February, when we turned
northward toward the equator. Seasoar was recovered just south of the equator
at about 2045 UTC, 15 February, and CTD Station 12 was completed
immediately afterward. We then ceased operations in the COARE IFA, and
Wecoma proceeded to Pohnpei.
In all, we completed six Seasoar tows during W9211C (Table 8), for a total
towing time of 416 hours. The overall Seasoar sampling included 12 occupations
each of the N2S and W2E lines (Table 9) and the S2W and E2N lines (Table 10).
Wecoma arrived in Pohnpei at about 2300 UTC, 17 Feb, to disembark
some personnel and departed there at about 0600 UTC, 18 Feb for the transit to
Guam. En route to Guam, we conducted an 8-hour test of Seasoar flight
characteristics with an optical plankton counter attached to the vehicle. Wecoma
arrived in Guam at 0400 UTC, 22 Feb.
Underway measurements were made continuously through most of the
cruise. These include: Acoustic Doppler Current Profile measurements of water
velocity relative to the ship and accompanying GPS position data (contact Eric
Firing et al., Univ. of Hawaii); temperature and salinity of water at 5 m depth
and 2 m depth (contact Clayton Paulson, Oregon State Univ.); near-surface
salinity of water pumped from a buoyant hose (contact Gary Lagerloef, SAIC);
microwave radiometer estimates of surface salinity (contact Gary Lagerloef,
SAIC); and a broad spectrum of meteorological observations (contact Clayton
Paulson, OSU) including sonic inertial dissipation (contact Jim Edson, WHOI).
Members of the scientific party included Marc Willis, Tim Holt (both
Wecoma Marine Technicians), Adriana Huyer, Robert L. Smith, Fred Bahr, Pip
Courbois, Jane Fleischbein (all from Oregon State University), Eric Firing, Fred
Bingham, Tung Le, Dail Rowe, and Joanna Muench, (all from University of
Hawaii), Clay Wilson (SAIC) and Jonas Aleksa (University of Massachusetts).
Additional persons on the Pohnpei-Guam transit were Mike Hill (Oregon State
University), Meng Zhou, and Walter Nordhausen (both from Scripps Institution
of Oceanography).
12
Table 9. Times (UTC) of meridional and zonal sections of the Standard Butterfly
pattern. All N2S sections were southward along 156°06'E from SBN
(1°14'S) to SBS (2°26'S), and all W2E sections were eastward along 1°50'S
from SBW (155°30'E) to SBE (156°42'E). Number in parentheses indicates intake of
preferred sensor T/C sensor pair was on port (1) or starboard (0) side of Seasoar)
*
N2S (SBN to SBS) along 156°06'E
W2E (SBW to SBE) along 1°50'S
0917, 27 Jan to 1827, 27 Jan* (0)
0143, 28 Jan to 1207, 28 Jan* (0)
1930, 28 Jan to 0430, 29 jan*(0)
0945, 30 Jan to 1926, 30 Jan (0)
1827, 31 Jan to 0358, 1 Feb (0)
0320, 2 Feb to 1221, 2 Feb (0)
0604, 4 Feb to 1524, 4 Feb (0)
1425, 5 Feb to 0015, 6 Feb (0)
2200, 7 Feb to 0820, 8 Feb (1)
0803 to 1824, 9 Feb' (1)
1819, 10 Feb to 0452, 11 Feb (1)
0433 to 1456,12 Feb (1)
0151 to 1139,14 Feb (1)
1646, 29 Jan to 0225, 30 Jan** (0)
0238 to 1112, 31 Jan (0)
1124 to 2015, 1 Feb (0)
1410 to 2304, 3 Feb (0)
2230, 4 Feb to 0719, 5 Feb (0)
0747 to 1641, 6 Feb (0)
1524, 8 Feb to 0114, 9 Feb (1)
0200 to 1128, 10 Feb (1)
1207 to 2135, 11 Feb (1)
0845 to 1856,13 Feb (1)
1833,14 Feb to 0456,15 Feb (1)
Data from ascending profiles only.
Includes a 6 second data gap from 20:52:25 through 20:53:30 UTC, 29 January.
**
' Section extends past SBS to 2°29'S.
Table 10. Times (UTC) of diagonal sections of the Standard Butterfly pattern:
S2W between SBS (2°26'S,156°06'E) and SBW (1'50'S, 155'30'E); and E2N
between SBE (1°50'S,156°42'E) and SBN (1°14'S,156°06'E). During most E2N
sections Seasoar was kept at maximum depth for about 12 km.
S2W (SBS to SBW)
E2N (SBE to SBN)
1827, 27 Jan to 0142, 28 Jan* (0)
1035, 29 Jan to 1646, 29 Jan (0)
1926, 30 Jan to 0238, 31 Jan (0)
0358, 1 Feb to 1124, 1 Feb (0)
1221, 2 Feb to 1925, 2 Feb (0)
1524 to 2230, 4 Feb (partial) (0)
0015 to 0747, 6 Feb (0)
0820 to 1524,8 Feb (1)
1824,9 Feb to 0200, 10 Feb (1)
0452 to 1207, 11 Feb (1)
1456 to 2036,12 Feb (partial) (1)
0641 to 0845, 13 Feb (partial) (1)
1139 to 1833,14 Feb (1)
1207, 28 Jan to 1930, 28 Jan* (0)
0225 to 0945, 30 Jan (0)
1112 to 1827, 31 Jan (0)
2015, 1 Feb to 0320, 2 Feb (0)
2304, 3 Feb to 0604, 4 Feb (0)
0719 to 1425, 5 Feb (0)
1641 to 2315, 6 Feb (partial)** (0)
0114 to 0803, 9 Feb (1)
1128 to 1819, 10 Feb (1)
2135, 11 Feb to 0433,12 Feb (1)
1856, 13 Feb to 0151, 14 Feb (1)
0456 to 1137,15 Feb (1)
*Data from ascending profiles only.
** Includes numberous short gaps after 22:06:27 UTC, 6 February.
13
CTD Data Acquisition, Calibration and Data Processing
All CTD/rosette casts were made with an SBE 9/11-plus CTD system
equipped with dual ducted temperature and conductivity sensors (Table 2). CTD
casts were made primarily to monitor the calibration of the Seasoar data, and
were therefore made before and after each Seasoar tow, with as little delay as
possible. Maximum sampling depth was about 500 m. Raw 24 Hz CTD data
were acquired on an IBM compatible PC using the SEASAVE module of
SEASOFT version 4.015 (Anon., 1992); temperature and conductivity data were
recorded from both pumped sensor ducts. At each station a few salinity samples
were collected for in situ calibration of the conductivity sensors; CTD values at
the sample depth (calculated from the most recent manufacturer's pre-cruise
calibration) were recorded both by pressing the F5 key at the time of rosette
firing and manually on the station log sheets. Samples were analyzed on a
Guildline Autosal salinometer that was standardized with IAPSO Standard
Water P-119 at the beginning and end of each batch of about 36 samples. Sample
salinity values were in essential agreement with the calculated CTD salinity
values from both sensor pairs (average AS1=0.002, with standard deviation of
0.004, 36 samples: average AS2=0.002, with standard deviation of 0.005, 33
samples), and hence no conductivity correction was applied.
CTD data were processed on an IBM-compatible PC using applicable
SEASOFT modules. Since there was no significant difference between the data
from the two sensor pairs, we fully processed data from the primary sensors
only. The DATCNV module of SEASOFT was used with the pre-cruise
calibration constants to calculate 24 Hz values of pressure, temperature and
conductivity from the raw frequencies. When necessary, the output data file was
edited to remove any spikes and any values inadvertently recorded before the
pressure minimum at the beginning of the cast. The CELLTM module was used
to correct for the thermal mass of the conductivity cell, assumed to have a
thermal anomaly amplitude of 0.03 and a time constant of 9 seconds. Ascending
portions of the 24-Hz data file were removed by LOOPEDIT with the minimum
velocity set to 0.0 m/s. The remaining data were averaged to 1 dbar values using
BINAVG. The final processed data files consist of 1 dbar values of pressure,
temperature and conductivity. These processed data files were transferred to a
SUN computer where we used standard algorithms (Fofonoff and Millard, 1983)
to calculate salinity, potential temperature, density anomaly (sigma-theta),
specific volume anomaly, and geopotential anomaly (dynamic height).
Tow 2
4
Tow 3
r.................
33.9
34
34.5
Kj
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
nil
Julian Day
....................... ...........i...........i........... ..................................1
33.9
34
34.5
35.5
36
Julian Day
37
37.5
m
40.5
41
41.5
42
42.5
43
Julian Day
Figure 7(a). Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's intake at 5 m (squares), and of preliminary
near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and secondary sensors
(lower panel), for each Seasoar tow of W9211C: Tow 2 (left) and Tow 3 (right) of W9211C.
43.5
44
15
Seasoar Data Acquisition and Preliminary Processing
Raw 24 Hz CTD data from the Seasoar vehicle and GPS position and time data
were acquired by an IBM compatible PC, which also set flags to indicate missing GPS
data and to mark the collection of a salinity sample. The raw data were simultaneously
recorded on optical disk by PC and on a Sun Sparc workstation. The PC displayed
time series of subsampled temperature (both sensors), conductivity (both sensors) and
pressure in real time; it also displayed accumulated temperature data for 6-8 hours as
a vertical section (color raster). One-second averages of ship's position, CTD
temperature (both sensors), conductivity (both sensors), salinity (both sensor pairs),
and pressure were calculated on the Sparc workstation, using the most recent
manufacturer's calibration (Table 2). For each tow, the preliminary salinity for each
sensor pair was calculated using a fixed offset between temperature and salinity, and a
fixed value for the amplitude and time constant of the thermal mass of the
conductivity cell, but these parameters were changed from one tow to another (Table
8). Time-series and vertical profile plots of the one-second data were made at the end
of each hour. The 1-second preliminary data were used to calculate the average
temperature and salinity data in bins extending 3 km in the horizontal and 2 dbar in
the vertical, and these gridded values were used to plot vertical sections for each leg of
the Standard Butterfly pattern.
Seasoar Conductivity Calibration
Salinity samples were collected once per hour from a throughflow system in
Wecoma's wetlab from 0000 UTC, 27 January until 2000 UTC, 15 February 1993. This
system pumps water from the seachest at a depth of 5 m in the ship's hull, through a
tank containing SBE temperature and conductivity sensors; samples are drawn from a
point just beyond this tank. The 120 ml glass sample bottles were rinsed three times
before filling, and closed with screw-on plastic caps with conical polyethylene liners.
Samples were further sealed by wrapping parafilm around the base of the cap.
Samples were analyzed at sea on an Autosal salinometer, usually within 2-3 days after
collection; the salinometer was standardized with IAPSO Standard Water P-119 at the
beginning and end of each batch of about 24 samples. Time series of these hourly
salinity samples and time series of the preliminary Seasoar data from the 3-7 m depth
range (Figure 7) show very similar variations, especially during Tows 4-6.
For a quantitative comparison between the salinity samples and the Seasoar
data, we selected Seasoar values that were both within 7 minutes of the time of the
salinity sample and within a depth range of 3.0 to 5.5 m. For each salinity sample, we
calculated a bottle conductivity using the measured salinity and the temperature from
each Seasoar sensor duct, and then compared this sample conductivity to the directly
Tow 4
00
hDpp
000
,2.
Tow 5
O'
00130
140
013
0 OOC3
o Of
1t1$%
I
j
0
33.9
33.9
27.5
EU
29.5
EE
Julian Day
00
ODD
r1 . jl
000"t!
«t4
31
31.5
32
32.5
o
0
013 00
j34.1
30.5
Julian Day
0°
I
30
o
!'1 000 000°
0
r:n1:
0
an
0
1I0
i
0
33.9
Figure 7(b). Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's intake at 5 m (squares), and of
preliminary near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and
secondary sensors (lower panel), during Tow 4 (left) and Tow 5 (right) of W9211C.
EE
33.5
34
Tow 6
Figure 7(c): Time series of hourly salinity samples from the ship's intake at 5 m (squares), and of
preliminary near-surface (3-7.99 m) Seasoar salinity data (dots) from both primary (upper panel) and
secondary sensors (lower panel), during Tow 6 of W9211C.
18
0 0.06
a)
Ca
cn 0.04
E 0.02
towl2pairl
27.5
29
28.5
28
0 0.06
N
N
rA 0.04
0
tow3pairl
30
29.5
30.5
31
0 0.06
31.5
32
33
32.5
33.5
34
^-r
CA
CO
vi 0.04
E 0.02
CIS
U)
C
0
C
-0.02
-0.04
tow4pairl
`C
a -0.06
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
.i.
.I.
37
37.5
38
0 0.06
to 0.04
E 0.02
CO
tow4pair2
..........
1
34
34.5
35
35.5
i.......
36
.
36.5
Julian Day
Figure 8 (a). Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the
matching corrected Seasoar data, for the primary T/C sensor pair during Tows 2
and 3, and for both primary and secondary sensors during Tow 4 of W9211C.
38
19
measured conductivity from the same sensor duct; a very few pairs with very large
differences (only 5 out of a total of 329) were eliminated from the comparison.
Assuming, as usual, that the measured conductivity should be corrected by a
multiplier alone, we calculated the slope (m) of the zero-intercept regression line
between the measured conductivity and the sample conductivity separately for each
sensor pair and for each Seasoar tow.
Between Tows 2 and 3, we found no significant difference in the multiplier for
the primary sensor pair, and therefore we pooled the data, and used the same
correction factor (k) for both tows (Table 11). Since the secondary temperature sensor
malfunctioned during Tows 2 and 3, we used the primary temperature data to
determine the multiplier for secondary conductivity for these tows. Both primary and
secondary sensors were replaced after Tow 3.
Between Tows 4, 5 and 6, we found no significant difference in the multiplier
(m) for either the primary or secondary conductivity data, and therefore we adopted
the values determined from the pooled data as the correction factors (Table 11).
Applying these multipliers to the Seasoar conductivity data before
recalculating salinity allows us to compare the corrected Seasoar salinity values from
both primary and secondary sensor ducts to the sample salinity (Figure 8, Table 11).
The time series of the differences (Figure 8) show reasonable agreement between
sample and near-surface Seasoar data for the primary sensor pairs during Tows 2 and
3, and for both sensor pairs during Tows 4, 5 and 6. In general, largest sample-Seasoar
differences occur when the surface layer is stratified, so the standard deviations of the
salinity differences (Table 11) primarily reflect sampling errors rather than
instrumental noise.
Table 11. Conductivity multipliers (ml and m2) for primary and secondary sensors,
determined (separately for each tow) from comparison of near-surface Seasoar data with 5-m
intake samples, and the conductivity correction factors (k1 and k2) adopted for reprocessing
the Seasoar conductivity data. Also shown are the average and standard deviations of the
salinity differences between the sample values and the corrected Seasoar data.
Tow N
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
21
84
67
100
52
ml
-
1.000470
1.000424
1.000388
1.000354
1.000396
m2
-
1.000460
1.000396
1.000420
k1
1.000433
1.000433
1.000433
1.000368
1.000368
1.000368
k2
1.000449
1.000449
1.000449
1.000418
1.000418
1.000418
Average
Sl
S2
-
0.001
0.000
0.001
-0.001
0.002
-
0.002
-0.001
0.000
Std. Dev.
S1
-
S2
-
0.007
0.009
0.004 0.004
0.007 0.008
0.012 0.012
20
0 0.06
CO
CO
Cl)
a
0.04
E0.02
c
0
-0.02
tow5pairl
-0.04
CO
-0.06
38.5
39
39.5
40
40.5
41
41.5
42
42.5
43
43.5
44
39
39.5
40
40.5
41
41.5
42
42.5
43
43.5
44
o 0.06
CO
CO
Cl)
0.04
E 0.02
CO
U
0
C
8-0.02
o -0.04
C
co -0.06
38.5
m 0.06
0
CO
W 0.04
0 0.02
CO
W
U
C
m
0
2-0.02
a
tow6pairl
-0.04
C
N -0.06
44
0
44.5
45
45.5
46
46.5
47
44.5
45
45.5
46
46.5
47
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
C
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
44
Julian Day
Figure 8 (b). Time series of salinity differences between the 5-m samples and the
matching corrected Seasoar data, for both primary and secondary sensor pairs
during Tows 5 and 6 of W9211C.
21
Post-processing of Seasoar Data
Background Salinity data derived from SeaBird ducted temperature and
conductivity sensors are subject to errors from three separate sources (Larson, 1992):
(1) poor alignment of the 24 Hz temperature and conductivity data, (2) poor
compensation for the transfer of heat between the mantle of the conductivity cell
and the water flowing through it, and (3) mismatch of the effective time constants of
the temperature and conductivity measurements. These sources of error are
minimized in a normal SeaBird CTD, by pumping the water through the ducted
pair at a fixed rate, by software algorithms for changing the T/C alignment and the
thermal mass parameters, and by matching the thermistor to the effective time
constant of the conductivity measurement through the fixed-length duct. With
sensors mounted inside a towed Seasoar vehicle, these error sources need to
considered anew.
While at sea, we noticed that there was often a significant difference in data
quality between ascending and descending profiles, with salinity data from
descending profiles generally noisier than salinity data from ascending profiles;
descending profiles frequently showed a large and variable positive salinity bias
(e.g. Figure 9). These systematic up/down differences were observed in data from
both sensor pairs, though sometimes more pronounced in one of the sensor pairs.
We therefore suspected that there might be variations in the flow-rate of water
through the pumped T/C sensor ducts, leading to variations in the optimum
alignment offset between the 24-Hz temperature and conductivity data.
To check this hypothesis, we applied the general procedures outlined by
Nordeen Larson (1992) to a segment of raw data from the hour beginning at 0000
UTC, 9 February. We first reprocessed the data from both sensor pairs without
applying any T/C offset, retaining 24-Hz output; data from the first ascending
profile (about 0001 to 0006 UTC) and the first descending profile (0006 to 0010 UTC)
were read into separate files. These served as input to a program which realigns the
temperature and conductivity data from both sensor pairs by a specified offset and
recalculates salinity; for each scan it also determines a "median salinity", Sm, using a
centered nine-point median filter, and a "spike salinity", S', as the anomaly from the
median salinity. The time integral of this spike salinity, normalized by the sign of
the temperature gradient,
ISS = E (S'n/Sgn(Tn+1-Tn-1)),
changes sign at the optimum offset value (Larson, 1992). Calculations were repeated
for a range of offsets, and spike salinity profiles were plotted for each (e.g., Figure
10). For these profiles, we found that the optimum alignment offset, 4, during
.. I ......
I I
... ....
I
I
.........
I
I
.
.
I
.
.
.
I
i
. .
. .
I I .
...
.
. . . . .
-- 441t.41t,
..
CL 200
r- q
300
10
15
20
25
3033
34
Temperature 1 (°C)
i
35
36
300 1
-
-fl
10
15
Salinity 1 (psu)
25
20
3033
34
Temperature 2 (°C)
I
I
10
35
36
Salinity 2 (psu)
I
1
10
33
34
35
Salinity I (psu)
36
33
34
35
36
Salinity 2 (psu)
Figure 9. Preliminary profiles and T-S diagrams for both Seasoar T/C sensor pairs, for the hour beginning 0000 UTC on 9 February 1993. Data
were processed with constant values of the T/C offset (41= 0.0 and 42 = 2.0) and thermal mass parameters ((x = 0.045 and t= 5 sec). For both
sensor pairs, splitting of the T-S characteristics into two groups reflects systematic differences between ascending and descending profiles.
23
ascent was essentially the same as those for ducted sensors in a normal profiling
SBE9/11 plus CTD, i.e. 0.0 scans for primary sensors and 1.75 scans for secondary
sensors. (The SBE 11/plus deck unit previously applies a T/C alignment offset of
1.75 scans to data from primary sensors but not secondary sensors). Optimum
values of the offset during descent were larger: 1.75 scans for primary sensors, and
2.75 scans for secondary sensors (Figures 10, 11).
We independently calculated lagged correlation coefficients between the
temperature and conductivity data from each sensor pair, using first differencing to
remove low frequency trends in both, and obtained the same results, and found that
the lag of maximum correlation was in essential agreement with the alignment
offset determined by Larson's spike salinity method. Alternating between two
values of the alignment offset (one for descent, one for ascent) significantly
improved the processed salinity data, but systematic up/down differences
remained during portions of some Seasoar tows (e.g. Figure 12).
Further study of the 24-Hz Seasoar CTD data has shown that the optimum
T/C alignment offset, 4, varies on several different time scales: within each
undulation, from section to section, gradually over the length of a tow, and from
one tow to another (e.g., Figure 13). In most cases, the optimum alignment offset
during ascent is near the default values of 0.0 scans for Ti/Cl and 1.75 scans for
T2/C2, while the optimum offset during descent is longer. We attribute these
variations in optimum offset to reductions in the rate of pumped flow through the
sensors, and believe these variations in flow rate are the result of dynamic pressure
differences, partly between the inside and outside of the vehicle, and partly along
the exterior of the vehicle nose (though inlet and outlet ports are separated by only a
few centimeters). Possible sources of such pressure gradients include high rates of
ascent and descent (sometimes >3 m/s, superimposed on a horizontal tow speed of
4 m/s), and local small perturbations of the flow field around the vehicle, associated
perhaps with a persistent roll angle or strong cross-currents. Whatever their source,
the variations in offset alignment are a major source of potential error in calculating
salinity, and must be taken into account in reprocessing the data. After some trial
and error, we chose to determine the optimum lag in three depth ranges (excluding
the surface mixed layer) for each ascending and descending profile; calculating lags
for successive 10-second segments proved to be less satisfactory in minimizing
salinity noise and bias.
Still further study of the preliminary Seasoar data showed that systematic
up/down salinity differences were particularly strong near sharp thermodines,
even though we had attempted to correct for the thermal mass of the conductivity
cell (Lueck, 1990), using constant values for the time constant ('r) and amplitude (a)
parameters in the recursive algorithm provided by SeaBird:
24
91 = 0.0 scans
r41
p 0 "!
-
f
a"l
.001M+
41 = 0.0 scans
0
480
960
1440
1920
2400
2880
3350
3840
4320
4800
0
480
960
1440
1920
2400
2880
3360
3840
4320
Figure 10. Time-series of 24-Hz "median salinity" and "spike salinity" from ascending (left) and
descending (right) segments of Seasoar data between 0001 and 0010 UTC, 9 February,
calculated for three different values of T/C alignment offsets 41. The "median salinity" is the
median of 9 scans, and the "spike salinity" is the anomaly from this median.
4800
25
0.40
0.20
Pair 1
Ascending
I
I
I
0.40
0.20
-2. -1.
0.
1.
2.
3.
T/C offset (scans)
4.
5. -2. -1.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
T/C offset (scans)
Figure 11. Values of the integral of spike salinity, ISS, for ascending and
descending segments of data from both T/C sensor pairs, during 0001
and 0010 UTC, 9 February 1993; note that the value of the optimum offset
(at ISS = 0) is larger during descent.
26
T
33
35
34
Salinity 2 (psu)
36 33
35
34
36
Salinity 2 (psu)
Figure 12. T-S characteristics for Seasoar data from two different hours,
processed by two different methods: with constant values of the T/C
alignment offset (left, 2 = 2.0 scans), and with alternating values of the offset
(right; 42 = 2.5 scans during ascent and 42 = 5.0 scans during descent). In both
methods, we used constant values of the thermal mass parameters (a = 0.045
and ,c = 9 sec).
27
Location of Turns
SBW
4
SBE
SBS SBW
SBN
SBE
IT
I
SBN
I
-2
M
O
e
8
O
t: -
A __M
a
O
A
0 0L_13.0
13.5
I
1
14.0
14.5
I
15.0
15.5
16.0
Day of February 1993
Figure 13. Time series of the lag at maximum cross-correlation between 24-Hz temperature and
conductivity data (detrended by first-differencing), for both primary and secondary sensor
pairs during Seasoar Tow 6. Correlation were calculated for three different layers (50-120 dbar,
plus signs; 120-180 dbar, squares; 180-240 dbar, triangles), and separately for ascending and
descending profiles; times of turns in the ship's track are indicated by vertical lines.
28
dt = temperature - previous temperature
ctm = - b * previous ctm + a * dcdt * dt
corrected conductivity = conductivity + ctm
where a = 2 a / (0.0417 R + 2), dcdt = 0.1 + 0.0006 (temperature - 20), f =1/ti and b =
1- 2 a/a. Constant values of a and ti had been chosen by two different methods: by
comparing CTD casts with Seasoar deployment and recovery profiles, and by
minimizing differences between ascending and descending salinity data near the
top of the thermocline for some data segments with exceptionally steep gradients at
the bottom of the surface mixed layer; both methods indicated the best constant
values were a = 0.04 for the thermal anomaly amplitude and ti = 10 sec for the time
constant. The association of residual salinity bias with sharp thermoclines
suggested that variations in flow rate through the ducted sensors effectively altered
the rate of heat transferred from the walls of the conductivity cell. Experimenting
with different values of a indicated that larger values of a are appropriate for larger
values of the alignment offset (Figure 14).
Finally, we considered the effect of elongating the intake duct (from about 1
cm on a standard SeaBird T/C ducted pair to about 5 cm) by adding Tygon tubing
between the sensor duct and inlet in the Seasoar nose. In principle, elongating the
intake could slow the response time of the conductivity measurement through
turbulent mixing within the duct (Nordeen Larson, personal communication). We
compared conductivity spectra from conventional CTD casts with those from the
Seasoar deployment and recovery profiles, and found no significant difference: both
were similar to the temperature spectra. We conclude that any change in sensor time
constant due to intake elongation is negligible, at least with the present choice of
tubing.
Procedures The first step in reprocessing is to incorporate temperature and
conductivity corrections determined from in-situ calibration or post-cruise
calibration in a new configuration file for each tow. Except for temperature sensor
#1369, which dearly malfunctioned during the cruise, the post-cruise temperature
calibrations of the Seasoar sensors showed little or no drift from the pre-cruise
calibrations, so no temperature corrections were applied. The conductivity
correction factors determined from the in situ calibration data (Table 11) were
incorporated in the configuration files for each tow.
The next step is to compute lagged correlation between temperature and
conductivity for each sensor pair, separately for ascending and descending profiles,
and separately for three depth ranges: 50 to 120 dbar, 120 to 180 dbar, and 180 to 240
dbar, provided the segment contains at least 72 scans. Cross-correlation are
calculated after detrending both temperature and conductivity by first-differencing
30
25-1
constant t;, constant a
C
I-
15`1
10
33
34
35
Salinity 1 (psu)
36
34
35
Salinity 1 (psu)
36
34
35
36
Salinity 1 (psu)
Figure 14. T-S characteristics for Seasoar data from the same hour (2000-2100 UTC, 13 Feb 1993),
processed by three
different methods: left, using a constant T/C offset (41= 0.0), and a constant thermal anomaly amplitude
(a = 0.045);
center, using variable 4 determined from T-C cross-correlation and constant a; right, using both variable 4 and a variable
a which increases with 4.
30
the 24-Hz data. Correlations are calculated for ±12 lags; the maximum correlation is
almost always ?0.85. The fractional value of the lag at maximum correlation is
determined by fitting a parabola to the cross-correlation values. The resulting time
series of the optimum primary and secondary alignment offsets (41 and 42) for each
tow are shown in Appendix A. Lag values greater than 12 and other outliers
(obtained occasionally for data segments lasting <10 seconds) were not used in
processing the data. Very large lags were obtained for many descending profiles of
Tow 2) when the pump outlets were not properly connected, and hence data from
descending profiles from this tow were discarded.
The edited values of the alignment offset were applied sequentially in
reprocessing the 24-Hz T/C data. To reprocess data from depths shallower than 50
m, we used the 4 value determined from the preceding 120 to 50 dbar layer; for data
deeper than 240 m, we used the 4 value determined from the preceding 180 to 240
dbar layer. Short segments with unreasonably large lags were processed with the
lag obtained for the succeeding data segment.
To correct the 24 Hz conductivity data for the thermal mass of the
conductivity cell, we used the standard algorithm with a fixed value for the thermal
anomaly time constant (z =10 sec), and variable values for the thermal anomaly
amplitude depending on the alignment offset:
a1=0.03
a2=0.03
if 41<_0
if 41 > 0
if 42<_1.75
a2 = 0.03 + 0.03(42-1.75)/2.75))
if 42 >A 1.757
a1= 0.03 + 0.03(41/2.75)
where the subscripts denote primary or secondary sensors. The corrected and
realigned 24 Hz temperature and conductivity data are used to calculate 24-Hz
salinity, and these are averaged to yield 1-second averages stored in hourly files.
These procedures greatly reduce the systematic salinity differences (both bias and
noise) between ascending and descending profiles (e.g. Figure 14). However,
salinity data from descending profiles remains somewhat noisy, while the
ascending data is almost always free of significant noise.
The reprocessed data from both sensor pairs were plotted to determine which
pair provided the better data for each Seasoar tow. During Tow 2, with both sensor
ducts disconnected from the outlet, there is evidence of stalling in the pumped
sensor ducts during descent, but data from ascending profiles is apparently of good
quality. For both Tows 2 and 3, with the malfunctioning secondary temperature
sensor, data from the primary sensors is clearly preferable. During Tow 4, the
31
secondary sensor duct was disconnected from the outlet, and data from the primary
sensors is clearly preferable. For Tows 5 and 6, the data from the two sensor pairs
was of essentially the same quality, with only very subtle reasons to prefer the
secondary sensors over the primary sensors.
Data Presentation
Successive hourly files of the reprocessed one-second average data were
joined and clipped to yield a single data file for each section of the Standard
Butterfly Pattern (Tables 9 and 10). Final processed data files contain unfiltered GPS
latitude and longitude; pressure; temperature, salinity and sigma-t from the better
sensor pair; date and time; and an integer representing flags (to indicate collection
of a water sample from 5-m intake (thousands digit set to 1), missing GPS data filled
by linear interpolation (tens digit set to 1), and to indicate port or starboard intake
for the T/C sensor pair (ones digit set to 1 or 0, respectively)). We present
consecutive figures of the Seasoar trajectory (time series of pressure, latitude and
longitude) along each section. We also present summary figures of all of the 1second data for each of the four standard sections as follows: ensembles of
temperature profiles (both ascending and descending, except for Tow 2), salinity
profiles (ascending profiles only), and T-S diagrams (for ascending profiles only).
Vertical distributions of the temperature, salinity and sigma-t along each section
were plotted using Don Denbo's PPlus program with a vertical grid spacing of 2
dbar and a horizontal spacing of 1 rum, and with a value of CAY= 5 for the
smoothing parameter (combined spline and laplacian filter). For the temperature
sections, we used both ascending and descending data, for all tows except Tow 2
where we used ascending data only. For the salinity and sigma-t sections, we used
only ascending data for all tows.
CTD/Seasoar Comparison
T-S diagrams for the beginning and end of each Seasoar Tow are shown in
Appendix B. Each diagram shows the T-S curve from both the conventional CTD
cast and the preferred Seasoar sensors during Seasoar deployment or recovery.
Seasoar deployment profiles are generally noisier than either the CTD profiles or
Seasoar recovery profiles, probably because the Seasoar vehicle is tilted noseupward during both deployment and recovery; since the ship is moving very
slowly, observations during deployment are sometimes within the turbulent wake
of the descending vehicle.
32
Acknowledgments
COARE Survey cruises on Wecoma were undertaken jointly by scientists
from the University of Hawaii (R. Lukas, P. Hacker, and E. Firing) and Oregon State
University (A. Huyer, M. Kosro and C. Paulson). Seasoar watchstanders on this
cruise included personnel from both institutions (Eric Firing, Fred Bingham, Joanna
Muench and Dail Rowe from UH; Jane Huyer, Bob Smith, Tim Holt, Jane
Fleischbein, Marc Willis from OSU). We are deeply indebted to Wecoma's Marine
Technicians: Marc Willis, Brian Wendler, Mike Hill and Tim Holt; this work would
not have been possible without their skill and dedication. We are grateful to
Nordeen Larson of SeaBird Electronics for his advice on installing the SeaBird
sensors in the Seasoar vehicle and on data processing principles. Dail Rowe
analyzed most of the salinity samples. Our COARE Survey cruises were supported
by the National Science Foundation through its Ocean Sciences Division and by
NOAA's Office of Global Programs under TOGA.
References
Anonymous, 1992. CTD Data Acquisition Software, SEASOFT Version 4.015. SeaBird Electronics, Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA.
Fofonoff, N. P., and R. C. Millard. 1983. Algorithms for computation of fundamental
properties of seawater. Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, 44, 53 pp.
Larson, N. 1992. Oceanographic CTD Sensors: Principles of Operation, Sources of
Error, and Methods for Correcting Data. Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., Bellevue,
Washington, USA.
Lueck, R. 1990. Thermal inertia of conductivity cells: Theory. J. Atmos. Oceanic
Tech., 7, 741-755.
Lueck, R., and J. J. Picklo. 1990. Thermal inertia of conductivity cells:
Observations with a Sea-Bird cell. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 7,756-768.
Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992. TOGA COARE: The Coupled OceanAtmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 73,1378-1416.
33
CTD DATA
34
CTD DATA
For each station, we present a plot of the vertical temperature, salinity, and
sigma-t profiles, and a listing of the observed and derived variables at standard
pressures. Header data includes the CTD Station Number, Latitude (in degrees
and minutes; a negative degree integer indicates southern hemisphere),
Longitude (degrees and minutes East), Date and Time (UTC), and Bottom Depth
(in meters).
STA NO
Temperature, Salinity
0
35
34
33
5
10
15
20
36
25
100 -
30
T
P
(DB)
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
502
400 -
500 -
24
Sigma-theta
26
S
29.042
28.910
28.896
28.900
28.916
28.864
28.739
28.066
26.707
24.973
24.144
23.668
22.954
22.487
22.105
21.829
21.361
19.310
17.328
15.823
14.161
12.173
11.497
10.349
9.746
9.596
9.306
8.951
8.717
8.469
8.296
8.226
8.049
8.048
Before Tow 1
POT T
(C)
(C)
I
22
LAT:
3
1439 GMT
1
26 JAN 1993
29.041
28.908
28.891
28.893
28.907
28.852
28.725
28.049
26.688
24.954
24.123
23.645
22.930
22.461
22.077
21.799
21.330
19.279
17.298
15.793
14.132
12.143
11.466
10.317
9.712
9.559
9.267
8.911
8.674
34.608 8.425
34.606
8.249
34.606
8.177
34.596
7.997
34.596
7.996
33.492
33.935
33.961
34.096
34.143
34.206
34.397
34.877
34.993
34.918
34.930
35.028
35.139
35.104
35.140
35.138
35.043
34.811
34.707
34.656
34.578
34.585
34.596
34.570
34.586
34.623
34.597
34.596
34.615
7.5
LONG: 156 7.1
DEPTH
2700
SIGMA
THETA
SVA
(CL/T)
20.920 684.7
21.298 648.9
21.323 647.0
21.423 637.8
21.454 635.4
21.520 629.5
21.705 612.3
22.288 556.9
22.813 507.1
23.295 461.3
23.554 437.0
23.769 416.9
24.061 389.4
24.168 379.5
24.304 366.9
24.380 360.0
24.437 354.9
24.806 319.7
25.219 280.2
25.531 250.5
25.834 221.5
26.240 182.9
26.376 170.4
26.562 152.8
26.678 142.0
26.732 137.4
26.760 135.1
26.816 130.0
26.868 125.4
26.902 122.5
26.927 120.4
26.938 119.8
26.957 118.2
26.957 118.3
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.068
0.667
1.315
1.955
2.591
3.224
3.848
4.436
4.961
5.440
5.893
6.314
6.715
7.098
7.470
7.832
8.190
8.525
8.822
9.089
9.323
9.815
10.260
10.663
11.029
11.378
11.718
12.049
12.368
12.679
12.983
13.283
13.580
13.603
STA NO
2
27 JAN 1993
Temperature, Salinity
n
34
35
36
T
P
(DB)
2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
499
22
24
Sigma-theta
-1 14.0
725 GMT
LAT:
S
(C)
29.636
29.573
29.424
28.949
28.209
26.256
24.288
22.587
22.081
21.958
21.976
21.949
21.424
20.330
20.012
18.953
18.750
18.702
18.179
17.422
14.649
12.819
12.447
12.034
11.023
10.746
10.298
10.061
9.733
9.371
9.000
8.696
8.028
7.965
POT T
(C)
34.119
34.116
34.113
34.267
34.557
35.036
35.158
35.118
35.082
35.097
35.121
35.190
35.215
35.269
35.431
35.230
35.239
35.238
35.214
35.385
35.136
34.940
34.883
34.855
34.798
34.786
34.756
34.743
34.720
34.695
34.672
34.651
34.613
34.610
29.635
29.570
29.419
28.942
28.200
26.244
24.275
22.573
22.065
21.940
21.956
21.927
21.401
20.306
19.986
18.926
18.722
18.672
18.148
17.390
14.619
12.789
12.414
11.998
10.986
10.707
10.257
10.017
9.687
9.323
8.951
8.645
7.977
7.914
LONG: 156 5.9
DEPTH
2020
SIGMA
THETA
21.192
21.212
21.260
21.535
21.999
22.986
23.681
24.147
24.263
24.309
24.324
24.384
24.549
24.887
25.096
25.217
25.276
25.288
25.400
25.717
26.161
26.389
26.419
26.477
26.622
26.662
26.718
26.748
26.787
26.827
26.870
26.902
26.974
26.981
SVA
(CL/T
658.7
657.2
653.0
627.1
583.2
489.1
423.1
379.0
368.3
364.3
363.4
358.0
342.6
310.7
291.2
279.8
274.6
273.8
263.4
233.5
190.7
169.1
166.8
161.8
148.2
144.8
139.8
137.3
133.9
130.3
126.5
123.7
116.7
115.9
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.132
0.659
1.313
1.951
2.558
3.092
3.537
3.932
4.303
4.671
5.034
5.395
5.747
6.077
6.374
6.657
6.934
7.208
7.479
7.721
7.931
8.385
8.802
9.215
9.601
9.969
10.326
10.671
11.010
11.339
11.659
11.972
12.276
12.264
STA NO
Temperature, Salinity
34
33
0
5
10
35
15
20
25
0-
100 -
200
0
400
T
24
Sigma-theta
26
POT T
(C)
LONG: 156 7.8
DEPTH
1720
SIGMA
THETA
SVA
DYN HT
(C)
30
29.585
29.424
34.103
34.099
29.584
29.421
21.197
21.249
(CL/T)
658.2
653.6
29.404
29.322
29.203
28.740
28.517
28.462
27.137
34.110
34.144
34.184
34.391
34.519
34.571
34.769
29.399
29.314
29.193
28.728
28.503
28.445
27.119
26.248
21.265
21.319
21.390
21.700
21.870
21.929
22.508
35.080
652.6
647.8
641.5
612.3
596.5
591.3
536.3
26.228
1.309
1.960
2.604
3.231
3.832
4.427
4.997
23.025
487.3
24.217
24.296
22.576
22.538
21.988
21.133
19.399
17.857
15.594
14.735
12.264
11.840
11.279
11.184
11.035
10.649
10.519
9.985
9.778
9.718
5.508
35.101
35.447
35.378
35.616
35.623
35.619
24.196
24.273
22.552
22.512
21.960
21.104
35.544 19.370
23.661
23.900
24.350
24.543
24.704
24.938
25.343
426.8
404.5
361.8
343.9
328.9
306.9
268.4
17.828
5.955
6.376
6.753
7.104
7.438
7.757
8.042
25.663
238.0
8.299
15.566
14.707
12.238
11.810
26.050
26.170
26.463
26.515
26.589
26.602
26.624
26.670
26.689
26.756
26.773
26.780
26.790
26.833
26.906
26.913
200.9
189.6
161.2
156.8
150.1
149.5
147.9
143.9
142.7
136.5
135.3
135.1
134.7
130.9
123.7
123.1
8.518
8.714
8.887
9.281
9.664
10.038
10.411
10.775
11.134
11.483
11.821
12.159
12.496
12.830
13.146
13.171
9.327
8.645
8.575
500
S
27.2
36
9.681
22
LAT:
-2
540 GMT
3
29 JAN 1993
35.453
35.263
35.173
34.896
34.857
34.818
34.812
34.804
34.774
34.769
34.735
34.712
34.708
34.713
34.692
34.647
34.641
11.248
11.150
10.998
10.610
10.477
9.941
9.732
9.669
9.629
9.274
8.591
8.521
(J/KG)
0.197
0.656
STA NO
Temperature, Salinity
33
34
0
5
I
I
10
15
IIIIIII
35
20
1
36
25
30
T
P
(DB)
4
400
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
500
400
425
450
475
500
504
100
22
24
Sigma-theta
LAT:
-2
750 GMT
4
29 JAN 1993
26
S
(C)
34.112
29.495 34.114
29.391 34.118
29.381 34.125
29.271 34.160
28.764 34.341
28.679 34.411
28.477 34.550
28.382 34.603
27.643 34.752
26.767 35.000
25.956 35.092
24.232 35.253
23.401 35.290
22.858 35.583
22.398 35.619
21.154 35.617
19.704 35.564
18.597 35.508
16.959 35.388
15.369 35.229
11.879 34.844
11.660 34.842
11.258 34.817
10.983 34.801
10.614 34.773
10.377 34.761
9.856 34.724
9.684 34.706
9.657 34.704
9.512 34.706
8.971 34.669
8.403 34.630
8.357 34.626
29.510
22.1
POT T
(C)
29.509
29.493
29.386
29.374
29.261
28.752
28.664
28.461
28.363
27.622
26.744
25.931
24.207
23.374
22.829
22.368
21.123
19.672
18.565
16.928
15.338
11.849
11.628
11.223
10.946
10.575
10.335
9.812
9.638
9.608
9.461
8.919
8.350
8.304
SIGMA
THETA
LONG: 156 2.0
DEPTH
1750
SVA
(CL/T)
21.230 655.1
21.236 654.8
21.275 651.6
21.285 651.1
21.349 645.5
21.654 616.7
21.736 609.3
21.908 593.3
21.980 586.9
22.333 553.5
22.802 509.1
23.126 478.5
23.773 417.1
24.046 391.3
24.427 355.4
24.586 340.6
24.931 307.9
25.280 274.9
25.521 252.0
25.830 222.6
26.075 199.2
26.497 158.5
26.537 155.2
26.593 150.4
26.631 147.2
26.675 143.4
26.708 140.8
26.768 135.2
26.784 134.1
26.787 134.4
26.813 132.4
26.872 126.8
26.930 121.2
26.934 120.8
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.262
0.655
1.308
1.960
2.609
3.242
3.856
4.458
5.049
5.621
6.154
6.642
7.071
7.480
7.850
8.199
8.524
8.818
9.079
9.323
9.528
9.969
10.362
10.743
11.115
11.476
11.832
12.178
12.515
12.851
13.185
13.507
13.815
13.863
STA NO
5
02 FEB 1993
Temperature, Salinity
1
1
34
35
36
10
20
25
i
i
I
33
5
0
0
100 -
400 -
500
.
30
T
P
(DB)
4
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
505
-1 52.2
2035 GMT
LAT:
S
(C)
(C)
29.062 34.145
29.052
29.059
29.063
29.063
29.057
28.975
27.936
27.495
27.234
25.884
25.687
24.334
22.866
21.095
19.410
18.244
15.702
14.784
14.540
14.415
12.277
12.160
11.694
11.535
11.084
10.742
10.377
10.078
9.866
9.539
9.467
9.308
9.263
POT T
29.061
34.146 29.049
34.146 29.054
34.150 29.056
34.159 29.053
34.170 29.045
34.213 28.961
34.461 27.919
34.551 27.476
34.631 27.213
35.203 25.862
35.247 25.662
35.436 24.308
35.571 22.839
35.634 21.068
35.562 19.383
35.479 18.217
35.258 15.676
35.179 14.757
35.156 14.512
35.141 14.385
34.876 12.247
34.868 12.127
34.838 11.658
34.828 11.497
34.806 11.043
34.786 10.700
34.761 10.332
34.743 10.032
34.728
9.816
34.699
9.488
34.695
9.413
34.689
9.252
34.685
9.207
LONG: 155 30.3
DEPTH
1940
SIGMA
THETA
21.404
21.409
21.407
21.410
21.417
21.428
21.489
22.018
22.229
22.374
23.231
23.326
23.881
24.415
24.960
25.353
25.587
26.021
26.164
26.199
26.215
26.446
26.463
26.528
26.551
26.617
26.663
26.709
26.746
26.771
26.804
26.812
26.834
26.839
SVA
(CL/T)
638.4
638.2
638.9
639.1
638.9
638.3
633.0
582.8
563.0
549.6
468.0
459.4
406.8
356.1
304.4
267.0
245.0
203.4
189.8
186.8
185.5
163.5
162.5
156.7
155.1
149.3
145.3
141.3
138.1
136.1
133.3
132.9
131.2
130.9
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.255
0.638
1.277
1.916
2.555
3.194
3.829
4.444
5.018
5.577
6.070
6.534
6.966
7.340
7.678
7.962
8.221
8.444
8.640
8.828
9.015
9.448
9.855
10.256
10.646
11.025
11.394
11.751
12.102
12.443
12.779
13.112
13.442
13.508
w
10
Temperature, Salinity
IT'
I
I
'
l
10
15
20
36
25
0
100
30
T
P
(DB)
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
505
ca 200
'D
400 -
500
22
24
Sigma-theta
26
LAT:
-1
2159 GMT
6
03 FEB 1993
m
l
35
34
33
STA NO
S
(C)
29.095
29.098
29.104
29.102
29.101
29.069
28.927
28.016
27.712
27.456
26.438
25.771
25.274
23.966
22.516
21.315
19.879
18.973
17.853
15.586
14.396
13.548
12.268
12.139
11.647
11.163
10.756
10.397
9.988
9.755
9.511
9.226
8.607
8.575
Before Tow 4
34.154
34.153
34.154
34.156
34.158
34.174
34.230
34.441
34.495
34.562
34.996
35.226
35.315
35.478
35.576
35.599
35.585
35.527
35.444
35.243
35.138
35.061
34.875
34.866
34.834
34.811
34.786
34.762
34.736
34.720
34.697
34.685
34.645
34.641
51.9
POT T
(C)
29.093
29.096
29.099
29.095
29.091
29.056
28.913
28.000
27.693
27.435
26.416
25.747
25.248
23.938
22.488
21.286
19.850
18.943
17.822
15.556
14.366
13.516
12.235
12.103
11.609
11.122
10.713
10.352
9.941
9.706
9.460
9.173
8.553
8.521
LONG: 155 34.4
DEPTH
SIGMA
THETA
SVA
(CL/T
21.400 638.9
21.399 639.2
21.399 639.7
21.401 639.9
21.404 640.2
21.427 638.4
21.517 630.3
21.977 586.7
22.117 573.7
22.251 561.4
22.902 499.5
23.284 463.4
23.505 442.7
24.023 393.6
24.519 346.6
24.873 313.1
25.249 277.5
25.440 259.4
25.657 238.9
26.036 202.6
26.217 185.4
26.336 174.5
26.448 164.0
26.466 162.9
26.535 156.7
26.607 150.3
26.661 145.5
26.706 141.6
26.756 137.0
26.783 134.8
26.807 133.0
26.844 129.7
26.911 123.3
26.913 123.1
1900
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.319
0.639
1.278
1.918
2.558
3.198
3.833
4.447
5.026
5.592
6.140
6.612
7.068
7.489
7.852
8.174
8.476
8.744
8.994
9.210
9.402
9.857
10.282
10.691
11.090
11.474
11.846
12.205
12.553
12.891
13.225
13.553
13.869
13.931
STA NO
Temperature, Salinity
0
35
34
33
5
10
15
20
36
25
30
T
P
(DB)
6
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
100
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
501
400 -
500
22
24
Sigma-theta
LAT:
7
07 FEB 1993
26
S
(C)
29.162
29.150
29.117
29.111
29.103
29.074
28.901
28.636
27.645
26.313
24.505
24.536
24.042
22.969
20.957
20.106
20.003
19.322
18.108
16.299
15.955
13.988
34.152
34.152
34.153
34.154
34.158
34.174
34.235
34.320
34.531
34.887
35.024
35.239
35.533
35.619
35.599
35.510
35.582
35.543
35.465
35.305
35.280
35.101
12.635 34.897
12.359 34.872
12.301 34.871
11.685 34.845
10.642 34.779
10.297 34.753
10.034 34.736
9.882 34.727
9.604 34.708
9.248 34.685
8.867 34.661
8.853 34.659
After Tow 4
-1 17.2
3 GMT
POT T
(C)
29.160
29.148
29.112
29.104
29.093
29.062
28.886
28.619
27.627
26.293
24.484
24.513
24.017
22.942
20.930
20.078
19.974
19.292
18.077
16.268
15.923
13.955
12.601
12.323
12.261
11.643
10.600
10.253
9.987
9.833
9.552
9.195
8.812
8.798
LONG: 156 9.6
DEPTH
1980
SIGMA
THETA
21.376
21.381
21.393
21.397
21.403
21.425
21.530
21.682
22.165
22.859
23.517
23.671
24.042
24.421
24.970
25.131
25.214
25.362
25.610
25.922
25.982
26.276
26.393
26.428
26.439
26.537
26.676
26.716
26.749
26.768
26.800
26.840
26.883
26.884
SVA
(CL/T)
641.2
641.0
640.3
640.4
640.3
638.6
629.0
614.9
569.1
503.2
440.6
426.4
391.4
355.6
303.3
288.3
280.8
266.9
243.4
213.7
208.2
180.4
169.3
166.6
166.2
157.2
144.0
140.5
137.8
136.4
133.7
130.1
126.2
126.1
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.385
0.641
1.281
1.921
2.562
3.201
3.836
4.460
5.049
5.602
6.074
6.508
6.916
7.288
7.624
7.915
8.201
8.475
8.732
8.954
9.165
9.652
10.086
10.504
10.921
11.328
11.704
12.058
12.408
12.751
13.089
13.418
13.738
13.750
STA NO
8
07 FEB 1993
Temperature, Salinity
r
33
T
P
34
10
35
15
20
36
25
(DB)
3
30
10
20
I
30
40
50
60
70
80
100
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
506
200
a
j
i)
J
co
N
a
300
400 -
500
LONG: 156 6.0
DEPTH
2020
Er
0
0 -
-1 14.0
1930 GMT
LAT:
29.133
29.139
29.137
29.136
29.149
29.130
29.114
28.938
28.203
26.209
25.894
24.899
24.066
22.507
21.938
20.272
19.398
18.674
16.745
16.387
15.924
14.194
12.679
12.393
12.268
11.647
11.072
10.327
10.222
9.910
9.788
9.597
9.242
9.092
1
22
24
Sigma-theta
26
S
(C)
Before Tow 5
POT T
(C)
34.162
34.162
34.162
34.162
34.162
34.167
34.172
34.232
34.465
34.852
35.142
35.460
35.554
35.601
35.659
35.600
35.552
35.509
35.345
35.319
35.276
35.114
34.906
34.871
34.864
34.843
34.806
34.754
34.748
34.729
34.720
34.708
34.685
34.675
29.133
29.137
29.132
29.129
29.140
29.118
29.099
28.921
28.184
26.189
25.871
24.875
24.041
22.481
21.910
20.244
19.369
18.644
16.716
16.356
15.892
14.161
12.645
12.356
12.228
11.605
11.029
10.282
10.174
9.861
9.736
9.543
9.186
9.036
SIGMA
THETA
21.393
21.391
21.393
21.395
21.391
21.402
21.412
21.516
21.935
22.864
23.183
23.729
24.050
24.540
24.745
25.156
25.349
25.502
25.848
25.912
25.985
26.242
26.391
26.421
26.440
26.543
26.620
26.711
26.726
26.764
26.779
26.801
26.842
26.858
SVA
(CL/T)
639.5
639.9
640.2
640.6
641.4
640.9
640.4
630.9
591.2
502.6
472.7
420.9
390.6
344.2
325.0
286.0
267.8
253.4
220.5
214.6
207.8
183.6
169.5
167.3
166.1
156.7
149.6
141.0
140.1
136.8
135.9
134.1
130.4
128.9
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.192
0.640
1.280
1.920
2.561
3.203
3.844
4.481
5.103
5.655
6.146
6.586
6.998
7.355
7.690
7.999
8.273
8.531
8.770
8.988
9.199
9.692
10.126
10.547
10.966
11.371
11.751
12.110
12.462
12.807
13.149
13.486
13.815
13.893
STA NO
Temperature, Salinity
T
P
33
34
35
36
(DB)
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
100 -
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
505
400 -
500
22
24
Sigma-theta
LAT:
-2
2059 GMT
9
12 FEB 1993
26
S
(C)
28.975
28.975
28.973
28.978
28.981
28.988
28.991
28.976
28.574
27.393
26.043
23.513
22.660
21.573
21.067
19.959
19.149
17.747
17.217
16.168
14.314
12.817
12.146
11.873
11.402
10.874
10.514
10.284
10.158
10.050
9.560
9.235
8.915
8.807
34.235
34.236
34.236
34.236
34.237
34.240
34.241
34.250
34.354
34.643
35.130
35.540
35.594
35.653
35.640
35.590
35.550
35.443
35.384
35.301
35.136
34.974
34.867
34.856
34.826
34.785
34.766
34.749
34.738
34.738
34.706
34.684
34.664
34.656
POT T
(C)
28.974
28.972
28.968
28.971
28.971
28.976
28.976
28.959
28.555
27.372
26.021
23.490
22.635
21.548
21.041
19.931
19.120
17.719
17.187
16.138
14.285
12.787
12.113
11.838
11.364
10.834
10.472
10.239
10.111
10.000
9.509
9.182
8.860
8.752
0.5
LONG: 155 40.4
DEPTH
SIGMA
THETA
21.501
21.502
21.504
21.503
21.503
21.504
21.505
21.517
21.729
22.332
23.127
24.202
24.491
24.842
24.972
25.231
25.412
25.682
25.766
25.948
26.232
26.416
26.465
26.509
26.574
26.639
26.688
26.715
26.728
26.747
26.805
26.842
26.878
26.889
SVA
(CL/T
629.1
629.3
629.7
630.2
630.7
631.1
631.5
630.8
610.9
553.6
478.0
375.6
348.5
315.3
303.3
278.8
261.8
236.1
228.4
211.1
183.8
166.6
162.3
158.7
152.9
147.1
142.8
140.6
139.8
138.5
133.1
129.9
126.7
125.7
1890
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.189
0.629
1.259
1.889
2.519
3.150
3.781
4.412
5.038
5.611
6.135
6.553
6.919
7.248
7.558
7.852
8.125
8.370
8.601
8.825
9.018
9.463
9.871
10.272
10.665
11.039
11.402
11.756
12.107
12.455
12.794
13.124
13.445
13.508
STA NO 10
12 FEB 1993
Temperature, Salinity
LAT:
-2
2320 GMT
0.4
LONG: 155 40.8
DEPTH
1880
1
33
0
34
5
10
36
35
15
20
25
100 -
30
P
T
(DB
(C)
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
400 -
425
450
475
500
504
500
22
24
Sigma-theta
26
29.003
28.977
28.975
28.976
28.977
28.979
28.979
28.971
28.831
27.768
27.097
25.655
23.789
22.994
21.868
21.161
20.165
19.711
19.324
17.347
17.158
14.107
12.410
12.195
11.899
11.372
10.734
10.424
10.213
10.111
9.523
9.224
8.913
8.782
Before Tow 6
S
POT T
(C)
34.249
34.239
34.239
34.237
34.238
34.239
34.242
34.249
34.294
34.628
34.741
35.210
35.513
35.578
35.630
35.639
35.605
35.581
35.559
35.392
35.376
35.116
34.905
34.870
34.855
34.822
34.777
34.758
34.741
34.739
34.703
34.683
34.664
34.654
29.003
28.975
28.970
28.969
28.968
28.967
28.964
28.954
28.812
27.747
27.074
25.630
23.764
22.967
21.840
21.132
20.135
19.679
19.292
17.316
17.125
14.075
12.376
12.159
11.860
11.331
10.691
10.379
10.166
10.061
9.471
9.171
8.859
8.728
SIGMA
THETA
21.502
21.503
21.505
21.504
21.505
21.506
21.509
21.518
21.599
22.199
22.501
23.308
24.101
24.383
24.743
24.946
25.189
25.291
25.375
25.741
25.774
26.262
26.443
26.458
26.504
26.577
26.658
26.698
26.722
26.738
26.809
26.843
26.878
26.891
SVA
(CL/T)
629.0
629.2
629.5
630.1
630.5
630.8
631.0
630.7
623.4
566.3
537.9
461.1
385.7
359.2
325.2
306.1
283.2
273.8
266.1
231.2
228.3
181.8
164.5
163.6
159.8
153.2
145.8
142.3
140.5
139.4
132.7
129.8
126.7
125.4
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.063
0.629
1.258
1.888
2.519
3.149
3.780
4.411
5.040
5.632
6.186
6.674
7.092
7.466
7.804
8.122
8.418
8.696
8.964
9.204
9.434
9.942
10.386
10.795
11.199
11.594
11.966
12.326
12.680
13.030
13.371
13.700
14.021
14.072
STA NO
Temperature, Salinity
33
0
34
5
I
10
..II
13 FEB
36
35
15
20
L
25
1
1
100'
30
T
P
(DB)
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
505
200
-0
400 -
500
24
Sigma-theta
26
LAT:
-1
440 GMT
11
93
S
(C)
29.104
29.100
28.986
28.972
28.957
28.959
28.963
28.965
28.853
28.186
27.500
25.763
23.368
21.737
21.435
20.284
20.142
19.751
17.797
17.316
16.450
14.104
12.209
11.920
11.796
11.090
10.688
10.386
10.222
10.061
9.699
9.295
8.902
8.784
34.247
34.247
34.240
34.241
34.238
34.241
34.243
34.246
34.284
34.488
34.685
35.199
35.547
35.626
35.631
35.599
35.595
35.584
35.439
35.395
35.327
35.116
34.873
34.857
34.855
34.799
34.773
34.756
34.742
34.738
34.715
34.688
34.664
34.655
59.3
POT T
(C)
29.103
29.098
28.982
28.965
28.947
28.947
28.948
28.948
28.834
28.165
27.476
25.738
23.343
21.711
21.408
20.256
20.112
19.720
17.766
17.284
16.418
14.071
12.176
11.884
11.757
11.050
10.645
10.341
10.174
10.011
9.648
9.241
8.847
8.730
LONG: 155 43.4
DEPTH
1875
SIGMA
THETA
SVA
(CL/T)
DYN HT
21.467
21.468
21.502
21.509
21.512
21.514
21.516
21.518
21.584
21.958
22.330
23.267
24.251
24.776
24.864
25.152
25.187
25.283
25.667
25.750
25.903
26.262
26.457
26.501
26.523
26.610
26.663
26.703
26.721
26.746
26.789
26.835
26.880
26.892
632.3
632.6
629.8
629.7
629.8
0.063
0.632
1.264
1.894
2.523
630.1
3.153
630.4
630.7
624.8
589.4
554.3
465.1
371.4
321.6
313.6
286.4
283.4
274.6
237.9
230.3
215.8
181.7
163.1
159.4
158.0
149.9
145.3
141.8
140.6
138.6
134.8
130.6
126.5
125.4
3.784
4.414
5.043
5.653
6.221
6.748
7.155
7.502
7.818
8.121
8.407
8.686
8.943
9.177
9.403
9.888
10.311
10.716
11.114
11.496
11.866
12.225
12.578
12.928
13.269
13.601
13.922
13.985
(J/KG)
STA NO
Temperature, Salinity
F_
34
33
0
5
10
15
I m
n
35
36
20
25
0
30
T
P
(DB)
4
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
505
100 -
400
500
22
24
Sigma-theta
26
12
LAT:
0
2130 GMT
15 FEB 1993
S
(C)
29.177
29.192
29.165
29.163
29.146
29.122
29.127
29.127
29.039
25.943
24.866
23.011
21.659
21.393
21.028
20.722
20.049
18.208
18.096
18.018
16.651
14.802
13.913
13.130
12.697
11.708
10.639
9.910
9.498
9.474
9.211
8.661
8.226
8.227
End of Tow 6
POT T
(C)
34.126
34.141
34.151
34.156
34.159
34.165
34.177
34.186
34.211
34.846
34.998
35.109
35.089
35.145
35.137
35.128
35.143
34.995
34.986
35.225
35.207
35.064
34.955
34.896
34.871
34.840
34.774
34.721
34.696
34.694
34.670
34.632
34.618
34.619
29.176
29.189
29.160
29.156
29.136
29.110
29.112
29.110
8.5
LONG: 156
DEPTH
SIGMA
THETA
21.351
21.358
21.376
21.381
21.390
21.403
21.412
21.419
29.020 21.467
25.923 22.943
24.845 23.388
22.989 24.022
21.635 24.389
21.368 24.505
21.001' 24.599
20.693 24.676
20.020 24.867
18.179 25.225
18.065 25.246
17.985 25.449
16.619 25.765
14.768 26.073
13.877 26.179
13.091 26.295
12.656 26.362
11.666 26.529
10.597 26.672
9.866 26.757
9.452 26.807
9.426 26.810
9.161 26.834
8.610 26.892
8.174 26.948
8.175 26.948
5.9
1925
SVA
(CL/T)
643.5
643.1
641.9
641.9
641.5
640.8
640.4
640.2
636.0
495.0
452.9
392.7
358.0
347.2
338.6
331.7
313.7
279.6
277.9
259.0
229.0
199.9
190.2
179.6
173.7
158.0
144.4
136.3
131.9
132.1
130.1
124.6
119.3
119.4
DYN HT
(J/KG)
0.257
0.643
1.286
1.928
2.570
3.211
3.852
4.492
5.131
5.720
6.185
6.598
6.972
7.323
7.667
8.001
8.324
8.618
8.897
9.172
9.415
9.953
10.443
10.904
11.343
11.763
12.133
12.483
12.817
13.147
13.475
13.793
14.095
14.155
47
SEASOAR TRAJECTORIES
JAN 27
09
10
11
12
.Ll
13
J-
14
15
LIu
16
J
18
17
n
19
20
19
20
X11.
r
300.-
J0
71
157.00
-o
- ---- -- --------------------------------------------- ---------
156.00
155.00
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
JAN 27
N2S
16
17
18
JAN 27
18
17
I
0.
I
I
I
I
I
20
19
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
if
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
d
1
00
23
22
21
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
01
I
I
I
I
I
02
1
f
300.
-1.00
-3.00
v
4-d
157.00
---------------------- -- ------
156.00
155.00
17
18
19
20
IfIIIIIIIIIIIII!
22
21
JAN 27
S2W
23
00
01
02
O
JAN 28
I
0.
03
02
01
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
04
I
I
I
I
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19
20
21
22
99
ENSEMBLE PROFILES
OF
SEASOAR TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY
,, L
0
n2s27jan.up.data
n2s27jan.up.data
W9211 C n2s27jan.up.data
I
I
I
.
.
.
.
30
.
.
I
I
I
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50
25 100
0
150
200
15-1
250 lo,
r-r-r-r-I
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
>
34.5/
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s28jan.up.data
n2s28jan.up.data
W9211 C n2s28jan.up.data
1,, I ,,,, I .... I ... 1
LJ
30
0
I
,
/
'22
1
,
1
I
,
--'I
/-23
50
-o25 tI
100
150-
200 t
15
250
-
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
1-r
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s30jan.up.data
W921 1 C n2s30jan.data
n2s3Ojan. up. data
30
11
50
25
100
15
250
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 C n2s31 jan.data
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
I
n2s3ljan.up.data
n2s3ljan.up.data
i
30
501
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I
I
I
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4r
100
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0
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E
I-
/ ;*
A
250 -
300
10
,l
10"(
25
20
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 135 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2sO2feb.up.data
n2s02feb.up.data
W9211 C n2s02feb.data
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
I
1
1
I
11
I
1
1
I
1
l 11l LL
30
50
100
a)
a.
200
151
'
.11
250
300 10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2sO4feb.up.data
n2s04feb.up.data
W921 1 C n2s04feb.data
I
I
0
I
I
I
I
I
1
,
I
30
1
I
I
I
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-23
50
25 100 -
U
co
150
co
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a)
0
200 -
15250
300
-
-
10 1
I
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 ( 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
I
10
I
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s05feb.up.data
W921 1 C n2s05feb.data
n2sO5feb. up. data
l
30
0
l
l
l
l
l
1Il
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
-' '2-2
50
25
100
200
151
250
10
300
10 ,1
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 135 35.5
Salinity (psu)
.36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 C n2s07feb.data
n2s07feb.up.data
n2sO7feb. up. data
I
I
0
1
1
1'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
1
'22
50I
25 100
LL%. -'2
0
200 -1
15
d
250
10 -r-
300 -f10 `
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
I
rrI
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2sO9feb. up -data
n2s09feb.up.data
W921 1 C n2s09feb.data
I
30
0
50
25
100-1
L
co
.n
0
200
,
15-
,
.11
.11
,
250
10 -r-r
300
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s10feb.up.data
n2s10feb.up.data
W9211 C n2s10feb.data
30
'22
25
15
10
1011)
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 1135 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
I
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2sl2feb.up.data
n2s12feb.up.data
W9211 C n2sl2feb.data
..
30
0
I
I
I. I. I.
I
.
.
I
I
.
.mil
I
-50 -
25 100-1
150
11
a200--'
i
250 -
15
II
300 -f10",
1
I
1
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
10
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
n2s14feb.up.data
n2sl4feb.up.data
W9211 C n2sl4feb.data
30
0
50
25 -1,
100
I200
250
300
10
I
10
25
20
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
T1I 17TI
r
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 C s2w27jan.up.data
s2w27jan.up.data
s2w27jan.up.data
30
0
50 25
100 1
200 -1
250
,21
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
I
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
I
I
35.5
36
s2w29jan.up.data
W921 1 C s2w29jan.data
....,,Ill
0
s2w29jan.up.data
II
30
'22
50
25
100 °
0
4
E
f-
a
200 I
15
/
//
250
300 -h
10
T-r-r-7-T-i-T
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
/
33.5
34
34.5/
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 C s2w30jan.data
s2w30jan.up.data
s2w3Ojan.up.data
30
0
/- 22
50 -1
V
If
25 -
/o
100
-
a
cg 20
a
200
15
250
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
s2w01 feb.up.data
s2wOl feb.up.data
W9211 C s2w01 feb.data
_ 11 1
30
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
50
/
25-1
100
U
Ir
a)
25
20
.
a)
CL
E
'
I-
, 26
,
200
15 -
250 -
300 + II
10
1
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
i
34
III r
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
+
36
10
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
I
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
s2w02feb.up.data
s2w02feb.up.data
W921 1 C s2w02feb.data
uI
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L
30
50
I/ -
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'22
' IV
25 100-1
U
150U)
CO
a.
200
26
15
250
r-r-r-I
300
10.
15
I
I-i
20
10
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 ' 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
s2w04feb.up.data
W921 1 C s2w04feb.data
s2wO4feb.up.data
I
0
50
100
CL
200
250 -
10 -I-
300
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
s2wO6feb.up.data
s2w06feb.up.data
W921 1 C s2w06feb.data
1
1
30
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
2
L
50 -1
® ,,'ZAP
25
100-1
U
°
200
15
250
,21
J
10
300
25
20
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 C s2w08feb.data
s2w08feb.up.data
s2wO8feb. up. data
0
30
.
I
,
,
I
,
I
-i{
I
-22
50
25 100
E
200
15
250
300 1-
10f
r--T-T-I--f
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 V 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
I
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 C s2w09feb.data
s2w09feb.up.data
s2w09feb.up.data
30
25
151
300
-I
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
10
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 C s2w11 feb.data
s2w11 feb.up.data
s2wl 1 feb.up.data
.
0
I
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
lilt,
30
.
.
.
.
I
I
'22
- 23
50-1
25
100
U
200
15
250 -
10 -t-
300 fi
1
0,J
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 " 135 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
,
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
s2w123feb.up.data
W921 1 C s2w 123feb.data
s2w123feb.up.data
30
'22
25
U
°
E
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
s2w14feb.up.data
s2wl 4feb.up.data
W9211 C s2w14feb.data
I,.
0
/ ' 23
-
50
ti
25 tI
100
a)
20
a)
Q
E
200
xi
15
250
,21
300 +
100
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
I-
30 33.5
34
T
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit'll (psu)
f 10
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 C w2e28jan.up.data
w2e28jan.up.data
w2e28jan.up.data
30
50
25 I
100
..
..
.
,' 25
Eli
.
200 -1
,
15I
A
250 -
10
300
10
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e29jan.up.data
w2e29jan.up.data
W921 1 C w2e29jan.data
I
30
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
71 \
50-1
25 100
ca
150(n
a-
200
15 t
250
,
10 -f-r
300
10 1
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
n
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
w2e3ljan.up.data
w2e3ljan.up.data
W921 1 C w2e31 jan.data
1
i
30
0
i{
'22
50 -'
25 t
100
a)
r
r
r
20
I
a)
Q
E
Fa'
200
15 t
K
250 I
300
-1.
10
10
°
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
?4
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
r-7
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
.
0
.
.
I
.
,
,
w2e01 feb.up.data
w2e01 feb.up.data
W9211 C w2e01 feb.data
30
,
' -2
50
25-1
100 -1
200 -1
250 -
'
10
300
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 11'3'5' 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 C w2e03feb.data
.
0
,
,
w2e03feb.up.data
w2eO3feb. up. data
I
30
/-23
50
25
100
/
U
co
0
0
200
'
15
250
300 --;
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
1
1
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 '35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e04feb.up.data
W921 1 C w2eO4feb.data
0
.
.
.
I
I
1
I
L
ISLE
11, 1. 111.
I
w2eO4feb.up.data
11
I
30
I
'22
50
25 100
co
i)
.0
20
Iz
200
15 -1
250
10-
300
10 '
1
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e06feb.up.data
w2e06feb.up.data
W9211 C w2e06feb.data
,
30
'22
1L
50
25
-- -
100
U
--
-
-
-
15
250
10
300
1 OR
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e08feb.up.data
w2eO8feb.up.data
W921 1 C w2e08feb.data
30.
0
50
25
100
200
15
250
10
101
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e10feb.up.data
w2el 0feb.up.data
W9211 C w2el 0feb.data
30
0
'22
11
50
25
100
200
15
250
300 10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e11 feb.up.data
w2e11 feb.up.data
W9211 C w2e11 feb.data
30
'22
-
25
U
20
E
aa)
F-
26
15
10
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity, (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W921 1 C w2el 3feb.data
w2e13feb.up.data
w2e13feb.up.data
I
30
0
I
'22
50 1
25
100
cv
0
200 -1
151
250 -
300
10
11,(
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 1135 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w2e14feb.up.data
w2el 4feb.up.data
W9211 C w2e14feb.data
I
30
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
501
25
100
i
200 -
15250
300+j,'
10
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n28jan.up.data
e2n28jan.up.data
W921 1 C e2n28jan.up.data
30
-' 2
50
o-/
25
100
U
°
a)
tO 20
a)
CL
E
.r.
200
250
rr
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
II
I--T--T-1
10
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n3Ojan.up.data
e2n3Ojan.up.data
W9211 C e2n3Ojan.data
501
100
0
200
250
rI
300
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
I
1
10
1
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n3ljan.up.data
e2n31 jan.up.data
W9211 C e2n3ljan.data
I
30
I
1
1
1
I
1
1
I
50
25 100
200
15-1
250-
300 -101
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n01 feb.up.data
e2nOlfeb.up.data
W9211 C e2n01 feb.data
0-
30
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I,
I
I
I
1
1
1
-22
-23
50
25
100
0
200
15
250
10
300
10 Pf
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 C e2n03feb.data
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
e2n03feb.up.data
i
1
i
1_i_1
I
e2nO3feb.up.data
I
30
50
25 -
100I
20
a
E
a)
F-
200 -1
15
250
300 fir
0
10
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n05feb.up.data
W921 1 C e2n05feb.data
1
1
i
1
1
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
0
I
L I J
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
e2n05feb.up.data
1
1
1
1
1
30
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
1
1
'22
' 23
50
25
100
U
H
200 15
250
300
11
10
10;
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 ° 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
I
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n06feb.up.data
e2n06feb.up.data
W921 1 C e2nO6feb.data
i
i
i
I
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
30
I
i
t,_ I
I
i
'22
1{
50 t
25 -1
100-1
U
4
200
15250
10
300
1014
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35
Salini4,(psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n09feb.up.data
e2nO9feb.up.data
W921 1 C e2n09feb.data
I
I
30
0
-22
501
/
25
100
0
0
.,.
20
/
6L.
E
U)
I200
15
250
r,
300
25
Temperature (°C)
15
20
30 33.5
34
11111
-I-
34.5 35 35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
10
33.5
34
35
34.5
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
e2n1 Ofeb.up.data
e2n10feb.up.data
W9211 C e2n10feb.data
1..
30
501
25
100
20
200
15
250
10
300
101
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 1 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 C e2nl l feb.data
e2n11 feb.up.data
e2n11 feb.up.data
Il
30
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
'2
--
50
25
100
20
E
200
15250
300
10
10 5
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 35
35.5
Salinity (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 C e2nl3feb.data
I
,
e2nl3feb.up.data
e2nl3feb.up.data
w
30
'22
50 25
100 t
200 -
-
250 -
300
T
10 jr
20
25
Temperature (°C)
15
30 33.5
34
34.5 135
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211C e2nl5feb.data
e2nl5feb.up.data
e2nl5feb.up.data
30
25
15
-rte r-,-rT
1O
'
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
10
34.5 35 35.5
Salinit (psu)
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
W9211 C sbn2eg15feb.data
sbn2eg15feb.up.data
1
0
1
1
-
1
I
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
sbn2eg15feb.up.data
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1
1
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1
30
I
I
I
50
25 -1
100g
150
co
E
n
H
200 -
15I
250
300
10
1
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
30 33.5
34
34.5 19,35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
33.5
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
149
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297
APPENDIX A:
Time Series of Lag of Maximum T/C Correlation
for Seasoar Tows 2-6
298
Location of Turns
SBW
SBS
1.00
SBN
SBE
SBS
Q 0.80
0
0.60
.
Q- 0.40
,
0.20
1.00
+
0- 0.80
-1
0
0
N 0.60
0-0.40
0.20
0
0-
1.00
ell.
E
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0.80
+
O.
0.60
.0 0
t]
0
0
;-a-r;-`;'FY"
`.;
--
0 ba.
'o
. p .
o'
o
e
o
o'
.
0
0.20
e
oe
0
0
e
0
e
V -7Z+
0.80
g
a 0.60
0
N
0 0.40
0.20
O
0e
0
0.00
a
a
ao
L 0.40
5
o
1.00
O
®,
e
J
0
e
«
+ Op
+
A
e
+
ed
e
a
,,e d
f
4d0
eeA
cam
e , ,'' %
Op
a,
; o0
+
0 0' ,.
a
o
Go
, a .00
18
ok
1'
db
23
o0e
o
oe
ED 0
°
0°
+
+
o
A
e
e
0.00
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
Day of January 1993
Leg 3 Tow 2, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triang
299
Location of Turns
SBS
6
Q
4
SBW
e
-
SBS
SB N
S BE
'e
e
AA e°epm
0e
,
e
0
°e0.
e
a
2
Q
ON
0
Q
0
4
N
o
2
Q
0
50
II
Q)
30
i
Q
20
0
0
10
e0f3rifeeo 04
04 004h
0
e
-10
50
c
0
N
40
0
0
0A
®e
27.0
,
0
0,
0
lb&N
ee
28.0
+
0
dg
eo
El 00 P
PP
e , e' e e
Q
Et
13
e
0
27.5
ea
0
El
A°
o
0
0
0°0 Req
0
-10 F
e io
0
30
20
e e
r
e
28.5
i
a
+a
29.0
29.5
Day of January 1993
Leg 3 Tow 2, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
300
Location of Turns
1.00
SBW
Io
SBE
II.D.f vp
by :.
SBN
SBN
SBE
SBW
--G\I_ Q
1t
0.95
SBS
.w .
0.90
,sl
0.85
0.80
0.75
1.00
0.95
N 0.90
0.85
9-
0.80
0
0
0
0
0
E
0
L
9-
c
0
0
L
S
0
0.75
1 .
00
0.95
yr J
4. D,
h
C
ED
El
El
LI
0 0 . 90
.
;..
.
;o
Q
0.85
S
0 0.80
0
0
U
+
0.75
0+
R
0.70
t 4o
-' 7a tiBrt'r
1
0.95
tr
E40
'4.++
,
0.90
N 0.85-
T',.......,.
_' .:..
1.00 rzzammr
I
+,
_
a
In k
.
_
,
.
Di
.
e
o
. .
--
L
.8
-----
UO
1 15'
.
i,
I
0
0 0.80
0
0.75
0.70
29.5
I
30.0
I
I
I
30.5
31.0
31.5
Day of January 1993
Leg 3 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triang
301
Location of Turns
SBW
SBE
SBS
SBN
SBW
SBE
SBN
2
0
a
-2
6
0
C
e
4
0
8
1
6
v0
qh.
N4
.
0
Ni
a2
0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
Day of January 1993
Leg 3 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangle
302
Location of Turns
SBS
1.00
SBW
SBE
SBN
SBW
SBS
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
1.00
Q 0.95
N 0.90
-r9-
0.85
Q
7
ww-" 18
owl
+
4P
0.80
0.75
O
1.00
,tee
e
0.95
E
O
0 0.90
O
tw&
-o
0.85
O
i
ee
Q
U
w
0.80
0.75
0.70
1.00
-,mar
°
0.95
El +
-
P
0 0.90
GE6
N 0.85
i_.
0
0.80
0.75
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangle)
303
Location of Turns
SBS
SBW
SBW
SBS
SBN
SBE
I
0
2
MM
M
-2
+
2
0
00
8
c
3
6
..
0
--J
U)
.-o
U)
J
ti
L
e
eo
0-2
P
'
A
,
,L.° ,. 9,
t.
sI
i
a
-
e
:c° em`s
-' e
e
6
0
N 4
0
0-2
0
oL-
1.0
I
I
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Day of February 1993
g 3 Tow 3, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triangle,
304
Location of Turns
1.00
SBW
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBE
SBW
0.95
0.90
0.85
Vie:
0.80
0.75
0.70
1.00
0
0
C
0.95
0
0
0 0.90
E
N 0.85
0
C
B
0 0.80
0
0
0.75
a)
0.70
00
1.00
LO
0.95
C
,.
Q
40 .--II-PTa°`'e° pp- «
'o
lib
0 0.90
3r
0.85
0 0.80
0
0.75
0.70
3.5
I
4.0
I
I
4.5
I
5.0
5.5
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triang
305
Location of Turns
SBW
a
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBE
SBW
2
0
-2
1
U
6
v
I
e
-2
6
c
0
2
a
Q
-2
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
306
Location of Turns
1.00
SBE
SBN
0.95
O
SBS
..'
,
0.90
tl
0.85
SBE
SBW
O
i.
wa'
`I.
0-0.80
0.75
0.70
1.00
II
0
0.95
O
0
CIL
,
+.tl,
«.:
0.90
0.85
0
C
0
' « y,
wd
Q 0.80
0.75
0
0.70
00
1.00
0.95
:a
:..
.
a
0 0.90
oo '.: <
I&A
II
M
M,
'
e
0.85
B 0.80
S
CL
0.75
0.70
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triang
307
Location of Turns
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBE
SBW
T
2
0
a
-2
6
II
WOW
-2
6
4
0
2
0
0
0
-2
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 4, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
308
Location of Turns
1.00
SBN
SBS
SBN
SBE
SBW
SBW
SBS
SBE
pop
0-0.95
.
.
d.«
..
+
Ohl
«°
31
0.90
0 0.85
0.80
N
N
0.75
1.00
0.95
4
i0-+*
j
t:
p
+. A
1,
DO
N 0.90
0.85
0.80
+11
0.75
1.00
C
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
1.00
0.95
;A
a
0.90
e
:
Q
°
.' ,
-
°:
AV
+
s__.
A°+
0.85
Q 0.80
0.75
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triang
309
Location of Turns
SBN
SBW
SBS
SBE
SBW
SBS
SBN
4
SBE
T
i
2
-2
Q
.t '.;aryl
N
a
Q
6
C
T
AO
4
0O
e6
2
-2
8
6
o
El ril
%ite.
.
TO
V
.s
_-. ..
N4
1Sa 'WP
Aq
'=+Fs
0
",.'yam
r
ri
a
e
+
Q- 2
0
I
I
8.0
I
I
8.5
I
I
I
9.0
I
I
9.5
I
10.0
I
10.5
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
310
Location of Turns
1.00
SBE
SBN
°-
0.95
SBS
°i
0
:'.. j
13
++'
+
°--
,. x..0 4
,
+e»++
+.
0.90
SBS
SBN
SBE
SBW
ti
..
N
.O 0.85
0.80
0.75
1.00
I..
O1
0.95
0.90
h
°
'
i+N +..
ti*
ticP.
'.
Li
8
»
A
i
,, ' ,4
4
!Y
-a
,+,i
e
a
ADe
+
0.85
1
0.80
0.75
1.00
E
0
CoO
::.'
0.95
ra
0.90
.4;.;,..:' .n°'
!'-
-:r.+=,-a-
a
.:
s
,., s
EPOI
0.85
h
4
0-0.80
0.75
1.00
0.95
0
-o 0.90
e
S
0.85
0.80
0.75
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triang
311
Location of Turns
SBE
SBN
SBS
SBW
SBS
SBN
SBE
4
0
2
V
0
e
a
-2
U
a)
4
q a4
O
2
0
Q
,
16
-2
8
*'
6
m'' p
0
ed
60. e
eo
N 4
o,
0
-2
0
a
v,.,
L+
, -,r:J _[
A2
AA
Q
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 5, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
312
SBW
SBE
Location of Turns
SBS SBW
SBE
SBN
SBN
4
0
2
0
a-
0
-2
4
a-
U
H
C
6
p,
J
C
4
TI
l
° '1 e
O
2
O
Q-
0
e
-2
8
c6
3
0
mss.
cv 4
0
0-2
01
13.0
I
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (triang
313
Location of Turns
1.00
0-0.95
0.90
0.85
0
7
SBW
SBE
SBN
7
MA
7
13
.
SBS
SBE
SBW
Nv
91
+
SBN
I.
V6.
13
A
0.80
0.75
1.00
mom-
0.95
cv 0.90
.0
+
7,
s
+
0.85
U_
o
°" 0.80
°0
0.75
E
1.00
0
0
o
0.95
t 0.90
4-1
°
0.85
0o
0-0.80
0.75
1.00
C
0.95
0
-0 0.90
0.85
0
0.80
0.75
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
Day of February 1993
Leg 3 Tow 6, 50-120 db (plus), 120-180 db (square), 180-240 db (trianglE
315
APPENDDC B:
T-S Diagrams from CTD and Seasoar
at Start and End of Tows 2-6.
w9211 cc.2, tow2.start
i
30
25 -
0
15 --
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 cc.3, tow2.end
i
30
25 -
U
a)
a
E
m
F-
15
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w921 1 cc.4, tow3.start
i
i
i
30
25 -i
U
151
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 cc.5, tow3.end
i
j
i
30
25 -
15-1
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 cc.6, tow4.start
I
30
i
i
35
35.5
25 -
15 -
10
34
34.5
Salinity (psu)
36
w9211 cc.7, tow4.end
i
30
25-1
15-
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 cc.8, tow5.start
i
30
25 -
Q
E
a)
15-
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w921 1 cc.9, tow5.end
i
30
i
i
25 -
0
O
15-1
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 cc.11, tow6.start
I
30
I
25 -
15
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36
w9211 cc. 12, tow6.end
301
i
25
151
10
34
34.5
35
Salinity (psu)
35.5
36